Spirit Of People Research Articles

Napoleonic Wars and the Unification of Germany

The origins of German nationalism can be traced back to the late 18th century, influenced by a myriad of factors including political, cultural, social, and economic transformations. The Napoleonic Wars ignited the German people's spirit of resistance, uniting them against foreign adversaries. During the anti-French struggle, a shared sense of national identity gradually emerged among the German populace, fostering the belief that only through national unity could external aggression be repelled. The Napoleonic Wars also spurred the economic integration of Germany and propelled the development of German capitalism. Additionally, German nationalist thinkers during the Napoleonic era called for unity against foreign enemies, leading to the early formation of nationalist thought. These factors collectively advanced the formation and development of German national consciousness. This process was not only a response to external pressures but also a result of internal social transformations and intellectual progress, laying the foundation for the unification of Germany in the late 19th century.

Kematian Fisik Dan Pentingnya Persiapan Rohani Menurut Alkitab

This research uses qualitative methods;By conducting a literature review from various sources such as books, articles, and other references. This article presents the idea of physical death and the importance of biblical spiritual preparation to help believers not mistakenly respond to human death. Given some people's mistaken view of death and where people's spirits go after death, this study will give the idea that death in the Christian faith is the reward of human sin but that God is blessed with His loved ones. The results of the analysis show that a straightforward view of the judgment of death, and where people go after death, must be viewed based on what the Bible itself says, so that we do not follow certain cultural currents that still emphasize the presence of spirits of the dead in their lives.

Pirnilu Nintipungkupayi (Everyone Is a Teacher): Keeping Old People's Spirit Healthy Through Education

In the Ngaanyatjarra Lands of desert Western Australia, older people are being encouraged to participate meaningfully in student education. This initiative is being led by two of the authors of this article, senior Ngaanyatjarra women, both of whom work with the Ngaanyatjarra Lands School with its campuses in eight remote communities spread over hundreds of kilometres. Elderly men and women, some of whom are residents in the Ngaanyatjarra Aged Care home (Ngaanyatjarra Health Service, 2021), are eagerly participating in the planning of bush trips, gathering their traditional resources, seeds, grinding stones, bush resins, recalling stories, songs, and dances—as they prepare for the bush camps with students. During the camps the schoolteachers step back and the elderly lead in what is known as two‐way science. At first glance, this work may look like it is simply focused on the educational needs of students with senior Yarnangu acting in a supporting role. However, this article will demonstrate the continuous connections and responsibilities, laid out in the Tjukurrpa (the Dreaming), between the old and the young, to their ancestral lands. It sets out how according to “<em>Tjukurrpa</em> thinking,” the principal way to provide good care is by helping senior people remain on country with family, pass on their knowledge to younger people, and thus keep strong languages and <em>kurrunpa</em> (people’s spirit) alive.

THOUGHT OF "REVITALIZING THE PEOPLE'S SPIRIT" OF PHAN CHAU TRINH

Phan Chau Trinh was a Vietnamese patriot from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, who made significant contributions in both practical and theoretical aspects during the struggle against oppressive domination to reform and develop the country on a new path. One of his prominent ideas was the concept of democracy, which ignited the spirit of patriotism and the self-reliant will of the Vietnamese people, enabling them to recognize the social realities of Vietnam at that time and actively contribute to the nation-building and development process. This article analyzes the fundamental concepts of 'revitalizing the people's spirit' by Phan Chau Trinh, highlighting how these ideas greatly contributed to the struggle and social construction of the Vietnamese people during a period of significant changes.

About concept substitution in the philosophical and linguistic beliefs of Wilhelm von Humboldt and its influence on modern linguistics

The article is devoted to exposing the logical fallacy of concept substitution in the philosophical and linguistic beliefs of Wilhelm von Humboldt and its influence on modern linguistics. After paying tribute to the famous scientist, it notes the well-known fact that in his famous 1820 lecture, Humboldt presented the ideas of the stage concept of language in such a way as to affirm the notion of root languages transitioning into incorporative ones, incorporative into agglutinative, and agglutinative into inflectional as the most perfect. It points out that Humboldt's assertion of such transitions was unanimously recognized by the linguistic community as erroneous. The article then gradually examines Humboldt's logically flawed statements, which can be seen as harbingers of the error this article focuses on: the contradiction between the scientist's claims that a people's spirit and language are identical, yet language depends on spirit, and that thinking not only depends on language but is determined by it. Next, the author discusses Humboldt's logical error, exposing which is the purpose of this article: the understanding of language as an independently existing entity, substituting the concept of a human-created communicative system with the concept of a human-created independently acting entity. It is suggested that Humboldt's logical mistake was to some extent caused by the prevailing ideology of idealistic Romanticism, which led him to make language a vivid, independent individuality. Furthermore, Humboldt made this error because of the superficial perception of the mobility of language as caused by its independence, while in fact such mobility is caused by the subconscious thinking of its speakers, which the scientist failed to grasp. Therefore, the article discusses the numerous instances where modern linguists continue to cite and comment positively on these flawed statements by Humboldt, and expresses the hope that this article will somewhat contribute to understanding the fallacy of the studied philosophical and linguistic beliefs of Wilhelm von Humboldt, which in turn will prevent their influence on modern linguistics.

