Percentage Drug Release Research Articles

Formulation and <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of Aceclofenac Orally Disintegrating Tablets using the Natural Superdisintegrants

Background: Oral disintegrating tablets are engineered to dissolve in saliva extremely quickly, typically within a matter of seconds. Aim: The aim of the research was to develop and assess aceclofenac Oral Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) through wet granulation, employing natural super disintegrants in different concentrations. Methods: The chitosan was isolated from the prawn shell using different concentrations of formulated trails, including F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5. Aceclofenac orally disintegrating tablets were prepared and characterized for various parameters including hardness, friability, weight uniformity, drug content, disintegration time, and in vitro dissolution studies. Results: Among the formulations, F5 exhibited superior performance in terms of rapid disintegration with 29 sec and the highest percentage of drug release with 98.91% compared to the others. Conclusion: Increasing the concentration of isolated chitosan from prawn shell results in an increased dissolution profile and a decrease in disintegration time.

Locust bean gum glutarate nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres of gliclazide: Optimization by box-Behnken design and preclinical evaluation of anti-diabetic efficacy

In this study, carboxymethyl locust bean gum was synthesized and nanocomposite hydrogel microspheres (GHMs) of gliclazide were produced based on nanosilicate reinforcement and aluminium-ion driven gelation process, followed by covalent crosslinking with glutaric anhydride (GA). The effect of three independent variables (polymer and GA concentration, incubation time) on the drug entrapment efficiency (DEE%) and percent drug release at 8 h, was optimized using Box-Behnken design. The highest DEE (%) and lowest drug release was achieved at the following optimized conditions: polymer (2.43 %), GA (0.34 %), and incubation (27 min). The nanoscilicate-enriched matrix provided a maximum of 75.13 % DEE, 92.33 % gel fraction, and excellent flowability. The optimized microspheres had virtually spherical morphology, according to FE-SEM analysis. FTIR study indicated a hydrogen bonding interaction between the drug and other formulation components. X-ray and DSC measurements suggested that the crystallinity of the drug decreased following integration into the matrix. The optimized GHM demonstrated anomalous diffusion of gliclazide in simulated gastrointestinal fluids for 12 h without disintegration. In streptozotocin (50 mg/kg BW)-induced diabetic rats, the optimized formulation diminished blood glucose level by about 72 % in 12 h. Thus, the nanocomposite GHMs created by combining nanosilicate with GA had an outstanding potential for long-term control of diabetes.

Modified Release Interpenetrating Polymeric Network Hydrogel Beads of Montelukast Sodium Via Box Behnken Design

Background: Interpenetrating Polymeric Networks (IPN) are cross-linked polymeric alloys developed when two or more cross-linked polymers inter-penetratingly entangle. Interpenetrating polymeric networks possess several benefits including stability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, high swelling ability, and modified release efficiency. Aim: The aim of this study is to design stable, control-released montelukast sodium-loaded IPN hydrogel beads as a promising approach toward drug delivery. Objective: The goal of the present work was to develop Chitosan (swellable polymer) and glutaraldehyde (cross-linker) based modified (controlled) released montelukast sodium IPN hydrogel beads. Methods: The montelukast sodium IPN hydrogel beads were prepared via the precipitation method, and the final batch of IPN hydrogel beads was based on particle size, percent entrapment efficiency, area of swelling, and cumulative percent drug release using an overlay plot in Box-Behnken design. Compatibility studies (DSC, FT-IR) and microscopical observation (SEM) confirmed the compatibility and sphericity of the formulations. Results: The optimized (comprising 2.01% chitosan and 0.48% glutaraldehyde) IPN hydrogel beads having satisfactory particle size (817.76±54.49 μm), good entrapment efficiency (71.36±3.04%), and area of swelling (27.00±1.68 mm2) showed swelling and pH-dependent controlled montelukast release (92.96±1.05%) after 12 h with longer duration of action. Conclusion: The prepared montelukast sodium IPN hydrogel beads could be a potent control-released drug delivery vehicle.

Design and Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Tofacitinib Citrate for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Quality by Design Approach.

