Percentage Of Cholesterol Research Articles

Quality indicators of a cardiac rehabilitation program in women with coronary heart disease

Abstract Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) are well known to improve functional status and prognosis after a cardiovascular event. This programs are class IA recommendation. However, many studies have demonstrated that women are less likely to stick to a CRP. Purpose To compare baseline characteristics between men and women participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program and to determine whether there are gender differences in the benefits obtained after the program. Methods Using data from our Department of CRP, we analysed a total of 1091 patients referred between 2015 and 2018 to our center CRP after a cardiovascular diagnosis. Clinical, analytical and echocardiographic outcomes were collected. We defined benefit as the achievement of the target levels established for each cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) as well as improvement in the exercise capacity. This capacity was evaluated with exercise tests and maximum O2 uptake at the beginning and at the end of the CPR. Results Between 2015 and 2018, 189 (17.3%) of them women with a mean age of 62 years were enrolled in the CRP. There were no significant gender differences in mean age or incidence of CVRF. Likewise, there weren't differences in cardiovascular diagnosis, risk stratification, left ventricular ejection fraction or exercise test performed before the program. In the results after CRP there were no important gender differences in the percentage of patients who achieved the quality indicators described as HbA1c <7.0%, systolic arterial pressure <140 mmHg, diastolic arterial pressure <90 mmHg. Percentage of LDL cholesterol <70 mg/dl was significantly higher in male patients. Both in men and women an improvement of the second exercise test result was observed. Conclusions 1. Men and women who suffer from a coronary heart disease have similar clinical characteristics. 2. Among patients with coronary heart disease who attended a cardiac rehabilitation program there were no significant gender differences in the benefits obtained after the program. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Pemberian Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes ), Indigofera sp dan Kangkung (Ipomea sp) sebagai Hijauan pada Ransum Kalkun Berbasis Dedak Padi dan Ransum Komersial terhadap Performa dan Kadar Kolesterol Daging

The aim of this research was to measure the effect of diet contained water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Indigofera (Indigofera sp.), and water spinach (Ipomoea spp.) on the performance and cholesterol of turkey meat. A total of twelve male turkeys 40 weeks old with average body weight of 4798±551.78 g were reared for six weeks. This research used a Completely Randomized Design. The dietary diet treatments were consisted of 38% rice bran, 35% commercial diet, and 27% forages which consisted of E. crassipes (R1), Indigofera sp. (R2), and Ipomea spp. (R3). The variables measured were performance (feed consumption, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, percentage of abdominal fat, carcass percentage and breast meat cholesterol levels. The results showed that E.crassipes, Indigofera sp., and Ipomea spp. in turkeys’diet did not affect on feed consumption, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass percentage, and percentage of abdominal fat. Cholesterol levels of turkey breast meat in the Indigofera dietary treatment was produced the lowest relative cholesterol levels followed by Ipomoea sp and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipe) dietary treatments. The average cholesterol level of turkey breast meat ranges from 23- 47 mg 100 g-1. It was concluded that E.crassipes, Indigofera sp., and Ipomea spp. can be used as an alternative ingredient for adult turkey diet.

Meta-Analisis: Pengaruh Substitusi Jagung dengan Bahan Pakal Lokal Terhadap Kualitas Karkas Daging Broiler

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of substitution of corn with local ingredients on the quality of broiler meat using meta-analysis technique. This study used meta-analysis technique to integrate 55 data from 9 journals that contain information about replacing corn with local feedstuffs. The meta-analysis technique begins with collecting data from several scientific publications that contain tannin and saponin levels. Furthermore, the data was tabulated in the form of database with the help of microsoft excel, in this tabulation process the units of each data are equalized, after that the data was tabulated and analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis version 3. The effect of corn replacement on the quality of broiler meat was not significant, this can be seen on the content of the percentage of carcasses, carcass weights, and cholesterol of meat was not different. The results show that the distance between the given model and the actual model indicates that there was decrease in the amount of cholesterol in meat with the replacement of corn in feed ingredients (0.05<P<0.1). The conclusion from the results of this meta-analysis was that the replacement of corn does not improve the quality of the broiler carcass.

Effects of Consumption of Coconut and Cow's Milk on the Metabolic Profile of Wistar Rats Fed a Hyperprotein Diet.

