Percentage Of Cholesterol Research Articles

Quality of care and prescription patterns among patients with diabetic kidney disease-a large-scale cohort study from Taiwanese clinics.

AimsTo investigate the quality of care and prescription patterns of patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) receiving primary care at local clinics in Taiwan.MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted in 43 primary care clinics in Taiwan. The patients’ baseline characteristics, laboratory tests, presence of complications and antidiabetic agents prescribed were analyzed.Results7,200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled. Percentage of HbA1c, blood pressure (BP), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals reached were 52.5% in HbA1c < 7%, 40.9% in BP < 130/80 mmHg and 79.7% in LDL-C < 2.59 mmol/L. 18.3% achieved all three ABC goals. However, patients with DKD had a lower rate of ABC goal attainment and higher rate of complications. Among DKD patients with eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and on monotherapy, metformin was most frequently prescribed. As for dual therapy, the most common combinations were metformin with sulfonylurea and metformin with DPP-4 inhibitors.ConclusionsDiabetes patients in Taiwan receiving primary diabetes care at local clinics had generally satisfactory management performance. However, more aggressive HbA1c, BP, and LDL-C management among DKD patients should be emphasized. Contrary to current recommendations, SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists as frontline therapy were under-prescribed.

Progressive, Qualitative, and Quantitative Alterations in HDL Lipidome from Healthy Subjects to Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

Prediabetes is a clinically silent, insulin-resistant state with increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism are highly intersected and interrelated, an in-depth characterization of qualitative and quantitative abnormalities in lipoproteins could unravel the metabolic pathways underlying the progression of prediabetes to T2D and also the proneness of these patients to developing premature atherosclerosis. We investigated the HDL lipidome in 40 patients with prediabetes and compared it to that of 40 normoglycemic individuals and 40 patients with established T2D using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Patients with prediabetes presented significant qualitative and quantitative alterations, potentially atherogenic, in HDL lipidome compared to normoglycemic characterized by higher percentages of free cholesterol and triglycerides, whereas phospholipids were lower. Glycerophospholipids and ether glycerolipids were significantly lower in prediabetic compared to normoglycemic individuals, whereas sphingolipids were significantly higher. In prediabetes, lipids were esterified with saturated rather than unsaturated fatty acids. These changes are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively milder, than those found in patients with T2D. We conclude that the detailed characterization of the HDL lipid profile bears a potential to identify patients with subtle (but still proatherogenic) abnormalities who are at high risk for development of T2D and CVD.

Magnesium Supplementation Is Associated with a Lower Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Patients Submitted to Bariatric Surgery.

Literature has demonstrated an inverse relation between magnesium (Mg) consumption and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HT), and dyslipidemia. After bariatric surgery (BS), micronutrients deficiencies are common, it being important to ensure appropriate supplementation. There is no recommendation about Mg supplementation and to our knowledge, its effect has not been studied to date. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of Mg supplementation in cardio-metabolic risk factors on post-bariatric patients. A retrospective observational study of patients with obesity who underwent BS was performed. Data was assessed preoperatively and yearly (4-year follow-up). A total of 3363 patients were included. In the first year of follow-up, 79.8% (n = 2123) of the patients were supplemented with Mg, with evidence of slightly decreased percentages in the following years. Mg deficiency (serum Mg < 1.52mEq/L) was more common among patients who were not supplemented during each year of follow-up (p < 0.05). Among those who underwent Mg supplementation, the percentage of T2DM, HT, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 130mg/dL was significantly lower. In the first year post-surgery, the supplementation group had a lower risk of T2DM (OR = 0.545, p < 0.0001), LDL-C > 130mg/dL (OR = 0.612, p < 0.0001), and HT (OR = 0.584, p < 0.0001). The OR for having these metabolic comorbidities persisted lower during the 4years' follow-up. Patients who had Mg deficiency had higher prevalence of T2DM and HT. Mg supplementation seems to have a protective effect on the development of T2DM, HT, and LDL-C > 130mg/dL in post-bariatric patients.