Solid lipid nanoparticles, or SLNs, have gained popularity recently as a possible drug delivery method. However, the idea of using SLNs for organ and site-specific drug administration is still in its early stages due to the difficulties associated with this approach. The aim of this study is to develop SLNs with improved pharmaceutical characterization and anti-arthritic efficacy. Tofacitinib citrate (TC)-loaded SLNs were created using the microemulsification method, with the addition of stearic acid, chitosan, and Tween 80 to improve skin permeability. Seventeen SLNs were developed and characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE), and percentage drug release according to the Box-Behnken design. The DSC analysis revealed a strong endothermic peak at 166.18°C, significantly different from the pure TC reported at 218.05°C. This indicates a notable alteration in the endothermic peak of the SLNs, demonstrating a relationship with the excipients used in this investigation. XRD study highlighted significant characteristic drug peaks at positions 21.06 and 23.63 (2ɵ). These peaks represented the modifications that were seen in pure TC. The SEM analysis of the optimized lipid nanoparticles showed a smooth surface and a spherical appearance. The particle size analysis of the optimized formulation showed an average size of 181.5 nm. Also, the polydispersity index (PI) revealed a value of 0.495, indicating homogeneous dispersion. The zeta value was 8.2 mV, indicating stability.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel dual sensitive iron nanoparticles incorporated Schiff base composite hydrogel for diabetic wound healing therapy

Chronic wounds in diabetic patients deteriorate into multiple infections. A multifunctional transdermal material with high self-healing ability, remodeling capability, antibacterial and radicle scavenging activity, and an excellent multi-sensitive carrier was needed to promote wound healing. For that, Oxidized Cellulose (OC) and gelatin (GLN) are selected to construct a dual drug-loaded Schiff base hydrogel with iron nanoparticle (IONPS) incorporation for the controlled and sustained release of Insulin (INS) and Metfomin (MET), which synergistically promote wound repair. The INS/MET-IONPS-OC/GLN hydrogel drug payload was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, DLS, ZETA, TG, FE-SEM, TEM, and VSM analysis. The high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 93.20 % and 98.8 % for INS and 90.2 % and 95.1 % for MET, respectively. The temperature-sensitive drug release (92.0 % of INS and 90.0 % of MET) percentage is much better than the pH-sensitive drug release (83.5 % of INS and 80.2 % of MET). Above 90.0 % viability in MTT and apoptosis assay reveals the nontoxic nature of the INS/MET-IONPS-OC/GLN towards L929 normal cell lines. The zone of inhibition value of 12 and 15 mm in gram-negative bacteria reveals the anti-bacterial effect. The antioxidant activity of the carrier shields the cells against reactive oxygen species promotes healing rate ensures by DPPH assay.The cell proliferation and angiogenesis were confirmed by scratch assay on L929 cell lines in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions, showing the healing ability of the INS/MET-IONPS-OC/GLN hydrogel.

Using Quality by Design Tools to Study Gel Formulation from Brassica juncea Leaves and Conducting its In vitro, In vivo, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Analyses.

This research aims to create a gel formulation of Brassica juncea leaf extract and assess its anti-inflammatory properties using an in silico study. The anti-inflamma-tory activity has been compared with Diclofenac molecules in PDB id: 4Z69. Further, the Ab-sorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity analysis has been performed to en-sure the therapeutic potential and safety of the drug development process. The Quality by De-sign tool has been applied to optimize formulation development. The extracted gel is characterized by performing Fourier transformer infrared, zeta potential, particle size, Scanning Electron Microscope, and entrapment efficiency. Further, the formulation is evaluated by examining its viscosity, spreadability, and pH measurement. An In-vitro study of all nine extract suspensions was conducted to determine the drug contents at 276 nm. The optimized suspension has shown the maximum percentage of drug release (82%) in 10 hours of study. Animal study for anti-inflammatory activity was performed, and results of all five groups of animals compared the % inhibition of paw edema at three hours; gel (56.70 %), standard (47.86 %), and (39.72 %) were found. The research could conclude that the anti-inflammatory activity of gel formulation is high compared to extract, and a molecular docking study validates the anti-inflammatory ther-apeutic effects. ADMET analysis ensures the therapeutic effects and their safety.