The intake of milk has decreased over the past few decades in Western populations and has been replaced by drinks of plant origin. Substitution of cow's milk by vegetable drinks occurs for some reasons, such as the presence of lactose intolerance, reduced calorie intake, prevention of obesity, vegan diets, and concern about the use of hormone therapy and its possible residues in bovine milk. For these reasons, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and anthropometric profile of animals subjected to a diet supplemented with coconut milk. Animals were divided into six groups (G1-G6), treated, respectively, regular diet and coconut milk or cow's milk, and with a high-protein content diet and coconut milk or cow's milk. Our results showed that the animals treated with coconut milk reduced body weight and visceral fat, and also showed that the use of a high-protein diet in association with coconut milk is a good combination in reducing visceral fat, percentage of weight gain, food intake, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Our results do not show substantial metabolic changes when comparing the use of coconut milk with the use of cow's milk (we cannot say that the coconut milk itself can be better than cow's milk in the evaluated metabolic parameters).

Attenuation Coefficient Parameter Computations for Tissue Composition Assessment of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque in Vivo

Quantitative ultrasound has been used to assess carotid plaque tissue composition. Here, we compute the attenuation coefficient (AC) in vivo with the optimum power spectral shift estimator (OPSSE) and reference phantom method (RPM), extract AC parameters and form parametric maps. Differences between OPSSE and RPM AC parameters are computed. Relationships between AC parameters, surgical scores and histopathology assessments are examined. Kendall's τ correlations between OPSSE AC and surgical scores are significant, including those between cholesterol and Standard Deviation (adjusted p = 0.038); thrombus and Minimum (adjusted p = 0.002), Maximum (adjusted p = 0.021) and Standard Deviation (adjusted p = 0.001); ulceration and Average (adjusted p = 0.033), Median (unadjusted p = 0.013), Maximum (unadjusted p = 0.039) and Mode (adjusted p = 0.009). The strongest correlations with histopathology are percentage cholesterol and Median OPSSE (unadjusted p = 0.007); percentage hemorrhage and Minimum OPSSE (adjusted p < 0.001); hemosiderin score and Median OPSSE (adjusted p = 0.010); and percentage calcium and Percentage Non-physical RPM Pixels (unadjusted p = 0.014). Kruskal–Wallis H and Dunn's post hoc tests have the ability to distinguish between groups (p < 0.05). Results suggest AC parameters may assist in vivo evaluation of carotid plaque vulnerability.