KONSEP BRAHMAVIDYĀ DALAM UPACARA MAPEPEGAT DI DESA PANGKUNG TIBAH KECAMATAN KEDIRI KABUPATEN TABANAN

The mapepegat ceremony is one of the series of pitra yadnya (nagben) ceremonies. The mapepegat ceremony is carried out to sever the ties between the spirits of people who have died and worldly elements. With the hope that the spirits of people who have died can soon be united with Sang Hyang Paramatman. In practice, each region carries out the mapepegat ceremony at different times. There are those who carry out the mapepegat ceremony at the funeral home before leaving for Setra, there are those who carry out the mapepegat in Setra before nganyut, and there are also those who carry out the mapepegat ceremony at the same time as the ngerorasan ceremony. The background to the implementation of this mapepegat ceremony is the desire of the pratisentana to complete one of the tri rna, namely pitra rna. The sincerity of the relatives left behind is an important part of the mapepegat ceremony, because it will greatly influence the quality and vibration of the pitra yajna being carried out.
 Key words: Brahmavidyā, Mapepegat, Pitra Yadnya.

The symbolic meaning of the sculpture "Faceless Buddha" in the work of Tsiu Tsitsing

History of development of Chinese jade carving art is dating back some 8000 years into Neolithic period The development of the ideas of Chinese jade carving, the change of their external forms, reflects the close relationships between reality (the objective world) and the inner world of man. The difference between contemporary and traditional jade carvings lies in the artist’s conscious desire to convey and disseminate his own worldview in society. The purpose of contemporary jade carving does not stop at the description of the traditional image and form by the artist, but also, through embodiment in form, tries to reveal an individual aesthetic perception. Jade carved works, possessing symbolic meaning, have a significant impact on the complex interaction between material and spiritual world of the artist; having a deep, symbolic meaning, these works affect the feelings and spirit of people as well. Tsiu Tsitsing (born in 1979) is the most famous and influential jade sculptor in contemporary China from the end of the 20th century and at the start of the 21st century, his jade articles have a distinct personal style, are original and modern. His works not only contain the thoughts and concepts of Buddhism (Zen-Buddhism), Taoism (Lao-Zhuang philosophy), and Confucianism (literary view) in traditional Chinese culture, but also integrate the concepts and formal language of Western modern art. As the most representative type of his (Tsiu Tsitsing) extensive oeuvre of sculptures, the series of jade carvings of " faceless Buddha" contain profound cultural information. The creative subject by inventing new system of symbolic language creates a new world of jade carving. At the same time, the creative subject re-examines the possibility of the current integration of Chinese traditional culture and Western modern art with the help of this symbol system.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MUSTARD GARDEN SHAN SHUI AND CHINESE TRADITIONAL CULTURE

Landscape holds an important position in the entire history of Chinese painting. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there have been many unique Shan shui. Although the characteristics of landscape styles vary in different periods and genres are diverse, the freehand brushwork spirit and artistic conception of traditional Chinese landscapes have always permeated through them. Chinese traditional landscape is a kind of art form with national characteristics and Zeitgeist connotation gradually formed through historical evolution in the process of social development and progress. This paper will start with the development process of mustard landscape and the inheritance of traditional culture, study the impact of mustard landscape on traditional culture, Zeitgeist, industry and self personality, and explore the innovative development path and significance of Chinese contemporary landscape. Relevant studies not only analyzed the reasons why landscape was widely spread in China, but also profoundly revealed the relationship between mustard garden landscape and Chinese traditional culture, and concluded that mustard garden Shan shui not only inherits Chinese culture, but also has a profound impact on Chinese culture and Chinese people's spirit, with solid theoretical research value and historical research value.

