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Abstract
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation (whales stealing or damaging fish caught on fishing gear) adversely impacts demersal longline fisheries for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and Western Gulf of Alaska. These interactions increase direct costs and opportunity costs associated with catching fish and reduce the profitability of longline fishing in western Alaska. This study synthesizes National Marine Fisheries Service observer data, National Marine Fisheries Service sablefish longline survey and fishermen-collected depredation data to: 1) estimate the frequency of killer whale depredation on longline fisheries in Alaska; 2) estimate depredation-related catch per unit effort reductions; and 3) assess direct costs and opportunity costs incurred by longliners in western Alaska as a result of killer whale interactions. The percentage of commercial fishery sets affected by killer whales was highest in the Bering Sea fisheries for: sablefish (21.4%), Greenland turbot (9.9%), and Pacific halibut (6.9%). Average catch per unit effort reductions on depredated sets ranged from 35.1–69.3% for the observed longline fleet in all three management areas from 1998–2012 (p<0.001). To compensate for depredation, fishermen set additional gear to catch the same amount of fish, and this increased fuel costs by an additional 82% per depredated set (average $433 additional fuel per depredated set). In a separate analysis with six longline vessels in 2011and 2012, killer whale depredation avoidance measures resulted in an average additional cost of $494 per depredated vessel-day for fuel and crew food. Opportunity costs of time lost by fishermen averaged $522 per additional vessel-day on the grounds. This assessment of killer whale depredation costs represents the most extensive economic evaluation of this issue in Alaska to date and will help longline fishermen and managers consider the costs and benefits of depredation avoidance and alternative policy solutions.
Highlights
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation occurs when killer whales remove or damage hooked fish as the gear is being retrieved [1,2]
The goals of this study were threefold: 1) to estimate the percentage of commercial fishing sets impacted by killer whale depredation in western Alaska, 2) to estimate the effect of killer whale depredation on catch per unit effort (CPUE), and 3) to estimate depredationassociated increases in operation and opportunity costs incurred by the Alaskan sablefish, Greenland turbot and Pacific halibut longline fleets operating in the Bering Sea (BS), Aleutian Islands (AI) or Western Gulf of Alaska (WGOA)
3.1 Frequency of killer whale depredation A total of 15,749 sets targeting sablefish, Greenland turbot or Pacific halibut were sampled by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on-board observers in the BS, AI and WGOA between 1998 and 2012 (Figure 1)
Summary
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation occurs when killer whales remove or damage hooked fish as the gear is being retrieved [1,2]. In a study evaluating changing fishing practices to minimize economic losses when encountering depredating killer whales, fishermen reported two primary methods to avoid killer whales: dropping their gear back down to ‘‘wait the whales out’’ and steaming to a different fishing site to ‘‘outrun the whales.’’ In this same study, fishermen operating primarily in the BS, AI and WGOA reported average wait times greater than 13 hours (hrs) and steaming on average at least 25 nautical miles (nm) to avoid depredating whales [7] These mitigating measures lead to extended trip durations, increased travel distances, and lengthened gear soak times. These deviations from preferred fishing practices increase fuel consumption, bait costs, and crew expenditures and reduce opportunities for the vessel and crew to engage in additional fisheries or other incomegenerating opportunities
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