214-OR: Effects of Polyphenols on Cholesterol Efflux and Insulin Secretion in MIN6 Cells

Background: Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and reduced levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) . Low levels of HDL-C are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, because HDL protects against atherosclerosis through multiple mechanisms include removal of excess cholesterol from macrophages. HDL can also influence cholesterol homeostasis in pancreatic β-cell. It is noteworthy that absence of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) , which is a cellular cholesterol transporter and regulates islet cholesterol efflux, results in islet cholesterol overload and impaired insulin release in mice. We examined the associations of cholesterol efflux and insulin secretion in MIN6 cells with polyphenols that is reported to increase cholesterol efflux. Methods: Murine MIN6 cells were labeled with 3H-cholesterol and incubated with ApoA1 (μg/ml) or HDL (25 μg/ml) for 24 hours. The percentage cholesterol efflux was calculated by dividing the media-derived radioactivity by the sum of the radioactivity in the media and the cells. The effect of polyphenols on the cholesterol efflux was studied, adding that into the medium before the analysis of the cholesterol efflux. Insulin secretion was assessed by ELISA as the concentration of insulin in the culture medium. The mRNA expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were determined by real-time Quantitative RT-PCR. Results: Under the existence of polyphenols (isorhamnetin) , the ApoA1 or HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux had significantly increased by 1.4% or 1.8%, respectively (n=4, p&amp;lt;0.01) . Isorhamnetin had increased insulin secretion by 882 ng/mg protein/h (n=3, p&amp;lt;0.05) and significantly decreased ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions. Conclusion: These data suggest that isorhamnetin increases cholesterol efflux and insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. Isorhamnetin could be the interesting candidate to investigate the new treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus. Disclosure K.Matsuki: None. Y.Kimura: None. K.Matsumura: None. J.Tanabe: None. H.Murakami: None. M.Daimon: None. Funding JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 20K11549

Abstract 495: Effect Of Lipid Composition On The Atheroprotective Properties Of High-Density Lipoprotein-Mimicking Micelles

An imbalance of cholesterol metabolism and unresolved local inflammation on the arterial wall drives atherosclerosis progression. Synthetic high-density lipoproteins (sHDL) have been shown to promote reverse cholesterol transport and reduce vascular inflammation, but producing sHDL at a large scale is challenging due to the difficulty in manufacturing recombinant Apolipoprotein A-I. HDL-mimicking micelles have been designed to mimic the structure and function of HDL. Prior research has shown that the phospholipid (PL) composition of HDL affects its overall activity, thus we have examined how PL composition of micelles affects it’s anti-inflammatory properties and cholesterol mobilization capacity. Micelles were composed four phosphatylcolines (PC), either POPC, DMPC, DPPC or DSPC, and DSPE-PEG2k. A second library of micelles was created using different ratios of DMPC and DSPE-PEG. Micelles ranged from 14 to 28 nm in diameter in size. In vitro , POPC and DMPC micelles were able to reduce TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine levels, diminish activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and dissolve cholesterol crystals to a greater extent than DPPC and DSPC micelles. 1:2 DMPC:DSPE-PEG micelles caused the greatest percentage of cholesterol effuxed from cells (~8%) . In vivo PK/PD results showed that the PC composition does not greatly affect the PK or cholesterol mobilization of micelles. On the contrary, micelles with a 1:3 DMPC:DSPE-PEG ratio had a larger AUC (22815.2 mg*h/dL) and C max (775.0 mg/dL) when compared to the 1:0.5 ratio micelles (14266.1 mg*h/dL and 523.2 mg/dL, respectively). The maximum amount of cholesterol mobilized over 48 hours was also greater in the 1:3 ratio vs 1:0.5 ratio micelles (7813.3 mg*h/dL vs 3883.3 mg*h/dL). In conclusion, the composition of HDL-mimicking micelles affects it’s in vitro anti-atherosclerotic properties, such as reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, diminished activation of NF-kB, cholesterol crystal dissolution and cholesterol efflux capabilities, as well as cholesterol mobilization in vivo . Further investigation must be completed in order to fully understand how lipid properties influence the therapeutic potential of micelles to treat atherosclerosis.