Mutual Sense-Censoring, Generative Exploration, and Collaborative Change: A Case Study of Headquarters–Subsidiary Relationships in Asia

This study contributes to the literature on power processes within multinational corporations (MNCs) by finding that the headquarters and subsidiaries mutually censor their sensemaking and may opt for strategic inaction, depending on the relational context. It develops systematic explanations of the patterns in the headquarter–subsidiary partnership by proposing a model of evolutionary, co-existent meaning-making transition processes. In a Japanese manufacturing MNC, change practitioners helped balance paradoxical processes to create psychological safety in a dialogic space, leading members to move ahead with a sense of crisis. The study deals with collective reactions to change from a qualitatively grounded approach. It then proposes theoretical and practical implications for building collaboration capability in multistakeholder partnerships by inspiring people's spirit of inquiry.

“Will I Die Now?” Mystical Experiences in Individuals with COVID-19 after a Near-Death Experience

Near-death experiences (NDEs) are closely related to emotional and spiritual dimensions, even though they are subjective. This study aims to reveal the mystical experiences of individuals suffering from COVID-19 after NDEs. This article is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. With purposive sampling, the data were collected from individuals suffering from COVID-19 who experienced NDEs but recovered. The data were then analysed with interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). This study reveals that when individuals experience NDEs, they no longer see and feel their physical body but their spirit or soul. They also have mystical experiences, such as being visited and communicating with specific religious figures and even the spirits of people who had died. After NDEs, a comprehensive reconstruction occurs regarding their personal beliefs and values regarding life and death, especially their relationship with God.Contribution: This study contributes to revealing the mystical experience of people after near-death experience (NDE). This study can be a recommendation, counselling, therapy and various psychological and religious interventions for individuals who experience NDE to accept their death more easily.

The Global Digital Economy and the Spirit of Indonesian "Product" Nationalism

This study aims to determine the position of the Indonesian people's spirit of nationalism in facing today's free and quality global digital economy market. This type of research is literature research with a descriptive qualitative paradigm. This paper used secondary data from Bank Indonesia, UNDP Indonesia, the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs, Global Digital Insights, Google and Temasek, Bain & Company, related national and international scientific articles, and various other sources and analyzed inductively. The research results found; First. The development of Indonesia's digital economy is now penetrating many aspects of human life, including culture, technology finance, tourism and the creative economy, in addition to trade, services and other key sectors. All of these sectors have great potential in the global digital economy market. The difficulty of Indonesian MSMEs in developing digital businesses is also influenced by capital and the low power of innovation. Second, the spirit of nationalism for Indonesian products is faced with the development of the global digital economy market, which has the potential to threaten or otherwise grow the country's economy. The degradation of Indonesian nationalism due to the development of the massive global digital economy has greatly affected various aspects of life, including the economy, culture, and lifestyle of the younger generation. Economic nationalism must be used as branding among 270 million Indonesians to love domestic products.

PROMOTING THE ROLE OF LAWS IN FORMING AND DEVELOPING MORAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY IN VIET NAM DURING THIS CURRENT PERIOD

In order to encourage people to obey the law voluntarily, it is important to make people understand the need and the social benefits of laws. In order to enforce laws effectively, besides the power of public authorities, it is necessary to mobilize both the power of thought and spirit of people. People should understand that laws are necessary and basis for our society. It is the main purpose and basic requirement of legal education for all people in general and students in particular. This article is about how to promote the role of laws in forming and developing moral characteristics for students of university in Viet Nam during this current period.

Academic Culture: Professional Communication and Entrepreneurship

The biggest challenge for a professional in an age where academia is characterised by its ability to quickly and effectively cross borders is to reciprocate and convey the idea that what one has learned or attained should be put to use for the greater good of the people as well as the personal advantages one may accrue. According to this perspective, language plays a crucial role in that it may be utilised effectively as a tool to win business and build entrepreneurship in the context of the various disciplines involved. Academic settings and associated circumstances have influenced how things are done and how texts, facts, and presentations are conceived. In any academic culture, language has evolved into the handmaid of everyone in various patterns of usage for the objectives at hand. There is no replacement for entrepreneurs who strive to uplift people's spirits and minds. In order to ensure that the concept is successful when it is spread to a broad market, R.P. Singh advises to play fine tune to look at the facts on the ground. He achieved this by citing examples from the literature and creating a paradigm for language studies teaching and research where minuteness compensates for celebrating glocalization.

Mutual gratitude of university students

The basic concept in the current research is Mutual Gratitude. Mutual gratitude helps lift people's spirits and enables them to find positive qualities in life during bad or difficult times. People who do not feel mutual gratitude will go unnoticed and not driven by this. With a feeling of blessings in their lives, and their feeling of deprivation increases that, the current research seeks to identify the mutual gratitude of university students. The mutual gratitude scale was built for the lack of a scale that matches the sample of the current research within the limits of the researcher’s knowledge. The scale was presented to a group of arbitrators in the educational and psychological sciences, and the psychometric properties of the scale were extracted. To process the data collected for the purpose of achieving the objectives of the current research, the researcher used the Statistical Portfolio for Social Sciences, and the research reached the following results: The research sample possesses a good degree of mutual gratitude.