Lipid Profile in Peruvian Athletes

The active movement of sport improves insulin sensitivity, regulates lipid and glucose metabolism, lowers blood pressure and reduces the incidence of metabolic syndrome [ Myers et al., 2019]. We seek to analyze the lipid profile in high performance athletes. The participants (both sexes) were 326 athletes of ~21.5 years from 11 disciplines of the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD) – Trujillo Subsidiary and 80 non‐athletes of ~22.2 years. To diagnose the lipid profile, biochemical blood tests were performed on the participants, complying with the pre‐analytical conditions determined. We found a low percentage of high total cholesterol in gymnastics disciplines (~5%) followed by taekwondo (~8.4%), instead the powerlifters show the highest incidence (~ 25%). Nevertheless, a lower percentage of high triglycerides occurs in powerlifting as in rugby (~ 8.4%), while athletics and gymnastics show the highest incidence (~23.5% and ~22.5% respectively). On the other hand, the lowest incidence of high coronary risk was found in taekwondo (~ 13.9%) and Basketball (~15.8%), however the highest percentages were presented by athletics (~23.5%) and gymnastics (~22.5%). When comparing general averages of athletes with non‐athletes; in the first group, the percentages of high cholesterol, triglyceride and coronary risk values were 12.8%, 14.55% and 18.7% respectively, unlike the second group, in the same assessments that were 22.5%, 35% and 32.5% respectively. Among the factors that could have a negative effect on lipid parameters, it would be in consumption of androgenic anabolic steroids, suggesting that users are prone to increased coronary risk [ Mirza and Ahmed., 2014]. However, sports practice is related to normal ranges of lipid profile, even in master athletes [ Bando et al., 2015]. Finally, we consider that those who practice sports are less likely to suffer from dyslipidemias, and therefore develop protection against cardiovascular diseases.Support or Funding InformationAntenor Orrego Private University Percentage Distribution of Elevated Lipid Profile Values in Peruvian Athletes SPORT SEX NUMBER AGE % LIPID PROFILE IN PERUVIAN ATHLETES Total Cholesterol Lipoproteins Triglycerides Coronary risk HDL LDL XTDL Karate F 17 18.3 100 11.8 18.0 11.8 5.9 23.5 29.0 M 17 23.4 100 11.8 18.0 00.0 11.8 11.8 11.8 Average 34 20.9 100 11.8 18 5.9 8.9 17.7 20.4 Volleybal F 18 23.9 100 16.7 27.8 11.1 11.1 16.7 16.7 M 18 22.5 100 11.1 27.8 11.1 00.0 22.2 22.2 Average 36 23.2 100 13.9 27.8 11.1 5.55 19.45 19.45 Soccer M 30 21.7 100 16.7 20.0 13.3 06.7 20.0 16.7 Average 30 21.7 100 16.7 20.0 13.3 06.7 20.0 16.7 Baseball M 32 19.1 100 12.5 21.9 15.6 09.4 15.6 21.9 Average 32 19.1 100 12.5 21.9 15.6 09.4 15.6 21.9 Taekwondo F 18 22.7 100 11.1 27.8 22.2 16.6 16.7 11.1 M 18 20.5 100 05.6 22.2 22.2 11.1 11.1 16.7 Average 36 21.6 100 8.4 25 22.2 13.9 13.9 13.9 Athletics F 17 20.3 100 11.8 23.5 23.5 11.8 23.5 23.5 M 17 19.9 100 11.8 29.4 23.5 05.9 23.5 23.5 Average 34 20.1 100 11.8 26.5 23.5 8.9 23.5 23.5 Coronary risk=Total colesterol:HDL ratio, F=female, M=male Percentage Distribution of Elevated Lipid Profile Values in Peruvian Athletes SPORT SEX NUMBER AGE % LIPID PROFILE IN PERUVIAN ATHLETES Total Cholesterol Lipoproteins Triglycerides Coronary risk HDL LDL VLDL Basketball F 19 23.8 100 15.8 26.3 26.3 15.8 21.0 21.0 M 19 25.0 100 05.3 31.6 15.8 10.5 10.5 10.5 Average 38 24.4 100 10.6 29 21.1 13.2 15.8 15.8 Gymnastics F 20 21.5 100 00.0 25.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 M 20 23.8 100 10.0 30.0 30.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 Average 40 22.7 100 05 27.5 22.5 10 22.5 22.5 Swimming F 11 15.4 100 09.1 18.2 09.1 09.1 09.1 18.2 M 11 19.7 100 09.1 36.4 18.2 09.1 09.1 18.2 Average 22 17.6 100 9.1 27.3 13.7 9.1 9.1 18.2 Rugby F 06 22.9 100 16.7 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 16.7 M 06 21.7 100 16.7 00.0 00.0 00.0 16.7 16.7 Average 12 22.3 100 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 16.7 Powerlifting F 06 20.9 100 33.3 33.3 16.7 00.0 00.0 16.7 M 06 23.6 100 16.7 16.7 00.0 00.0 16.7 16.7 Average 12 22.3 100 25 25 8.4 0.0 8.4 16.7 Female average 133 21.1 100 14 22.2 15.1 8.9 13.4 18.1 Male average 194 21.9 100 11.6 23.1 13.6 6.8 15.7 17.3 General average 326 21.45 100 12.8 22.65 14.35 7.85 14.55 18.7 Non‐Athletes F 40 21.6 100 25.0 05 10.0 05 30.0 35.0 M 40 22.7 100 20.0 05 15.0 05 40.0 30.0 Average 80 22.15 100 22.5 05 12.5 05 35 32.5

Chronic marijuana use moderates the correlations of serum cholesterol with systemic mitochondrial function and fluid cognition