Design, development, and optimization of sumatriptan loaded ethosomal intra-nasal nanogel for brain targeting

Background: Sumatriptan is one of the most essential drugs for treating migraine. However, dosage-related side effects are still a worry despite its 14 % oral bioavailability and recurrence of migraine-associated diseases. Methodology: The fundamental focus of the study is to develop the sumatriptan intra-nasal nano-ethsomal gel by film hydration technique with the aid of QbD principles that govern the varied compositions and blends of polymers like HPMC K100M and Phospolipon 90G to develop a sustained release dosage form. Results and discussion: The preliminary FT-IR and DSC studies revealed no interactions between the drug and their physical mixtures. The present study considered three observable responses: vesicle size, zeta potential, and percent drug release after 24 h, taken into consideration during the optimization of the ethosomal formulations utilizing 32 central composite designs (CCD). The vesicle size (122.23 nm), zeta potential (-40.2 mV), and drug release percentage (92.61 %) for all formulations were seen in the F12 batch after 24h. The p-XRD and SEM studies indicated that the nano-ethosomal gel was stable. The stability studies indicated the preparation of a more stable formulation for the parameters under the study protocol. Conclusion: Using a novel intra-nasal brain targeting approach by adapting the film hydration technique, the current issues might be addressed, and the drug's duration of residence at the absorption site uptake substantially increase. To efficiently modify the drug's residence through the intra-nasal route, this work focuses on developing a nano-ethosomal gel loaded with sumatriptan.

Formulation and evaluation of extended-release floating tablets of labetalol hydrochloride 200 mg

The aim of present work is to formulate and evaluate extended-release floating tablets of Labetalol HCL to improve the bioavailability, Patient compliance and solubility on oral floating drug of Labetalol HCL. Labetalol HCL is mainly used in the treatment of hypertension, which is BCS Class Ⅰ drug i.e. Highly soluble and highly permeable. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method by using different concentrations of HPMC polymer. The tablets were evaluated for Preformulation characteristics, Pre compression parameters and post compression parameters. In-vitro dissolution studies were performed for all prepared formulations by using dissolution test apparatus employing a paddle stirrer at 50 rpm and 37 ± 0.5°C, 0.1N HCL buffer was used as dissolution medium. Samples of 5ml each were withdrawn at different time intervals. Each sample withdrawn was replaced with an equal amount of fresh dissolution medium. Samples were diluted and assayed at 302 nm using Agilent UV Visible double beam spectrophotometer. The increased drug release is due to the presence of low concentration of HPMC K4 m. The drug release kinetics was calculated for all the formulations, among all the formulations F8 was taken as optimized formulation whose percentage drug release was found to be 96%. It indicates the release follows zero order and Hixon kinetics. Hence formulation F8 was Considered as the optimized batch and stability studies were conducted at 40oc±2oc/75±5%RH, Storage condition for 3 months and no change was observed.

Development and In vivo Evaluation of Nanogel Drug Delivery System for Promoting Wound Healing in Diabetic Induced Rats

Recently, researchers have looked at the use of nanotechnology as a drug-delivery system for topical and transdermal applications. The transport of medications and active ingredients to the skin via formulations, including nanoparticles, is a subject of substantial contemporary interest. The present work is proposed to prepare the atorvastatin nanogels to promote wound healing in a diabetic animalmodel.Atorvastatin nanogels were prepared by precipitation polymerization technique using hydroxy propyl methacrylate as polymer. The drug and polymer were selected in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 and 1:8. Additionally, the produced nanogel was evaluated in vivo and examined for its particle size, trapping effectiveness, and drug release in vitro. The particle size of the prepared various formulations (F1-F8) showed a size range of 68 to 80nm, and entrapment efficiency was seen to be in the range of 58.36-86.75%. The cumulative percentage of drug release was reported to be 61.96 to 73.76 percent over a period of 12hours during the in vitro drug release investigation, which was conducted using phosphate buffer at pH 7.4.The drug release followeda non-fiction mechanism of release kinetics. On the other hand, in vivo comparative study showed a complete wound healing effect for nanogels on the 11th day, whereas for conventional gel on the 15th day.This study indicates that nanogels formulation heals the diabetic wound completely at a faster rate, and also the drug atorvastatin also can be used for diabetic wound healing.

