People's Attitudes Research Articles

The Role of Social Media in Increasing Political Literacy of Beginning Voters

Social media has been a significant influence in moulding young voters' political knowledge and engagement, hence improving their political literacy. This study aims to determine social media's role in increasing young voters' political literacy. The method used in this study is a literature review. The stages used in the literature review are article collection, reduction, display, organizing and discussing, and drawing conclusions. This study showed that social media has become a new domain for voters, especially first-time voters with competing candidate pairs. First, social media's role in political literacy is as an agent for disseminating information about political processes and development policies. Second, they become agents of accentuating views, opinions and even people's attitudes towards certain political phenomena. Third, social media is a public space for free discussion and political literacy. Fourth, social media has contributed to the promotion of democracy by carrying out the function of social control, for example the E-KTP corruption case.

Collectivistic orientation moderates the effect of personal control on evaluations of societal disease‐control measures: During and beyond the COVID‐19 crisis in China

AbstractTwo pre‐registered studies examined people's psychological collectivism, personal control, and attitudes toward disease‐control measures in the context of the COVID‐19 crisis and more generalized contexts. Study 1 surveyed 819 residents in Shanghai in late May 2022 when they were undergoing a stringent city‐wide lockdown caused by an outbreak of the Omicron variant. We found that participants' psychological collectivism attenuated the negative association between experiences of COVID‐19 restrictions and personal control and enhanced the positive association between personal control and support for COVID‐19 restrictions. Study 2 (N = 403) recruited an online sample with diverse backgrounds and demographic characteristics and sought to extend the findings of Study 1 beyond the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Participants were exposed to a series of hypothetical scenarios depicting a fictitious virus with varying fatality and transmissibility. As in Study 1, participants higher in psychological collectivism exhibited a stronger positive association between personal control and endorsement of stricter societal disease‐control measures, but only in low‐fatality, high‐transmissibility situations. The implications of these findings for facilitating public support for disease‐control efforts are discussed.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards the Appropriate Use of Anti-Acne Products amongst Youths and Adults

Acne is the most common skin disorder, especially in youths and adults, regardless of gender. However, with the wide range of ages and education, people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices might be diverse. Therefore, it is essential to understand the correct treatment. This study aimed to identify the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards the appropriate use of anti-acne in the community. The study was carried out in the neighbouring area of Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, using a validated questionnaire. The data were analyzed with nonparametric correlation using Spearman Correlation. According to the data collected from 103 participants, about 62.1 % (n=64) had a moderate level of knowledge, 50.5 % had a positive attitude toward using anti-acne products, and 61.2 % (n=63) had positive responses in the practice of using anti-acne products. There was a positive correlation between the participant's knowledge and practice (p<0.001; r= 0.388). This study concludes that a health promotion program is a warranty to increase the public's level of knowledge.

Saving the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta—People's attitudes, opinions and willingness to help

AbstractThe unique nature and environment of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta as well as its agricultural production and its traditional lifestyle are endangered by a rising sea level and increasing salinization of the ground and surface water. This paper aims at the assessment of Vietnamese people's information on and attitudes towards these problems as well as their respective convictions and beliefs. Imbedded in an online survey with 2000 completed interviews we also conducted a Contingent Valuation study with which we want to assess people's willingness to contribute personally and financially to saving the Mekong Delta as an indication of the benefits they would expect from such a project. We interviewed three different groups of respondents, one of which lives directly in the Mekong Delta, a second lives outside the Delta, but close to it, that is in Ho Chi Minh City, and the third group lives far away from the Delta in Hanoi. With these three subsamples of respondents we wanted to capture not only the use benefits but also the nonuse benefits accruing from such a project. In the course of the interviews, we found that the Mekong Delta is of great interest and importance to all interviewees, no matter in which part of Vietnam they live. They were mostly well informed on the problems there and had strong opinions on the causes of these problems as well as on suitable strategies to fight them. In our Contingent Valuation study, we assessed the willingness of people at the different study sites to contribute financially to a hypothetical project for the preservation of the Mekong Delta and the socio‐economic, attitudinal and psychological determinants of this willingness. Besides these empirical findings, we also obtained valuable insights regarding various methodological aspects of Contingent Valuation studies.