Activating type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor decreases the particle size of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and inhibits reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). This study examined whether marijuana (MJ) use is associated with changes of RCT, and how the latter is associated with mitochondrial function and fluid cognition. We recruited 19 chronic MJ users and 20 nonusers with matched age, BMI, sex, ethnicity, and education. We measured their fluid cognition, mitochondrial function (basal and max respiration, ATP production) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cholesterol content in serum lipoprotein fractions, enterolactone/creatinine ratio in urine as a marker for dietary polyphenol intake, and lipase activity in serum. We found that higher percentage of large HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated positively, while that of small HDL-C correlated inversely, with mitochondrial function among MJ users, but correlations of the opposite directions were found among nonusers. The concentrations of large and intermediate HDL-C correlated positively with mitochondrial function and fluid cognition among MJ users, but not among nonusers. Both percentage and concentration of large HDL-C correlated positively, while those of small HDL-C correlated inversely, with amounts of daily and lifetime MJ use. In all participants, higher urinary enterolactone/creatinine ratio and lower serum lipase activity were associated with higher large HDL-C/small HDL-C ratio, implying greater RCT. This study suggests that high MJ use may compromise RCT, which is strongly associated with mitochondrial function and fluid cognition among MJ users.

Estimation of Cholesterol in the Presence of Urea and Other Constituents in Blood Tissue

The determination of cholesterol in pathological laboratories is more painful and may lead to infections if no proper precautions are taken into consideration. The manuscript presented here describes a non-invasive method to estimate blood cholesterol using Radio Frequency (RF) probe signal in the range of 10MHz – 500MHz. The method uses Scalar Network Analyzer and injects RF signal less than -30dbm, which is quite safe for human tissue and the frequency range falls in non-ionizing radiation wavelengths. Due to the absorption of RF signal by various body tissues including cholesterol, the received signal by the spectrum analyzer bears the signatures of percentage of the cholesterol present in the blood. These signatures are then analyzed using multivariate approach to estimate the Cholesterol. The Signal Processing Unit consists of Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) tool based on the SIMPLS Algorithm. The results show that there is a good agreement between the predicted percentages of Cholesterol as compared to the actual. Though the study here uses only 5 components, the technique can also be used to include other blood components for the estimation of Cholesterol.

Koroner Arter Baypas Cerrahisi Geçirmiş Hastalarda Bisiklet ve Kol Ergometresi Egzersiz Eğitiminin Fiziksel Fonksiyonlar ve Lipid Profili Üzerine Etkisi: Randomize Bir Çalışma

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects on physical functions (PF) and lipid profile (LP) of bicycle and arm ergometer exercises among the patients, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Material and Methods: The study involved 50 patients, who underwent CABG surgery. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. After the exclusion of 11 cases, evaluation was performed of 23 patients in the bicycle ergometer group (BEG) and 16 patients in the arm ergometer group (AEG). All the subjects participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program consisting of exercise training with bicycle or arm ergometer exercise for a total of 30 sessions as 5 sessions per week during 6 weeks. Before and after the exercise training, the 6-minute walking test distance (6MWTD), body composition evaluation, and blood lipid levels were recorded. Results: Before and after the exercise training, statistically significant positive changes were observed in the BEG including increased 6MWD, and LP parameters containing decreased percentage of body fat, LDL, trigliserid level, and total cholesterol. Statistically significant changes were found in the AEG including increased 6MWTD and LP parameters containing HDL, decreased body fat percentage, BMI, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Comparing the values between the groups, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the 6MWD in the BEG when compared to the AEG. Conclusions: In conclusion, bicycle and arm ergometer exercises had a positive effect on PF and LP after CABG surgery. For improving the functional capacity, the bicycle ergometer training was seen to be more advantageous.