Bosnian literature in Vladimir Jurčić’s horizons: Reconstruction of the unpublished book Muslims in croatian literature

The study of Bosniak literature in the period of the Independent State of Croatia has been marginalized in previous literary-historical studies, and the reasons for this were ideological and political in nature, and not scientific. This work deals with the status of Bosniak literature in the literary-critical horizons of Vladimir Jurčić, the bellwether of the Ustasha national ideology in Bosnia and Sarajevo, in the period from 1941st to 1945th. As a professor, editor of daily and periodical publications, he wrote about Bosniak literature and its canonical writers in the light of the ideological and political worldviews. He propagated theses about socio-political function of literature that extends „people's spirit”, „racial-biological” and „national” features. Jurčić attributed to literature a mediating role in transmitting the deep identity of the Croatian people, and developing a thesis on the Croatian national identity of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) he treated Bosniak writers as the most representative reflectors of Croatian national consciousness in Bosnia. In addition to individual studies on Bosniak writers, Jurčić stated that they were separate units of the unpublished book Muslims in Croatian Literature. Jurčić's literary critical habitus is a product of socio-political and intellectual circumstances in Croatia - in the narrower sense and in the SHS - in the broader sense, which were used as a starting point for the production of certain ideological, political and cultural values in the NDH. As a follower of the ideological platform of Radić's HSS (peasant movement) and its reflections on discursive practices, especially in the social - humanities sciences (Dvorniković, Radić, Tomašić, Lukas), he interpreted literature in accordance with these practices, reducing its meaning only to ruling ideologues. He valorized Bosniak literature as a component of Croatian literature, applying several criteria: collective, linguistic, territorial and religious, which he sought to include the widest possible range of identity features and thus support the thesis of Croatianness Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks). In literary criticism, he promoted theses on racial, ethical and eugenic superiority, then on the national spirit, linguistic and stylistic specifics of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) as an „organic“ part of the Croatian people. He emphasized the „poljodjelski“ character of Bosniak writers between the two world wars, while in older literature, especially in the oral literary tradition- and all that for need of ideological manipulation in the time of the Independent State of Croatia - war, he emphasized the highland (tribal) character that manifested itself in the epic-agonal consciousness. All these theses arose from the idea of unity and continuity of the „organic nation“, but did not find a stronghold in Bosnia because it was cultural and historical terms different from the native Croatian space, which was in principle a fundamental obstacle to its realization. Aware of the insurmountability of the cultural, literary and historical uniqueness of Bosnia, Jurčić constructed and established the literary-historical construct „literary Bosnia“ which was based on the theory of the history of regional / provincial literature. By „literary Bosnia“ he meant everything that was its „provincial features“: folk history, genealogy, specific speech (dialect - ikavica), lifestyle (Muslims), and the canonical line consisted of Bosniak writers from Safvet-bega Bašagić, Musa Ćazim Ćatić, Edhem Mulabdić, Ahmed Muradbegović, to Alija Nametk, Enver Čolaković, Murat Šuvalić etc.Since in this period the pretensions towards Bosnia and Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) were also part of the Serbian national ideology, Jurčić's „literary Bosnia“ can be understood as a counterbalance to the then established Kršić's literary-historical construct „narrative Bosnia“. Unlike Kršić's „narrative Bosnia“, whose canonical line was mostly made up of Bosnian Serb writers (Ćorović, Kočić, Andrić, Ćopić, etc.), Jurčić's „literary Bosnia“ was made up of Bosniak writers as „the purest element of the Croatian people“.

Suffering with Style

Suffering with Style

A Comparative Study of Vaikundaswamy, Ramalingaswamy Community Thoughts

In the 19th century there was a great domination of the higher-class people towards the lower-class people in Kanyakumari district. The latter was discriminated on the basis of social, political and caste system. When this discrimination was at its high peak social reformers like Vaikunda Swami and Ramalinga Swamy came to rescue the segregated class of people. Vaikunda Swami hailed from Kanyakumari District and Ramalinga Swami from Southarcot District. These two reformers advocated the policy of ‘one caste, one religion and one God.’ They revamped the society with their principle and revolutionized the spirit of people to live a civilized life. They fought for the Social Justice of the socially downtrodden People. In order to commemorate the struggle and service rendered to the socially, politically and Economically segregated Sect, Vaikunda Swami and Ramalinga Swamy are regarded as Gods among the people. Vaikunda Swamy’s Akila thirattu Ammanai and ArulNool contain the social reformation of his age. Similarly, Ramalinga Swamy’s Thiruvaruttapa and Thiruvarutppa Varainadaipakuthy portray social atrocities confronted by the lower-class people. This article attempts to compare the ideas between Vaikunda Swami and Ramalinga Swamy’s reformative books titled Akilathirattu Ammanai, ArulNool and Thiruvaruttpa, Thiruvaruttpa Vurainadaipakuthy.