Collagen-Based Hydrogel with Incorporated Nano-Hydroxyapatite for the Delivery of a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug

The goal of our research described here was to prepare a class of biocompatible composite hydrogel beads as a delivery system for the poorly soluble drug, cefixime. Hydrogel beads were synthesized using collagen (Col) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles both extracted from fish wastes, and chitosan (Chi), for oral drug delivery. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of the Col showed good enough cell viability (95.51%) to be used as a potential candidate for biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the crystallinity and functional groups of the synthesized hydrogel beads. The fibrous structure of the beads was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The 1:1 ratio of Col:Chi without HA, resulted in a maximum swelling degree of 2010% and a drug release percentage of 93%. As the concentration of Col was increased, the swelling and cefixime release decreased. Adding HA NPs to the hydrogel structure led to an average 10% reduction in cefixime release compared to samples without HA. The release rate kinetics followed the first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, proving the diffusion was the controlling factor. The results showed that the mentioned hydrogel beads had a great potential delivery platform to achieve the controlled release of cefixime.

Developing Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Comprising an Artemether-Lumefantrine Fixed-Dose Combination to Treat Malaria.

Despite attempts to control malaria, poor drug bioavailability means malaria still places enormous pressure on health globally. It has been found that the solubility of highly lipophilic compounds can be enhanced through lipid formulations, e.g., self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). Thus, quality-by-design and characterization were used to justify the development and determine the feasibility of oral oil-in-water SEDDSs comprising a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of artemether-lumefantrine to treat malaria more effectively without the aid of a fatty meal. These formulations were compared to a commercial product containing the same active compounds. Excipient compatibility and spontaneous emulsification capacity of different FDC-excipient combinations were identified by employing isothermal microcalorimetry, solubility, and water titration tests. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed, and checkpoint formulations were selected within the self-emulsification region by reviewing formulation properties essential for optimized drug delivery. SEDDSs capable of enduring phase separation within 24 h were subjected to characterization experiments, i.e., drug concentration determination, cloud point, droplet size, size distribution, self-emulsification time, self-emulsification efficacy, viscosity, zeta potential, and thermodynamic stability analysis. SEDDSs with favorable characteristics were identified in the micro or nano range (SNEDDSs) before being subjected to drug release studies. All final formulations depicted enhanced artemether and lumefantrine release compared to the commercial product, which could not release lumefantrine at a quantifiable concentration in this study. The avocado oil (AVO)4:6 and olive oil (OLV)3:7 SNEDDSs overall portrayed the ideal characteristics and depicted the highest percentage of drug release. This study offers evidence that SNEDDSs from selected natural oils comprising an artemether-lumefantrine FDC can potentially enhance the bioavailability of these lipophilic drugs.

Formulation and evaluation of Ebastine transferosomes

The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating Ebastine containing Transferosomes formulation for in vitro studies. Transferosomes formulations were prepared by using cold method and were evaluated for in vitro characteristics, stability studies. Transferosomes formulation displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size. SEM analyses showed that Transferosomes formulation was spherical in shape. Transferosomes containing lipid higher percentage of drug release after 8 h as compared to other formulations. F-2 formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. The present study suggested that Transferosomes gel formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.

Development and characterization of Decitabine Niosomes

The present study was focused on formulating and evaluating Decitabine containing niosomes formulation for In Vitro studies. Niosomal formulations were prepared by using different ratio of surfactant (Tween 80 and Tween 20) and cholesterol by thin film hydration method and were evaluated for In Vitro characteristics, stability studies. Span 20 containing niosomal formulation displayed highest entrapment efficiency with desired particle size. SEM analyses showed that niosomal formulation was spherical in shape. Niosomes containing Tween 20 displayed higher percentage of drug release after 8 h as compared to other formulations. F-7 formulation was found to be stable at the end of the study on storage condition. The present study suggested that niosomal formulations provide sustained and prolonged delivery of drug with enhance bioavailability.