COVID-19 vaccine perceptions online and offline: A content analysis of tweets and a survey of college students’ opinions about the vaccine

This study examined social media conversations and people's attitudes and perceptions in the United States about the COVID-19 vaccine from January and February 2021. A total of 1,050 tweets were content analyzed (N = 1,050) (January 2021: n = 550, February 2021: n = 500). Research was also gathered from college students at a medium-sized college in the northeast during those two months using an online survey with a sample size of 171 (N = 171).It was found that more tweets in January had negative sentiment than in February, whereas tweets in February had more positive sentiment than in January. Although half of the tweets did not address vaccine risk, the other half identified various risks. Tweets in January included more blaming of government and individuals than tweets in February. Regarding hazard and outrage, more tweets in January expressed low hazard and high outrage than tweets in February, though more tweets in February showed low hazard and low outrage than those in January. Finally, tweets in January contained more liberal and conservative frames than tweets in February.The survey data show that people held positive attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Participants’ risk perception about the vaccine was low. They also rated the vaccine as highly effective. Participants noted COVID-19 being a high threat. People's concern with COVID-19 was moderately high. They also took highly active behavior to protect themselves from COVID-19. Participants showed relatively low levels of outrage toward COVID-19 vaccines. The majority of participants had family members and friends who received the vaccine. Survey participants with family members who had been infected with COVID-19 had more belief in the effectiveness of the vaccine than people whose family members had not been infected.These findings can be invaluable to public health officials in better understanding perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine and risk.

Identification of drivers and affecting factors in the future of Persian medicine: The cross-impact analysis method

IntroductionPersian medicine is a holistic medical school with deep roots. It has a high educational, research, and therapeutic capacity and has been the focus of Iran's general health policies in recent years. Futures studies aid policymakers and health managers in creating normative scenarios and developing action plans using various techniques. This study aimed to identify important drivers and factors that affect the future of the Persian medicine system. MethodThis qualitative research was conducted with a futures studies approach, using the Cross-Impact Analysis (CIA) in three main steps. The first and second steps were conducted using interviews and focus group discussions. In the first step, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Persian medicine experts to identify all factors affecting the future of Persian medicine. In the second step, we held three focus group discussions with 9 interviewees from step one with national-level influence to determine the influence and dependence of each factor. The third step was performed using the matrix CIA and MICMAC to identify the key factors affecting the future of Persian medicine. ResultsSixty five variables affecting the future of Persian medicine were identified, 36 related to the health system, and 29 to external factors. Factors such as globalization, knowledge-based economy, the spread of non-communicable and chronic diseases, as well as people's views and attitudes towards Persian medicine, are considered key drivers and variables that will affect the future of the Persian medicine system. The Iranian development plans as a two-dimensional and risk factor are crucial in establishing Persian medicine. ConclusionThe future of the Persian medicine system is relatively stable. The pattern of the Iranian development plans is considered the most important two-faceted factor as a risk factor in the establishment of the Persian medicine system. It is suggested that the position of the Persian medicine system in the Iranian development plans be made more prominent.

Access challenges to opioid use disorder treatment among individuals experiencing homelessness: Voices from the streets

BackgroundAchieving equitable access to medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) such as buprenorphine is a pressing issue. Evidence suggests disparities in MOUD access based on race and socioeconomic status, further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the drivers behind this access gap remain poorly understood. This study explores barriers to treatment access among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) experiencing homelessness. MethodsWe interviewed 28 individuals in and around the Boston Public Health Commission (BPHC) Engagement Center, an area known for its high density of active substance use and homelessness. We asked about people's experiences, perceptions, and attitudes toward OUD treatment. We conducted a thematic analysis of our interview data. ResultsFifty-four percent of participants sampled were not prescribed MOUD. None of the participants reported having an active prescription of sublingual buprenorphine or buprenorphine/naloxone. White participants were more likely to have been prescribed buprenorphine in the past compared to participants of other races even in this socioeconomically homogeneous sample. Themes that emerged in our data included challenges to accessing MOUD due to reduced services during the COVID-19 pandemic, lost or stolen medications, fewer inpatient withdrawal management beds for women, transportation challenges, fear of adverse effects of MOUD, the perception that taking MOUD replaces one addiction for another, and community disapproval of MOUD. Participants also reported stigma and discrimination based on race, gender, and socioeconomic status. ConclusionSystems and individual-level factors contribute to the MOUD treatment gap across race and socioeconomic status. The COVID-19 pandemic posed additional access challenges. This study provides important, actionable insights about the barriers faced by a particularly vulnerable population of individuals with OUD experiencing homelessness.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Sentiment Analysis and Affective computing in Multimedia Data on Social Network