Fattening culture improves the gonadal development and nutritional quality of male Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is an important aquaculture species in China, and >80% of aquaculture production comes from outdoor earth-ponds. Fattening immature E. sinensis with a high-quality diet has been proven to effectively improve male gonadal development and nutritional value. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fattening periods on male gonadal development and nutritional quality of pond-reared male E. sinensis post pubertal molting. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased significantly during the 60-day fattening period, while significant increases in meat yield and total edible yield were only found between Day 0 and Day 20. The gonadal system, consisting of testis, deferens and accessory gland, had the highest increase during the fattening period. The fattening period did not significantly affect the proximate composition of hepatopancreas; however, the protein contents of male gonad and muscle increased significantly. The moisture and carbohydrate contents of the gonad, as well as muscular moisture, decreased significantly during the 60-day fattening period. A significant decrease in gonadal lipid contents was found between Day 40 and Day 60, while the trend of “low-high-low” was found in muscular carbohydrate levels during the whole fattening period. Significant increases were found in the percentage of triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) in male gonad, while decreases were found in the percentages of cholesterol and phospholipid in male gonads, FFA in hepatopancreas and TG in meat during the 60-day-fattening period. With respect to fatty acid composition, a trend of “high-low-high” was found for the percentages of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in male gonad and hepatopancreas. The percentages of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and MUFA in muscle decreased significantly, while the significant increases were found in muscular PUFA and LC-PUFA during the fattening period. Total amino acid (TAA) levels of male gonads increased dramatically during the fattening period, and essential amino acid scores of male gonad and muscle were >100 for all essential amino acids (EAA) after the 60-day fattening period. In conclusion, these results suggest that an appropriate fattening period is approximately 40 days for pond-reared male E. sinensis post pubertal molting.

Modified Spraying Technique and Response Surface Methodology for the Preparation and Optimization of Propolis Liposomes of Enhanced Anti-Proliferative Activity against Human Melanoma Cell Line A375.

Propolis is a honeybee product that contains a mixture of natural substances with a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, the clinical application of propolis is limited due to the presence of a myriad of constituents with different physicochemical properties, low bioavailability and lack of appropriate formulations. In this study, a modified injection technique (spraying technique) has been developed for the encapsulation of the Egyptian propolis within liposomal formulation. The effects of three variables (lipid molar concentration, drug loading and cholesterol percentage) on the particle size and poly dispersity index (PDI) were studied using response surface methodology and the Box–Behnken design. Response surface diagrams were used to develop an optimized liposomal formulation of the Egyptian propolis. A comparative study between the optimized liposomal formulation prepared either by the typical ethanol injection method (TEIM) or the spraying method in terms of particle size, PDI and the in-vitro anti-proliferative effect against human melanoma cell line A375 was carried out. The spraying method resulted in the formation of smaller propolis-loaded liposomes compared to TEIM (particle sizes of 90 ± 6.2 nm, and 170 ± 14.7 nm, respectively). Furthermore, the IC50 values against A375 cells were found to be 3.04 ± 0.14, 4.5 ± 0.09, and 18.06 ± 0.75 for spray-prepared propolis liposomes (PP-Lip), TEIM PP-Lip, and propolis extract (PE), respectively. The encapsulation of PE into liposomes is expected to improve its cellular uptake by endocytosis. Moreover, smaller and more uniform liposomes obtained by spraying can be expected to achieve higher cellular uptake, as the ratio of liposomes or liposomal aggregates that fall above the capacity of cell membrane to “wrap” them will be minimized.

Effects of Addition of Noni Fruit Juice (Morinda Citrifolia) Into Drinking Water on Final Body Weight, Carcass Percentage, Abdominal Fat and Meat Cholesterol of Sentul Debu Chicken Phase Growth

The purpose of research to determine the effect of addition Noni fruit juice into drinking water on body weight, percentage of carcass, abdominal fat and meat cholesterol on sentul debu chicken phase growth. The research used 120 day old chicks of Sentul chicken and were raised until 12 weeks old. The research were conducted using a completely randomized design with six levels of noni fruit juice into the drinking water, P0 (without the addition of noni juice into drinking water), P1 (1 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water), P2 (2 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water), P3 (3 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water, P4 (4 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water and P5 (5 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water) and four replications, each replication consisted of five sentul chickens. The observed variables were final body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat and meat cholesterol on sentul chicken. Data were statistically analyzed for variance using a Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The results showed that the addition of noni juice until 3 ml/1liter into drinking water gave no significant effect on the final body weight, percentage of carcass and abdominal fat and meat cholesterol,but the addition of noni juice 4 -5 ml into drinking water was decreases the final body weight, carcass percentage and meat cholesterol of sentul chicken. It can be concluded that the addition of noni juice into drinking until 3 ml/1 liter the best result on final body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat and meat cholesterol Sentul Debu chicken phase growth.