Impact of critical process parameters and critical material attributes on the critical quality attributes of liposomal formulations prepared using continuous processing

Liposomes were one of the earliest drug delivery vehicles used for anti-cancer therapeutics and similarly, lipid-based nanoparticles have been used for abundance of applications as gene therapies. The methods to produce these particles have remained relatively unchanged until the recent emergence of continuous manufacturing. Continuous processing enables accelerated development of nanoparticle formulations while providing a scalable manufacturing solution. For this work a continuous processing platform for the production of lipid and polymeric-based nanoparticle formulations has been developed at the University of Connecticut. This research focuses on the formation of liposomes encompassing multiple design of experiments (DoEs) to identify functional relationships between critical process parameters (CPPs), critical material attributes (CMAs), and critical quality attributes (CQAs) for liposomal formulations produced using this continuous processing platform. Liposomes of various sizes and of low polydispersity index (PDI) were produced with different material attributes under various processing conditions. In general, lower mole percentages of cholesterol produced larger particles whereas the mole percent of phosphatidylglycerol did not seem to have a s impact on the size of the liposomes that were produced. The results showed that similarly sized liposomes could be produced with different processing conditions allowing for the flexibility to operate in regions most suitable for formulation components that may be sensitive to certain processing conditions. For example, if the target size of a formulation is 100 nm but the active pharmaceutical ingredient is sensitive to temperature, then the formulation can be manufactured at high (55 °C) or low (30 °C) depending on its characteristics. Additionally, the relationships between CMAs and CPPs were different from conventional liposomal manufacturing methods, allowing for more flexibility when using a continuous processing system. Models that can effectively predict the hydrodynamic diameter of monodispersed liposomes produced using continuous processing were developed. The models developed from the DoEs in this study may be useful for accelerated development of new lipid formulations as well as facilitate the translation from traditional manufacturing methods to continuous manufacturing for products already on the market.

The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor lomitapide improves vascular function in mice with obesity.

In this study, the effect of lomitapide, a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor, on the cardiovascular function in obesity was investigated. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks in the presence and absence of lomitapide. Lomitapide was administered by gavage (1 mg/kg/d) during the last 2 weeks of high-fat feeding. Body weight, blood glucose, body composition, and lipid profile were determined. Vascular function and endothelial function markers were studied in the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries. Lomitapide treatment reduced body weight in mice with obesity. Blood glucose, percentage of fat mass, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly reduced, and the percentage of lean mass was significantly increased after lomitapide treatment. The vascular response to sodium nitroprusside in the aorta and mesenteric arteries was similar among groups. However, the vascular response to acetylcholine was improved in the treated group. This was associated with decreased levels of vascular endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Treatment with lomitapide attenuated the increase in body weight in mice with obesity and restored the lipid profile and vascular function. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in inflammation and oxidative stress.

Host cholesterol influences the activity of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in Leishmania amazonensis.

A significant percentage of exogenous cholesterol was found in promastigotes and amastigotes of all studied species of Leishmania, suggesting a biological role for this molecule. Previous studies have shown that promastigotes of Leishmania uptake more low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles under pharmacological pressure and are more susceptible to ergosterol inhibition in the absence of exogenous sources of cholesterol. This work shows that the host’s LDL is available to intracellular amastigotes and that the absence of exogenous cholesterol enhances the potency of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in infected macrophages. A complete understanding of cholesterol transport to the parasitophorous vacuole can guide the development of a new drug class to be used in combination with sterol biosynthesis inhibitors for the treatment of leishmaniases.

Abstract 13879: Relationship of Serum Lipid Metabolites and Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential Among 12,186 Participants of the UK Biobank