In the Age of Multimedia and Social Networks, the proliferation of user-generated data has been nothing short of meteoric. This wealth of information necessitates careful analysis and processing to truly comprehend the subjective perceptions of users. At the intersection of this data-driven revolution, two critical fields emerge: Sentiment Analysis and Affective Computing. Sentiment analysis delves into the intricate realm of people's opinions, sentiments, evaluations, attitudes, and emotions as expressed through written language. On the other hand, Affective Computing focuses on the development of systems and devices capable of recognizing, interpreting, processing, and even simulating human emotions. It is, in essence, the fusion of Emotion AI and other affective technologies, with the overarching goal of enhancing people's lives. With the exponential growth of user-generated data, thanks to social networks, wikis, and social tagging systems, it has become imperative to decipher the high-level semantics and user subjective perceptions embedded in this vast sea of information. Emotions and sentiments, in particular, stand out as significant facets of user-generated data, often carrying the emotional imprints of their creators. The concurrent advancement of computational techniques for sentiment analysis and opinion mining has been accompanied by a surge in the utilization of psychological and cognitive models and theories. These are being harnessed to model sentiments and emotions, often in synergy with social computing techniques such as social network analysis and personalization, user review mining, and user profiling within social networks, among others. The synergy between affective/sentimental models and social computing techniques is not merely an academic endeavor; it paves the way for comprehending big data at a semantic level and enhances the performance of a wide array of social computing applications in this era of big data. This convergence not only combines affective and sentimental models with social computing but also charts a promising direction replete with opportunities for developing novel algorithms, methods, and tools. It is a privilege for us to introduce the Special Issue on Sentiment Analysis and Affective computing in Multimedia Data on Social Network. Among the numerous research papers we received (50 in total), we meticulously selected 18 papers for publication. The overarching objective of this special issue is to delve into the recent advancements and disseminate state-of-the-art research related to sentiment analysis and affective computing in multimedia data within social networks and the technologies that make this possible. This special issue represents a showcase of new dimensions of research, offering researchers and industry professionals an illuminating perspective on sentiment analysis and affective computing in the realm of multimedia data within social networks. We sincerely hope that the contributions in this special issue will not only inform but also inspire future research endeavors, leading to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted world of sentiment analysis and affective computing in the age of multimedia and social networks.

An Evaluation of the Impact of Illegal Dumping of Solid Waste on Public Health in Nigeria: A Case Study of Lagos State.

The illegal dumping of solid waste is a prevalent issue in Nigeria, affecting all states. Lagos State, in particular, faces waste disposal problems that stem from urbanization, negative public perception towards waste management, insufficient waste disposal education, poor waste disposal practices, and the disposal of waste at illegal and unauthorized sites. This situation is further exacerbated by inadequate municipal solid waste (MSW) collection rates, making it challenging to combat illegal dumping effectively. To align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 of Sustainable Cities, which seeks to minimize negative environmental effects associated with managing MSW by 2030, this study aims to assess the environmental and health impact of illegal dumping of solid waste in Lagos State. The objectives of this study include assessing people's attitudes towards illegal dumping, evaluating the extent of environmental degradation resulting from illegal solid waste dumping in Lagos, and assessing the health risks associated with exposure to illegally dumped solid waste in Lagos State, as well as determining if illegal dumping contributes to the diseases prevalent in Lagos State. This study will use a quantitative approach to collect data from study participants on demographics, educational background, waste management, and environmental and health issues using computer-assisted self-administered questionnaires (Google Forms). This study will also use observations and photographs of illegally dumped waste in communities and major illegal dumpsites in the study area to provide valuable information to complement the questionnaire responses. By combining both approaches, the study will be able to capture both numerical data and people's behaviors and attitudes associated with illegal dumping. This study will use a mixed sampling method consisting of cluster sampling and convenience sampling, focusing on communities impacted by illegal dumping in Lagos State. The sample size for this study will be 100. The questionnaire for this study will be administered via a Google Forms link that will be shared through various online platforms, enabling participants to access and complete the questionnaire from any location with internet access. To ensure representative participation, as part of the informed consent form on the initial page of the online questionnaire, a screening question that requires participants to indicate if they live or work in the study areas or have been exposed to the impact of illegal dumping will be included. Only those who meet these criteria will be able to proceed with the study. The primary data obtained will be carefully analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. The study's results will highlight the importance of the linkage between illegal dumping, environmental degradation, and diseases prevalent in Lagos State, which could inform policymakers and relevant departments in developing effective strategies to improve public health.