Boneka Arwah (Spirit Doll) Perspektif Agama Hindu

Spirit dolls are dolls that are intentionally made to be infiltrated by the spirits of people who have died. These dolls are then marketed by agents to be adopted and treated like living humans. The culture of adopting this spirit doll started in Thailand around 2014, which then spread to Indonesia. The spirit doll reminds us of the essence of every belief in the world, namely the belief in animism and dynamism. Hinduism has the concept of reviving the spirit of statues or buildings which is similar to filling the spirits of spirit dolls but essentially has a difference in the procedures and objectives. Spirit dolls are filled with the spirits of people who have died, while in Hinduism the ceremony is aimed at purifying statues and buildings to make them habitable and worthy of worshiping God. Hindus should not adopt the spirit doll because there is no study of Hindu law that legalizes the adoption, besides the purpose of this adoption is contradiction to the catur purusa artha.

Размышления о феномене «морального взрыва» в XXI веке

The article is devoted to the analysis of the strategic impact of the so-called “moral outburst” on the direction of the civilizational evolution of the mankind. The phenomenon of “moral outburst” determines the interpretation of the princi­ples of social justice and influences the nature of public consciousness and mass behavior. The article presents an analysis of the metaphysical meaning of the “moral outburst” that contributes to the formation of the spirit of people and ac­quires a sacred meaning. The author considers the “moral outburst” as a reflec­tion of the internal process of history as an integral phenomenon. In his opinion, a “moral outburst” is the basis for understanding history at its crisis stages and an assessment of the actions of a civilizational subject, his moral position. The article examines the features of the “moral outburst”, which are determined by the emergence of a new world order, a specific historical situation, and gives nu­merous historical examples. The author pays special attention to the current situ­ation related to globalization and the power of financial capital.

Mykhailo Rudnytskyi vs Dmytro Dontsov: Two Visions of Europe and the West

The paper provides an overview of formation images “Europe” and the “West” in the texts of two prominent Ukrainian publicists in interwar Lviv – Mykhailo Rudnytskyi and Dmytro Dontsov. The article focuses on interwar discussions about the image of Europe, the West, and the East, liberalism, and nationalism. Given the fact that all these and related issues, having entered the Ukrainian public space at the beginning of the XX century remains relevant today, it appears reasonable to analyze these interwar discussions, which represent different ways of imaging European culture. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the sources of formation of these images, their content, and discussions around them. The author elaborated on the similarities and differences of these images in the texts of Rudnytskyi and Dontsov. The key element in Mykhailo Rudnytsky's worldview in the interwar period was liberalism or rather “cultural liberalism.” The three main ideological blocks for him were “freedom”, “individuality” and inclusiveness (openness) of cultures. Mykhailo Rudnytsky's image of “Europe” was rather amorphous, without clear boundaries, and took the liberal culture of the nineteenth century as examples of liberal figures. “East” occupied a very little place in the worldview of Michael, and was superimposed on the oriental axis “West (Europe) – civilization”, “East (Asia) – barbarism”. At the same time, geographical boundaries were not particularly important, and European movements, if they did not correspond to the ideal liberal model, could be considered barbaric and “Asian”. Dmytro Dontsov's image of Europe was focused not on the liberal Europe of the XIX century, but the radical right movements in interwar Europe. If Rudnytsky emphasized the ideas of liberalism of the XIX century, individual freedom and synthesis of cultures, and these ideas he wanted to see in the image of “Europe”, for Dontsov “Europe” and European thinkers had value in the context of ideas of expansion, struggle as the basis of the people's spirit. At the same time, in the worldview of Mykhailo Rudnytsky and Dmytro Dontsov, “The East” acted as a barbaric antithesis of the “West”, the personification of all the wild and backward, which made their worldview in this sense oriental. Given the above material, we can state that the images of “Europe” and “West” in the interwar period remained extremely ambivalent and heterogeneous, and their content depended on the worldview of the authors.