Background: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), the expansion of leukemogenic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells in asymptomatic individuals, is an emerging age-related risk factor for blood cancers and myriad cardio-metabolic diseases. The spectrum of metabolites that may protect from or predispose to development of CHIP remains unknown. Methods: We obtained CHIP genotypes and measured serum metabolites among UK Biobank, a population-based study of United Kingdom residents aged 40-70 years. CHIP was also categorized by driver genes DNMT3A and TET2 and presence of large CHIP clones (variant allele fraction or VAF &gt; 10%). 152 lipid and lipoprotein metabolites were performed using NMR from blood samples. The relationship of CHIP to metabolites was assessed by multivariate linear regression adjusting for covariates of age, sex, smoking and principal components 1-10. Results: Among the 12,186 included UK Biobank participants with mean (SD) age 57.1 (8.0), we identified CHIP in 701 (5.75%). 313 participants with CHIP had large clones (VAF&gt;10%), and of these, 169 had DNMT3A mutations and 75 had TET2 mutations. Presence of CHIP was nominally associated with multiple measures of HDL and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein metabolites. Among HDL metabolites, CHIP was associated with reductions in the percentage of HDL total cholesterol (ß = -0.09, P = 0.01), free cholesterol (ß = -0.072, P = 0.01) and cholesteryl ester (ß = -0.087, P = 0.01) and increased HDL triglyceride percentage (ß = 0.09, P = 0.01). Similar findings were observed for small, medium and large HDL particles. CHIP was also associated with decreased percentage of small LDL free cholesterol (ß = -0.089, P = 0.016) and phospholipid (ß = -0.106, P = 0.0057) and increased cholesterol ester (ß = 0.105, P = 0.0061). For VLDL, CHIP was associated with increased VLDL particle number (ß = 0.077, P = 0.035) and VLDL phospholipid percentage (ß = 0.085, P = 0.025) in the largest VLDL particles. Similar findings among HDL and VLDL metabolites were seen in those with large CHIP clones due to TET2 mutations but not with large clones due to DNMT3A mutations. Conclusions: These results reveal novel relationships of CHIP with lipid and lipoprotein metabolites in a population-based cohort.

Effect of High Cholesterol Diet and α-Tocopherol Supplementation on Endoplasmic Retüculum Stress and Apoptosis in Hippocampus Tissue

Objective: Neurodegenerative diseases are life-threatening disorders that occur when cells in peripheral nervous system or brain lose function over time and ultimately die. Our study aimed to establish a high cholesterol fed rabbit model to investigate the status of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, proteasome activity and apoptosis as well as the beneficial role of α-tocopherol on hippocampus. Methods: Hypercholesterolemic rabbit model was established by feeding on 2% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, and α-tocopherol supplementation was applied with intramuscular injections. Alterations of Grp78, Grp94, Bax, Bcl-2 and BACE1 levels in hippocampus tissue were determined by western blotting, while proteasome activity was measured by fluorometric detection. Results: Cholesterol containing diet for 8 weeks increased well-known parameters of ER stress and apoptosis, together with no chance in proteasome activity. On the other hand, α-tocopherol supplementation in rabbits fed two percent cholesterol containing diet significantly down-regulated certain ER stress and apoptosis parameters along with an increase in proteasome activity. Conclusion: Our results underline a novel function of α-tocopherol in reducing cholesterol induced ER stress and apoptosis by increasing proteasome activity in the hippocampus.

Cholesterol in Synaptic Vesicle Membranes Regulates the Vesicle-Binding, Function, and Aggregation of α-Synuclein.

Loss of function and aggregation of the neuronal protein α-Synuclein (A-Syn) underlies the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and both the function and aggregation of this protein happen to be mediated via its binding to the synaptic vesicles (SVs) at the presynaptic termini. An essential constituent of SV membranes is cholesterol, with which A-Syn directly interacts while binding to membranes. Thus, cholesterol content in SV membranes is likely to affect the binding of A-Syn to these vesicles and consequently its functional and pathogenic behaviors. Interestingly, the dyshomeostasis of cholesterol has often been associated with PD, with reports linking both high and low cholesterol levels to an increased risk of neurodegeneration. Herein, using SV-mimicking liposomes containing increasing percentages of membrane cholesterol, we show (with mathematical interpretation) that the binding of A-Syn to synaptic-like vesicles is strongest in the presence of an optimum cholesterol content, which correlates to its maximum function and minimum aggregation. This implicates a minimum risk of neurodegeneration at optimum cholesterol levels and rationalizes the existing controversial relationship between cholesterol levels and PD. Increased membrane cholesterol was, however, found to protect against damage caused by aggregated A-Syn, complementing previous reports and portraying one advantage of high cholesterol over low.