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Tourist Satisfaction in Fuzhou Forest Park based on Structural Equation Model

Fuzhou is rich in tourism resources. In recent years, under the background of the country's vigorous development of tourism, Fuzhou's tourism has developed rapidly, of which Fuzhou Forest Park is a prominent representative. However, due to some reasons, the satisfaction of tourists in Fuzhou Forest Park is not particularly high, which is very unfavorable to the sustainable development of Fuzhou tourism. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to find out the reasons leading to the low satisfaction of tourists for promoting the development of Fuzhou Forest Park and even the development of Fuzhou tourism. Therefore, this paper conducted a questionnaire survey on many tourists in Fuzhou Forest Park, and used structural equation model to make an empirical analysis of the factors influencing tourists' satisfaction in Fuzhou Forest Park. The results showed that: tourism activities, scenic infrastructure, scenic accommodation and shopping, scenic service and people's attitude all had significant positive effects on tourists' satisfaction.

Abortion Attitudes (Media Content, User Comments)

Abortion Attitudes (Media Content, User Comments)

TRAINING OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE USA

Resolving the problem of the global environmental crisis determines not only the modification of production technologies, but also changes in people's lives, their consciousness and attitude towards nature. Compliance of the values of a new culture, a person of a post-industrial society with global environmental laws requires targeted environmental preparation. Consequently, the leading role in this process belongs to the educational system. Valuable experience in environmental education has been accumulated in the USA. Its study and implementation of best practices in the Ukrainian educational sphere makes it possible to increase the level of environmental culture of future teachers. The purpose of the article is to study the experience of training of future teachers in environmental education in higher education institutions in the USA. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematization (to clarify the key concepts of the study), study of educational programs (to determine their environmental content), comparison, generalization (to form the author's conclusions). The features of environmental training of future teachers in some US universities have been studied. Using the example of teacher training at the University of Portland, it was established that environmental education is implemented through the study of various disciplines («Introduction to environmental education», «Factors of environmental education», «Methods of studying ecology»), as well as extracurricular work (participation in the environmental movement, work of the student ecological association). The activities of the Center for Natural Education and the interfaculty association «Environmental Science and Natural Resources Management», which operate at the university and provide environmental training to students, have been studied. The areas of environmentalization of the training of future teachers, which can be implemented in Ukrainian higher education institutions, have been identified: the formation of a system of continuous ecological training of teachers in higher education; creation of special structures (centres, associations) of environmental orientation in universities, the functions of which are the development of interdisciplinary educational programs of environmental content for future teachers of various specialties, preparation of educational and methodological materials for environmental courses, conducting environmental events.

Komunikasi Sosial Dalam Menjaga Kerukunan Umat Beragama di Kelurahan Cakranegara Selatan Baru

Community and religious leaders have a role in maintaining religious harmony in the midst of irregularities that occurred in several neighborhoods in Cakranegara Selatan Baru Village. The aim of the study was to find out the Forms of Communication, Communication Processes and the Impact of Communication of Community Leaders and Religious Leaders in maintaining religious harmony in Cakranegara Selatan Baru Village. The theory used in this research is Laswell's communication theory. The research methodology uses descriptive qualitative methods, with data collection techniques of observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study consist of three important points, namely as follows: Forms of communication of community and religious leaders in the North and South Abian Tubuh Sub-District of Cakranegara Selatan Baru, namely interpersonal and group communication. Interpersonal communication is carried out to solve problems faced by the community in the form of disputes, drug arrest cases, fights, so that troubled people get solutions to the problems they face. Both group communication is carried out in coaching and directing activities to the community to be able to tolerate and respect each other to create harmony. The communication process of community and religious leaders consists of five important elements based on the assumptions of Lasswell's communication theory, namely the existence of a communicator consisting of the Head of the neighborhood, Head of RT, Stakeholder and Ustaz. Messages that contain guidance and solutions to the community. Media used orally and in writing. The communicant is the community as the recipient of the guided message. Then the feedback or effect is expected to change people's attitudes and behavior. The impact of the communication of community and religious leaders is the creation of harmonious relationships and an attitude of tolerance that is applied in social life so that harmony can be achieved.