Age-associated and Breed-associated Variations in Haematological and Biochemical Variables in Mangalitsa, Mangalitsa×Durock and Large White Pig

Background: Research of hematologic and biochemical parameters in pigs is of great importance considering the fact that pigs are used as a model in research of different health disorders in humans. There are many different breeds of pigs that have different health, productive and biologic characteristics that need to be studied. Hematologic and biochemical values can vary dependent on presence of inflammation and infection.The aim of this study was to determine the influence of breed, age and their interactions on hematologic and biochemical parameters on blood of mangalitsa, mangalitsa x durock and Large White pig. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Experiment included 10 litters of mangalitsa, white variety, mated with mangalitsa boar, 10 mangalitsa litters, and white variety inseminated with durock boar and litters of great Large White inseminated with great Yorkshire boar. Six groups, each include 10 animals were formed and their blood was sampled (3 breeds and 2 age categories). Age groups were formed according to moment of blood sampling. First sample was taken in moment of 30 ± 5 kg of body weight. Second sample was taken when body weight was 100 kg hematologic analyze. Samples were taken with BD Vacutainer®. Complete classic blood analyzes and leucocytes formulas were done by hematology analyzer ADVIA 120 Hematology Siemens, Germany. Biochemical analyze was done by biochemical analyzer A15 BioSystem with their standard colorimetric reagenses. Concentration of total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, total bilirubin, AST and ALT were determined. Globulin concentration was calculated. Results have showed that hematologic and biochemical parameters are influenced by breed, age and their interaction as: total leukocyte number (age, breed x age), neutrophils number (age, breed), number of monocytes and platelets (age, breed x age), eosinophils number and percentage (age), percentage of neutrophils, percentage of lymphocytes and cholesterol (breed). All of three factors (breed, age breed x age) have affected number of lymphocytes basophils number, % of monocytes, % of basophils, erythrocyte number, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, protein, albumin, creatinine and ALT. Globulin value varied in function of interaction breed x age. RBC, Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, total protein albumin, creatinine, and ALT variance can be explained by influence of breed, age and their interaction (η2 = 35-75%).Discussion: Based on results of this study breed and age have significant influence on numerous blood parameters. Besides the differences in mean values of parameters it is proved presence of statistically significant difference in frequencies distributions in function of age and breed. Different age and breed categories have different frequencies distributions of many determined parameters. There is positive correlation between RBC, Hgb, Hct and albumin in all three breed (R2 = 67-84%). Negative correlation was found between WBC and RBC, Hgb, Hct that was statistically significant in mangalitsa breed (R2 = 58-69%) but not in other two breeds. In mangalitsa significant positive correlation was found between globulin and leukocyte number. Given values have showed that during interpretation of lab results breed, age and interactions of hematologic and biochemical parameters need to be considered. Mean values and frequencies distribution differences lead to redefinition of referent range in function of breed and age that requires further research.

Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms contribute to statin response in Chinese ASCVD patients with dyslipidemia

BackgroundApolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and clearance. Statins are the most common drugs used to modulate the lipid profile in the clinic therapy; the associations between ApoE polymorphisms and statin response to lipids were inconsistent in previous studies among different ethnicities. Our study aimed to demonstrate the relationships among the statins response and the ApoE gene common polymorphisms and lifestyle risk factors in Chinese arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients with dyslipidemia.MethodsA total of 1002 dyslipidemia ASCVD patients were recruited in this study, including 311 patients with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These patients were all treated with drugs atorvastatin (10 mg/d) or rosuvastatin (5 mg/d) for at least 4 weeks and genotyped for ApoE e2/e3/e4 alleles, using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) and Sanger sequencing. The plasma lipids levels were determined before and after statins treatment.ResultsThe results of ApoE genotyping with KASP method were consistent with the sequencing analysis. In the total 1002 patients, the E2 phenotypes (e2/e3, e2/e2) had significant lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) baseline levels than subjects with E3 (e3/e3, e2/e4) and E4 (e3/e4, e4/e4) phenotypes (P = 0.007, 0.005, respectively), and E2 phenotypes had the highest triglyceride (TG) baseline levels. To statins treatment, E2 phenotypes had a better response in TG, Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C reduction percentage compared with other phenotypes, and smoking/alcohol drinking status also had a significant influence on statins response of LDL-C lowering. No significant difference was found in the effects of lipids decreasing between atorvastatin and rosuvastatin drugs in all patients.ConclusionsWe developed the KASP technique for the ApoE genotyping, and demonstrated ApoE polymorphisms interacted with smoking/drinking to influence the declining extent of TG, TC and LDL-C levels after statins therapy in Chinese dyslipidemia ASCVD patients. These discoveries developed our cognition with the genetic polymorphisms effects on statin response, which should be taken more seriously in smoking/drinking E4 amino acid isoform carriers.

Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis.

Objective- Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the most abundant cells in human atherosclerotic lesions and are suggested to contribute at least 50% of atheroma foam cells. In mice, SMCs contribute fewer total lesional cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of SMCs to total foam cells in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, and the utility of these mice to model human SMC foam cell biology and interventions. Approach and Results- Using flow cytometry, foam cells in the aortic arch of ApoE-/- mice were characterized based on the expression of leukocyte-specific markers. Nonleukocyte foam cells increased from 37% of total foam cells in 27-week-old to 75% in 57-week-old male ApoE-/- mice fed a chow diet and were ≈70% in male and female ApoE-/- mice following 6 weeks of Western diet feeding. A similar contribution to total foam cells by SMCs was found using SMC-lineage tracing ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet for 6 or 12 weeks. Nonleukocyte foam cells contributed a similar percentage of total atheroma cholesterol and exhibited lower expression of the cholesterol exporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) when compared with leukocyte-derived foam cells. Conclusions- Consistent with previous studies of human atheromas, we present evidence that SMCs contribute the majority of atheroma foam cells in ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet and a chow diet for longer periods. Reduced expression of ABCA1, also seen in human intimal SMCs, suggests a common mechanism for formation of SMC foam cells across species, and represents a novel target to enhance atherosclerosis regression.

Directional Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and Prediabetes: A New Approach from Artificial Neural Network in a Cohort of Workers with Overweight-Obesity

Objective: Despite the increasing literature on the association of diabetes with inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, strong evidence on the direction of causality among these factors is still lacking. This gap could be addressed by means of artificial neural networks (ANN) analysis.Methods: Retrospective observational study was carried out by means of an innovative data mining analysis—known as auto-contractive map (AutoCM)—and semantic mapping followed by Activation and Competition System on data of workers referring to an occupational-health outpatient clinic. Parameters analyzed included weight, height, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), percentage of fat mass, glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), creatinine, total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, fibrinogen, homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP), diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and 25(OH)D.Results: The study included 309 workers. Of these, 23.6% were overweight, 40.5% were classified into the first class of obesity, 23.3% were in the second class, and 12.6% were in the third class (BMI > 40 kg/m ). All mean biochemical values were in normal range, except for total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP, and 25(OH)D. HbA1c was between 39 and 46 mmol/mol in 51.78%. 25(OH)D levels were sufficient in only 12.6%. Highest inverse correlation for hyperglycemia onset was with BMI and waist circumference, suggesting a protective role of 25(OH)D against their increase. AutoCM processing and the semantic map evidenced direct association of 25(OH)D with high link strength (0.99) to low CRP levels and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Low 25(OH)D led to changes in glucose, which affected metabolic syndrome biomarkers, first of which was homeostatic model assessment index and blood glucose, but not 25(OH)D.Conclusions: The use of ANN suggests a key role of 25(OH)D respect to all considered metabolic parameters in the development of diabetes and evidences a causation between low 25(OH)D and high glucose concentrations.

Liver X receptor-α activation enhances cholesterol secretion in lactating mammary epithelium.

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors activated by cholesterol metabolites. These receptors induce a suite of target genes required for de novo synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol transport in many tissues. Two different isoforms, LXRα and LXRβ, have been well characterized in liver, adipocytes, macrophages, and intestinal epithelium among others, but their contribution to cholesterol and fatty acid efflux in the lactating mammary epithelium is poorly understood. We hypothesize that LXR regulates lipogenesis during milk fat production in lactation. Global mRNA analysis of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MECs) revealed multiple LXR/RXR targets upregulated sharply early in lactation compared with midpregnancy. LXRα is the primary isoform, and its protein levels increase throughout lactation in MECs. The LXR agonist GW3965 markedly induced several genes involved in cholesterol transport and lipogenesis and enhanced cytoplasmic lipid droplet accumulation in the HC11 MEC cell line. Importantly, in vivo pharmacological activation of LXR increased the milk cholesterol percentage and induced sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c) and ATP-binding cassette transporter a7 (Abca7) expression in MECs. Cumulatively, our findings identify LXRα as an important regulator of cholesterol incorporation into the milk through key nodes of de novo lipogenesis, suggesting a potential therapeutic target in women with difficulty initiating lactation.