Large-scale transcriptome sequencing in broiler chickens to identify candidate genes for breast muscle weight and intramuscular fat content

BackgroundIn broiler production, breast muscle weight and intramuscular fat (IMF) content are important economic traits. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that underlie these traits is essential to implement effective genetic improvement programs. To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene expression analyses have been performed to identify candidate genes for these traits. However, GWAS mainly detect associations at the DNA level, while differential expression analyses usually have low power because they are typically based on small sample sizes. To detect candidate genes for breast muscle weight and IMF contents (intramuscular fat percentage and relative content of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids), we performed association analyses based on breast muscle transcriptomic data on approximately 400 Tiannong partridge chickens at slaughter age.ResultsFirst, by performing an extensive simulation study, we evaluated the statistical properties of association analyses of gene expression levels and traits based on the linear mixed model (LMM) and three regularized linear regression models, i.e., least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), ridge regression (RR), and elastic net (EN). The results show that LMM, LASSO and EN with tuning parameters that are determined based on the one standard error rule exhibited the lowest type I error rates. Using results from all three models, we detected 43 candidate genes with expression levels that were associated with breast muscle weight. In addition, candidate genes were detected for intramuscular fat percentage (1), triglyceride content (2), cholesterol content (1), and phospholipid content (1). Many of the identified genes have been demonstrated to play roles in the development and metabolism of skeletal muscle or adipocyte. Moreover, weighted gene co-expression network analyses revealed that many candidate genes were harbored by gene co-expression modules, which were also significantly correlated with the traits of interest. The results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that these modules are involved in muscle development and contraction, and in lipid metabolism.ConclusionsOur study provides valuable insight into the transcriptomic bases of breast muscle weight and IMF contents in Chinese indigenous yellow broilers. Our findings could be useful for the genetic improvement of these traits in broiler chickens.

Innovative topical niosomal gel formulation containing diclofenac sodium (niofenac)

The purpose of this research was to enhance the transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium niosomal formulations. To characterise the obtained niosomes, SEM, XRPD, DSC and ATR-FTIR were employed. The size of the niosomes increased from 158.00 ± 6.17 to 400.87 ± 4.99 nm when cholesterol was incorporated into the formulations. It was observed that the zeta potential of niofenac varies from −25.40 ± 1.352 to −43.13 ± 1.171 mV when the cholesterol percentage decreased from 2% to 0.2%. The higher entrapment efficiency percentage (63.70 ± 0.18%) was obtained for the formulations with larger particle sizes and higher cholesterol content. The optimised niofenac formulation showed a controlled release fashion where 61.71 ± 0.59% of the drug released within 24 h. The results showed that the value of permeated diclofenac sodium through the skin layers was higher for the niofenac gel formulation (242.3 ± 31.11 µg/cm2) compared to simple gel formulation (127.40 ± 27.80 µg/cm2). Besides, niofenac formulation outperformed the anti-inflammatory activities in the formalin test compared to the control and diclofenac simple gel group. The licking time was significantly lower in both early (40.2 ± 7.3 s) and late stages (432.4 ± 31.7 s) for niofenac compared to conventional formulation (early stage 130.4 ± 8.73 s and late stage 660.6 ± 123.73 s). This study indicates that niosomal formulations can improve drug therapeutic effects by increasing drug delivery to specific sites.

The effect of Kelor (Moringa oleifera) seed meal on productive performance, carcass traits, and meat cholesterol of broiler chickens

Kelor seed meal has been believed to be rich in protein and available in many tropical countries. A study was conducted to determine the effect of kelor seed meal on productive performance, carcass traits, and meat cholesterol of broiler chickens. The study used a total of 100 day—old-unsexed Cobb broiler chicks. The birds were distributed into 5 brooders for one week. On day 3, the chicks were vaccinated against New Castle diseases. On days 7, the chicks were transferred into 20 pens. The birds were fed 5 experimental diets throughout the study according to a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% kelor seed meal, respectively. The diets and water were supplied ad-libitum. Parameters measured were feed intake, body weight gain, FCR, meat cholesterol, carcass and non-carcass percentage. The data found in this study were subject to the analysis of variance. The differences detected in the analysis of variance were further tested with the Tukey test. The results of the study showed that supplementation of the diets with kelor seed meal did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, percentages of the carcass, meat, and bone. Bodyweight gain, FCR, meat, and abdominal fat and meat cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. In conclusion, the addition of 2% to 8% kelor seed meal in the diet increased body weight gain with the highest body weight gain of birds fed the 6% and 8% kelor seed meal. Percentages of fat and cholesterol were lower in birds fed the diets containing kelor seed meal.