Analysis of Consumer Awareness’ Values and Attitudes towards Green Purchase Behavior: Study on Millennial and Generation Z

Environmental problems made the Indonesian people aware of green buying behavior. Various environmental movements spread throughout Indonesia, and people's attitudes and behavior toward being environmentally friendly changed. However, research indicates that there is still a gap between environmental knowledge and behavior. This study aims to explain how consumer environmental awareness influences green buying behavior, boosted by green product quality collected by distributing questionnaires to 388 Millennial and Generation Z respondents in West Java. The results show that consumer environmental awareness positively influences green buying behavior with the support of attitude toward environmental problems bolstered by the quality of the green product. However, environmental awareness does not succeed in influencing green buying behavior if it is through an attitude toward eco-social advantages. Then, information on a green product does not directly affect green buying behavior but is successful if there is a booster from the quality of the green products.

Study on the Mechanism of People's Will in Historical and Cultural Protection

Historical and cultural protection is an important task, which aims to protect and pass on the precious historical heritage and cultural traditions of mankind. In this process, the mechanism of popular will becomes particularly important. The people are the creators, inheritors and beneficiaries of history and culture, and their participation and support is an indispensable force for the protection of history and culture. This study will explore the mechanism of people's will in historical and cultural conservation, aiming to reveal people's attitudes, needs and participation in historical and cultural conservation. By studying the mechanism of the people's will, it can provide reference for the formulation of relevant policies and promote the effective implementation of historical and cultural protection.

Social Entrepreneurship In The New Economy Among The Younger Generation

Purpose: This essay aims to reconstruct young people's understanding of and attitude towards social entrepreneurship as a field of endeavour critical to developing crucial competencies in the New Economy. The study also aims to describe young people's perceptions of their willingness to participate in society and the current economy as agents.
 Design/methodology/approach: In order to accomplish this, a diagnostic study (based on a so-called task catalogue) was carried out with a group of more than 500 students in Indonesian vocational high schools, senior high schools, and private schools, as well as three workshops with students from particular school types.
 Findings: According to the study, students are aware of the possibilities of engaging in social activism through broadly construed social entrepreneurship and third sector involvement. It was also proven that they are well cognizant of the opportunities and requirement for action in this regard. The materials that students have discussed transfer into skills required in the New Economy.
 Research limitations/implications: A lot of variables that could influence teenage behaviour must be taken into account in modern study. These difficulties will undoubtedly merit consideration throughout the formulation and creation of the research's tools in further in-depth studies.
 Practical implications: Young people's social entrepreneurship is constantly evolving, and even though its focus shifts (from shared management activities to civic engagement and social solidarity activities), it always refers to collaborative efforts on the cusp of economic and social reality. Young people's attitude towards carrying out duties that are beneficial to society is also evolving. Young people view them as a chance to address both societal issues and the difficulties posed by the postmodern world's transformations.
 Social implications: Young people are more conscious and involved citizens as well as more responsible future members of the New Economy thanks to the competencies they have acquired.
 Originality/value: The paper reconstructs the tools, strategies, and perspectives of young people towards the agency opportunities provided by social entrepreneurship. The knowledge that was gathered was examined in light of the project's competency-based competence issues.

Data privacy and smart home energy appliances: A stated choice experiment

Data privacy in smart homes is receiving increasing attention due to the growing adoption of smart appliances. Adoption of smart appliances can bring benefits, including energy consumption reduction. This study investigates how people made the trade-offs between sharing privacy-sensitive data and the potential environmental and economic benefits of smart home energy appliances using discrete choice modeling. The findings reveal that the trade-off is mainly affected by four product attributes: the type of data that is processed, the reason why this data is processed, the data sharing frequency, and the financial benefit gained from the smart home appliances. Specifically, individuals tend to share less data daily for their daily routine convenience and demand a (theoretical) financial compensation for the data sharing. The results also show that privacy attitudes are not related to data sharing preferences, while socio-demographics, including gender, age, and income, are. The results emphasize the gap between people's attitudes and behaviors regarding data privacy. This research serves as a foundation for further investigations and can be used by smart appliance retailers, manufacturers, and governments for designing research and development focus and energy reduction incentives, respectively.