Optimization and evaluation of modified release solid dosage forms using artificial neural network

This study aims to optimize and evaluate drug release kinetics of Modified-Release (MR) solid dosage form of Quetiapine Fumarate MR tablets by using the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In training the neural network, the drug contents of Quetiapine Fumarate MR tablet such as Sodium Citrate, Eudragit® L100 55, Eudragit® L30 D55, Lactose Monohydrate, Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP), and Glyceryl Behenate were used as variable input data and Drug Substance Quetiapine Fumarate, Triethyl Citrate, and Magnesium Stearate were used as constant input data for the formulation of the tablet. The in-vitro dissolution profiles of Quetiapine Fumarate MR tablets at ten different time points were used as a target data. Several layers together build the neural network by connecting the input data with the output data via weights, these weights show importance of input nodes. The training process optimises the weights of the drug product excipients to achieve the desired drug release through the simulation process in MATLAB software. The percentage drug release of predicted formulation matched with the manufactured formulation using the similarity factor (f2), which evaluates network efficiency. The ANNs have enormous potential for rapidly optimizing pharmaceutical formulations with desirable performance characteristics.

Formulation, Development and In-vitro Characterization of Modified Release Tablets of Curcumin

Objective: The current study set out to design and test a cost-effective system for developing modified-release tablets of curcumin in an effort to increase the duration of drug release. Because curcumin has a shorter elimination half-life, reducing the frequency of doses can increase its bioavailability. Methods: For improved drug retardation in the stomach environment, modified-release tablets were made utilizing the wet granulation method with various grades of high-potassium chloride (HPC) as the extended-release matrix-forming agent and katira gum as the viscosity-modifying agent. Combining the use of HPC and katira gum slows the drug’s release in the stomach. The sustained-release tablets had the highest rate of medication release for up to 24 hours with almost no stomach absorption. The medication and excipients did not interact, according to the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. There was no evidence of drug-excipient incompatibility, according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. Optimal formulation batch F2 modified release tablets showed no outward signs of deterioration after three months of storage, according to stability analysis. Further evidence that F2 was steady is the lack of variation in drug content and percentage of drug release. Conclusion: This study accomplished its stated goal of creating a modified-release tablet formulation that is both cost-effective and does not make use of coating technology.

Formulation and Characterization of Isoconazole Loaded Invasomal Gel for Effective Antifungal Activity

The characterization of isoconazole invasomal gel formulations (IG1–IG5) aimed to evaluate their physical attributes, drug content, and drug release kinetics for topical application. All formulations exhibited transparency and smooth texture, indicating uniform drug dispersion. While IG1 had an easily pourable consistency, IG4 displayed very good consistency, suggesting viscosity differences. Despite these variations, all formulations showed good homogeneity and high drug content, with IG4 leading in drug content percentage. Spreadability and viscosity varied among formulations, influencing ease of application and adherence to the skin. Cumulative drug release profiles revealed sustained release over 12 hours, with notable differences in release rates and extents among formulations. IG4 exhibited the most sustained release, aligning with pharmacokinetic requirements for antifungal therapy. Its release profile followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism, with a high cumulative drug release percentage of 98.95 ± 0.32% over 12 hours. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans was comparable to Isoconazole, suggesting IG4’s effectiveness in treating fungal infections. Stability studies confirmed the formulation’s stability under tested conditions, supporting its potential for further development and clinical use.

QbD Assisted Systematic Review for Optimizing the Selection of PVP as a Ternary Substance in Enhancing the Complexation Efficiency of Cyclodextrins: a Pilot Study.

Inclusion complexes require higher concentration of Beta cyclodextrins (βCD) resulting in increased formulation bulk, toxicity, and production costs. This systematic review offers a comprehensive analysis using Quality by design (QbD) as a tool to predict potential applications of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a ternary substance to address issues of inclusion complexes. We reviewed 623 documents from 2013 to 2023 and Eighteen (18) research papers were selected for statistical and meta-analysis using the QbD concept to identify the most critical factors for selecting drugs and effect of PVP on inclusion complexes. The QbD analysis revealed that Molecular weight (MW), Partition coefficient (Log P), and the auxiliary substance ratio directly affected complexation efficiency (CE), thermodynamic stability in terms of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and percent drug release. However, Stability constant (Ks) remained unaffected by any of these parameters. The results showed that low MW (250), median Log P (6), and a βCD: PVP ratio of 2:3 would result in higher CE, lower G, and improved drug release. PVP improves drug solubility, enhances delivery and therapeutic outcomes, and counteracts increased drug ionization due to decreased pH. In certain cases, its bulky nature and hydrogen bonding with CD molecules can form non-inclusion complexes. The findings of the study shows that there is potential molecular interaction between PVP and β-cyclodextrins, which possibly enhances the stability of inclusion complexes for drug with low MW and log P values less than 9. The systematic review shows a comprehensive methodology based on QbD offers a replicable template for future investigations into drug formulation research.