Artificial neural networks in tandem with molecular descriptors as predictive tools for continuous liposome manufacturing

The current study utilized an artificial neural network (ANN) to generate computational models to achieve process optimization for a previously developed continuous liposome manufacturing system. The liposome formation was based on a continuous manufacturing system with a co-axial turbulent jet in a co-flow technology. The ethanol phase with lipids and aqueous phase resulted in liposomes of homogeneous sizes. The input features of the ANN included critical material attributes (CMAs) (e.g., hydrocarbon tail length, cholesterol percent, and buffer type) and critical process parameters (CPPs) (e.g., solvent temperature and flow rate), while the ANN outputs included critical quality attributes (CQAs) of liposomes (i.e., particle size and polydispersity index (PDI)). Two common ANN architectures, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) models and multiple-input–single-output (MISO) models, were evaluated in this study, where the MISO outperformed MIMO with improved accuracy. Molecular descriptors, obtained from PaDEL-Descriptor software, were used to capture the physicochemical properties of the lipids and used in training of the ANN. The combination of CMAs, CPPs, and molecular descriptors as inputs to the MISO ANN model reduced the training and testing mean relative error. Additionally, a graphic user interface (GUI) was successfully developed to assist the end-user in performing interactive simulated risk analysis and visualizing model predictions.

Watermelon bug (Aspongopus viduatus) full‐fat meals as an alternative dietary protein on broiler chickens’ growth performance, meat, and blood

Insects were considered a sufficient sustainable and alternative source of nutrients for poultry, watermelon bug is the main pest ofwatermelons in Sudan. The insect meal contain high protein with relatively cheap price. This study was conducted to evaluate using watermelon bug meal as protein source on broiler chickens’ diet. 144 one-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates of 12 birds. A control, B, C and D, (treatments), the powder of insects 0, 10, 20, and 30g/kg rations, was carried for 6 weeks. Weekly record of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were taken. Data were analyzed by ANOVA the standard error of the mean (SEM) was used to measure how far the sample mean of the data is likely to be from the true population mean. Adding watermelon bug meal (WMBM) to the diet at 10, 20, and 30 % WMBM of feed essentially increased the body weight of chickens from 395.87g in the first week with concentration of 10 % to 1715.00g in the fifth week, followed by C (20 %) inclusion of WMBM which increased the body weight from 380.13g to 1773.33g, respectively. The highest FCR was recorded in D (30 %) WMBM feed. There was a significant difference in the means weight of heart, and gizzard. The blood analysis revealed no increase in the percentage of cholesterol while there were significant (p < 0.05) differences in total protein and triglycerides. Significant differences were observed in flavor, texture and juiciness values among all treatments. In conclusion, the current results confirmed that the addition of WMBM to the diet of broiler chickens can improve growth and meat performance.

Ліпідний склад плазми крові щурів за дії етилтіосульфанілату і хром (VI)-індукованої токсичності

Ethylthiosulfanylate (ETS) is synthetic organosulfur compound and belongs to the class of thiosulfonates, which are the structural analogues of natural BACs of plant origin. Thiosulfonates and ETS in particular affect the regulation of pro/antioxidant status, lipid and protein metabolism in the tissues of laboratory rats. Cr(VI) compounds are characterized by potent prooxidant properties and high toxicity for cells of living organisms. The toxic effect of Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress is accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders and the correction methods have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of ETS on some indicators of lipid metabolism in blood plasma of rats under the action of K2Cr2O7-induced toxicity. Animals were divided into 7 groups. Animals of group I injected daily intraperitoneally with 150 μl of physiological solution for 7 days. Experimental groups III and IV were administered daily intraperitoneally with K2Cr2O7 in a dose of 2.5 mg Cr(VI)/kg body weight, for 7 (group III) and 14 days (group IV). Rats of group II received intragastric injection of 1000 μl of oil daily for 14 days, than animals were injected daily intraperitoneally with 150 μl of physiological solution for 7 days. Experimental group V was intragastrically injected with ETS oily solution at a rate of 100 mg/kg of body weight daily for 14 days, than animals were injected intraperitoneally 150 μl of physiological solution daily for 7 days. Animals of groups VI and VII were intragastrically administered with ETS oily solution at a rate of 100 mg/kg of body weight daily for 14 days, than animals were injected intraperitoneally daily K2Cr2O7 in a dose of 2.5 mg Cr(VI)/kg body weight, for 7 (group VI) and 14 days (group VII). Rats were decapitated under thiopental anesthesia, after which blood was taken and divided into erythrocytes and plasma. The Cr(VI) action for 7 (group III) and 14 days (group IV) led to an increase in the content of total lipids and triglycerides in the blood plasma of rats, but the percentage of nonesterified cholesterol decreased. ETS partially compensates the Cr(VI)-induced toxicity by reducing the intensity of total lipids (groups VI, VII) and triglycerides (group VI) accumulation.