Unravelling Teacher Turnover: Exploring Factors at the Province, School District and School Levels

This study aimed to determine how teachers ranked the reasons for turnover at the province, school district, and school levels based on their importance. For this purpose, the most important reasons for turnover at the province, school district and school levels were determined based on teachers' judgments. At the same time, it was determined how teachers' opinions differed in terms of gender, marital status, tenure status and years of seniority. The results showed the psychological dimension of the problems faced by teachers and provided an opportunity for a comprehensive analysis of the teachers' acceptance area. Within this scope, a general survey model was conducted during the 2022-2023 academic year with 722 teachers working in official institutions in the Şehitkamil and Şahinbey districts of Gaziantep Province. To identify reasons for teacher turnover, a literature review was conducted, interviews were conducted with teachers, and expert opinions were obtained. The identified turnover reasons were classified at the province, school district, and school levels, and a “Teacher Turnover Reasons Ranking Form” was created after the pilot study. Teachers were asked to rank the reasons for turnover according to their priorities and judgments. Based on the teachers' perspectives, at the city level, Future Plans and Distance from Family; at the school district level, people’s Approaches to Education, People's Negative Attitudes and Behaviours; and at the school level, Student Behaviour Problems and High Student Numbers were identified as the most important reasons for teacher turnover. According to the research findings, teachers prioritized their individual and family needs at the city level, the attitudes and behaviours of stakeholders at the school district level, and problems stemming from students at the school level as significant reasons for turnover. The research findings reveal that teachers perceive their individual and familial needs at the provincial level, the attitudes and behaviours of stakeholders at the school district level, and student-related issues at the school level as significant factors contributing to turnover.

CEOs’ early-life famine experience and corporate donations: Evidence from the great Chinese famine

Do traumatic disaster experiences shape people's prosocial attitudes? Some literature suggests that great resource scarcity experience predicts an increase in prosocial allocations, whereas others suggest a decrease. We find CEOs exposed to the Great Chinese Famine tend to drive corporate donations, which is termed the famine effect. CEOs who have experienced more severe famines, were born in poor and food-deficient areas, or currently work in less developed regions, drive more corporate donations. Regarding board characteristics, the famine effect intensifies in older and more famine-affected directors, but decreases as female directors and board diversity increase. Finally, by examining the effect of CEOs' famine experience on different dimensions of CSR, we intriguingly find CEOs' prosocial attitudes are not oriented toward everyone but are specific to those who suffer from resource scarcity. Overall, CEOs' famine experiences substantially affect corporate donations and can result in recipient-dependent prosocial behaviors.

Young people's attitudes towards films about the Great Patriotic War: viewing expectations and genre preferences

The article presents the results of two author's researches of young people's attitude towards films about the Great Patriotic War: "History in cinema: the problems of remediation" (10 focus groups) and "The Memory of the War in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Cinematography: the Young Audience View" (questionnaire survey, n = 2003).The authors identified the main narratives of interest to young audiences. It was noted that the films popular among young people are multi-genre works which combine historical accuracy and autobiographical, melodramatic and action-film elements.The viewing motivation associated with watching films about the Great Patriotic War, analyzed in terms of the theory of usage and satisfaction, is a complex system of expectations. The authors distinguish 6 groups of normative expectations: identity and integration; establishment of pleasant environment and recognition; tension and sensation seeking; authenticity and cognitive satisfaction; escapism and imagination; surprise and spectacularity.Historical war films fulfil social functions (meeting young people's expectations of integration, establishing a pleasant environment and credibility), while being an entertaining media product appropriate to the youth mediahabitus (meeting expectations of spectacle, suspense and escapism). The authors state that historical films devoted to the events of the Great Patriotic War manage to successfully maintain a balance between format (proximity in terms of style and language to the youth audience) and content (ideological, patriotic message).