Modelling the controlled drug release of push-pull osmotic pump tablets using DEM

The push-pull osmotic pump tablet is a promising drug delivery approach, offering advantages over traditional dosage forms in achieving consistent and predictable drug release rates. In the current study, the drug release process of push-pull osmotic pump tablets is modelled for the first time using the discrete element method (DEM) incorporated with a microscopic diffusion-induced swelling model. The effects of dosage and formulation design, such as delivery orifice size, drug-to-polymer ratio, tablet surface curvature, friction between particles and cohesion of polymer particles, on the drug release performance are systematically analysed. Numerical results reveal that an enlarged delivery orifice significantly increases both the total drug release and the drug release rate. Moreover, the larger the swellable particle component in the tablet, the higher the drug release rate. Furthermore, the tablet surface curvature is found to affect the drug release profile, i.e. the final drug release percentage increases with the increasing tablet surface curvature. It is also found that the drug release rate could be controlled by adjusting the inter-particle friction and the cohesion of polymer particles in the formulation. This DEM study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms governing drug release in push-pull osmotic pump tablets.

Solid lipid nanoparticle: A potent vehicle of the kaempferol for brain delivery through the blood-brain barrier in the focal cerebral ischemic rat

Kaempferol is major flavonoid present in Convolvulus pluricaulis. This phytochemical protects the brain against oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, neurotoxicity, neurodegeneration and cerebral ischemia induced neuronal destruction. Kaempferol is poorly water soluble. Our study proved that solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were efficient carrier of kaempferol through blood-brain barrier (BBB). Kaempferol was incorporated into SLNs prepared from stearic acid with polysorbate 80 by the process of ultrasonication. Mean particle size and zeta potential of kaempferol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (K-SLNs) were 451.2 nm and −15.0 mV. Atomic force microscopy showed that K-SLNs were spherical in shape. Fourier transformed infrared microscopy (FTIR) showed that both stearic acid and kaempferol were present in K-SLNs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the matrices of K-SLNs were in untidy crystalline state. Entraptment efficiency of K-SLNs was 84.92%. In-vitro drug release percentage was 93.24%. Kaempferol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (K-SLNs) showed controlled release profile. In-vitro uptake study showed significant efficiency of K-SLNs to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB). After oral administration into the focal cerebral ischemic rat, accumulation of fluorescent labeled K-SLNs was observed in the brain cortex which confirmed its penetrability into the brain. It significantly decreased the neurological deficit, infarct volume and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the level of pro-inflammatory mediators like NF-κB and p-STAT3. Damaged neurons and brain texture were improved. This study indicated increased bioavailability of kaempferol into the brain tissue through SLNs formulation.

Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of carbamazepine

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a widely accepted mode of drug delivery method due to various advantages and one of the novel routes for systemic delivery of drugs through intact skin. Topical drug administration is a systemic and localized method of delivering drugs through skin and is considered an attractive alternative to oral and parenteral routes. The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate Matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of Carbamazepine was prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. Several batches were prepared by using combination of HPMC E-15, Eudragit RL-100, and Ethyl Cellulose different ratios. Propylene glycol was used as plasticizer and DMSO was incorporated as a permeation enhancer. These Formulated transdermal patches were characterized for their physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, percentage moisture uptake, Percentage moisture uptake and In vitro drug release studies were examined. Among the above all formulation F6 was chosen as a best Formulation, because this optimised formulation showed satisfactory drug content, physical characteristic for its thickness, weight uniformity, percentage moisture content, percentage moisture uptake, and maximum % of drug release i.e., 93.95 % in 12 hours. The optimized formulation (F6) showed maximum highest percentage of drug release.