Influence of liquid probiotic inclusion as feed additives on lipid profiles and meat cholesterol content of commercial broiler chickens

Due to consumer’s concern for food safety and the pathogenic bacterial resistance of antibiotics in humans, the usage of antibiotics as animal feed has been banned. The aims of this study was to investigate inclusion of liquid probiotic in drinking water on lipid profiles and meat cholesterol content of commercial chickens. Totally 100 chickens at the age of 28 d from growth study were selected for 20 chickens (5 birds per treatment) for further lipid profiles and meat cholesterol content study. Four treatment in this study was inclusion of liquid probiotics in the drinking water with different concentration (P1=control, P2= 1.0 %, P3= 1.5 % and P4= 2.0 % of probiotic in drinking water). The result of the study indicated that inclusion of liquid probiotic up to 2% did not significantly reduce the weight and percentage of abdominal fat and cholesterol in the breast meat broiler. However, inclusion of probiotics at the level of 1.5% was the best level indicated low cholesterol concentration and high value of iodine concentration in meat broilers. Based on the study, it was concluded that probiotics can be used as alternative feed additive to replace antibiotics as growth promoters up to 1.5% at the best.

Antihyperlipidemia activity of ethanol extract the stem bark of Flacourtia rukam on propylthiouracil-induced albino rats, Rattus noverticus (Wistar strain)

Flacourtia rukam belongs to one of the traditional medicinal plants used by the people, especially in South Sumatra for the treatment of hypertension. One of the triggers for hypertension is high levels of cholesterol in the blood. The in vivo research of the anti-hyperlipidemia activity of ethanol extract the stem bark of F. rukam on Propylthiouracil-induced albino rats Rattus noverticus (Wistar Strain) has been done. The animal test was separated into 6 groups i.e. normal group, negative, positive (simvastatin), and 3 treatment groups with a variation extract dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. The measurement of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL levels using the photometric enzymatic method. The result shows that ethanol extract of F. rukam gives the highest anti hyperlipidemia activity at 400 mg/kg BW with decreased total cholesterol percentage of 56.28%, triglycerides 57.34 %, LDL 54.29%, and increased HDL 58.77%. Statistical analysis shows that the treatment groups I, II, and III can reduce the level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and higher-level LDL. The effective dose (ED50) is 327.83 mg/kg BW. Based on this result, the traditional plant can be used in hyperlipidemia treatment.

Polymer-Free Injectable In Situ Forming Nanovesicles as a New Platform for Controlled Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems

In this study, the preparation of self-assembled polymer-free in situ forming nanovesicles (ISNs) based on non-ionic surfactants (NISs) is presented. A 22·41 full factorial experimental design was adopted for the development of novel polymer-free ISNs loaded with tenoxicam utilizing the emulsion method. The type of NIS (Brij® 52 or Span® 60), the cholesterol percentage (30, 50, or 60 w/w%), and the internal phase percentage (20 or 30 v/v%) were chosen as the independent variables. Percentage drug released after 1 h (Q1), vesicle particle size (PS), and mean dissolution time (MDT) were the dependent variables. Selected formulation was investigated morphologically using transmission electron microscopy. Results revealed that the formation had spherical dense shape. All independent factors significantly affected the percentage drug release after the first hour (Q1), and the MDT, while only the type of NIS had a significant effect on PS. The highest control of drug release was observed in formulation containing Span® 60 with lower internal phase percentage (MDT = 20.06 ± 0.40 h) as well as the smallest PS (123.75 ± 16.68 nm). The obtained results indicated the potentiality of the invented ISNs in controlling the release of tenoxicam in a desirable economical biphasic pattern compared to other in situ formulations.