Cholesterol-Dependent Bending Energy Is Important in Cholesterol Distribution of the Plasma Membrane

We consider the plasma membrane that contains a cholesterol molar fraction of 0.4 and ask how that cholesterol is distributed between the two leaves. Because of the rapid flip-flop of cholesterol between leaves, we assume that its distribution is determined by the equality of its chemical potentials in the two leaves. When we consider only the contributions of entropy and interactions to the cholesterol chemical potential in our model system, we find, not surprisingly, that the cholesterol is mostly in the outer leaf because of the strong attraction between cholesterol and sphingomyelin (SM), which is predominantly in that leaf. We find 72% there. We then include the contribution from the bending energy in each leaf that must be overcome to join the leaves in a flat bilayer. The product of bending modulus and spontaneous curvature is obtained from simulation. We find that the addition of cholesterol to the outer leaf reduces the spontaneous curvature, which is initially positive, until it passes through zero when the molar fraction of cholesterol in the outer leaf is 0.28. Additional cholesterol is driven toward the inner leaf by the sphingomyelin phosphatidylcholine mixture. This is resisted by the bending energy contribution to the inner leaf. We find, again by simulation, that the addition of cholesterol monotonically increases the magnitude of the spontaneous curvature of the inner leaf, which is negative. This increases its bending energy. We conclude that, as a result of these competing effects, the percentage of cholesterol in the outer leaf is reduced to ∼63 ± 6%.

Chemical characteristic and cholesterol level of local sheep with intensive fattening

Red meat is a livestock product with high nutrition. Red meat obtained from sheep had high fat and cholesterol content. Fat and cholesterol in the body of livestock could be reduced by feed manipulation through the gastrointestinal system approach. This research was aimed to examine the effect of feed containing shrimp waste on unsaturated fat and fatty acids, blood cholesterol, internal fat, and subcutaneous fat of local sheep in Bogor. The research was designed using Completely Randomized Design with four feed formulas as the treatments of four replicates. Sheep were slaughtered after being kept in individual cages for 3 months. Further, the percentage of internal fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in the blood were analyzed. The parameters measured were the percentage of internal fat and the iodine number of subcutaneous fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL level in the blood. The results showed that the higher percentage of shrimp waste reduced blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level and increased blood HDL level and iodine number (unsaturated fat) of lamb meat.

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Profile Among Australian Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Teenagers.

Atherosclerosis develops over a long period of time and often begins in childhood. The goal of this study was to make a cross-sectional assessment of the pattern of cardiovascular disease risk factors among Australian vegetarian (n = 49) and nonvegetarian (n = 639) 14- to 17-year-old participants from New South Wales, Australia. Vegetarians had statistically significant lower mean total (4.05 vs 4.4 mmol/L;P < .001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (2.18 vs 2.55 mmol/L; P < .001) and lower incidence of abnormal total and LDL cholesterol (31.1% vs 46.2%, P = .036, having total cholesterol ≥4.4 mmol/L and 13.3% vs 29.6%, P = .021, having LDL cholesterol ≥2.84 mmol/L). Vegetarians had a higher diastolic BP (72.0 vs 69.7 mm Hg; P = .038). No statistically significant difference was found in other risk factors including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .83), triglycerides (P = .601), systolic blood pressure (P = .727), body mass index (P = .159), plasma glucose (P = .09), C-reactive protein (P = .527), or homocysteine (P = .45). The prevalence rate with 3 or more risk factors was 12.2% among vegetarians and 13.9% among nonvegetarians (P = .156). The high percentage of abnormal total cholesterol in both diet groups and, in addition, LDL cholesterol in nonvegetarians is a cause of concern and underlines the need for lifestyle change.