People's Attitudes Research Articles

Teaching Multiculturalism To Fight Against Racism In The Freedom Writer By Richard Lagravenese

Multiculturalism is refers to cultural differences caused by the existence of different groups in society, where people's attitudes and practices create a distinctive group identity. While, Fredom Writers movie which was released on 2007 portrayed the multiculturalism in a school taught by Erin Gruwell. This movie directed by Richard LaGravenes. This study examined the teaching multiculturalism in the movie to fight racism in the school. This research belongs to qualitative research and the result og this research are: first, the multiculturalism approach applied so well in the movie by Erin Gruwell. Second, the multiculturalism can change the attitude and behavior of the students in the movie. Third, Freedom Writers movie provide great example of the effectiveness of multiculturalism approach in education.

Personal values and people's attitudes toward older adults.

We examine the relationship between people's personal values and their attitudes toward older adults. In addition to the two conventionally-used measures of personal values (agency subdimension and communion subdimension), we distinguish across 10 different value types and explore how each impacts attitude. We use data from the World Values Survey for three aging Asian societies, namely Japan (N = 2448), Singapore (N = 1972), and Hong Kong PRC (N = 1000). For each sample, we perform regression-based analyses to assess the relative importance of the 10 value types in explaining people's attitudes towards older adults. Results are then compared against regressions based on the two aggregate value measures. In all three economies, the agency subdimension was a more consistent predictor of unfavorable attitudes toward older adults, as compared to the communion subdimension. Our disaggregated analysis reveals two additional insights. First, the positive association between agentic values and attitudes was driven predominantly by the power (wealth) and stimulation (excitement) value types. Second, the lack of association between the communion subdimension and attitudes must be interpreted with caution since certain value types within this subdimension may act in opposite directions causing effects to cancel each other out at the aggregate level. Disaggregating personal value types provides greater prognostic power than the two aggregate measures, as well as insights on ways to improve people's attitudes toward older adults. Interventions aimed at reducing ageist attitudes in aging societies can target individuals with agentic traits by emphasizing notions of power (e.g., older adults' economic success) and stimulation (e.g., positive images of older adults learning new things).

Is Health Education On Anemia Increasing Iron Supplementation Consumption In Adolescent Girls? : A Systematic Review

Background: Approximately 1.62 billion people worldwide suffer from anemia, and about half of all anemia can result from iron deficiency. Adolescence is also considered the golden time for interventions to control anemia. It is also the right time to create a nutritional foundation for the labor of a child in the future. Nutrition education in schools has been shown to be effective in improving young people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding anemia prevention. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effects of iron supplementation and nutritional education on anemia in adolescent girls and the correlation with iron supplementation consumption so that anemia can be prevented as early as possible since adolescence. Discussion: This study showed that health education on anemia increases adolescents’ knowledge and also weekly Iron–Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) health education can be effective in reducing the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls by increasing the Hb level. Conclusions: These studies conclude that nutritional education increased the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of adolescent girls and also led to an increase in Hemoglobin levels which can prevent anemia. Health education on anemia increase knowledge and practice of iron supplementation among adolescent girl. Increasing knowledge and practice in consuming iron supplementation will also increase the level of hemoglobin.

Sentiment analysis from Bangladeshi food delivery startup based on user reviews using machine learning and deep learning

Food delivery methods are at the top of the list in today's world. People's attitudes toward food delivery systems are usually influenced by food quality and delivery time. We did a sentiment analysis of consumer comments on the Facebook pages of Food Panda, HungryNaki, Pathao Food, and Shohoz Food, and data was acquired from these four sites’ remarks. In natural language processing (NLP) task, before the model was implemented, we went through a rigorous data pre-processing process that included stages like adding contractions, removing stop words, tokenizing, and more. Four supervised classification techniques are used: extreme gradient boosting (XGB), random forest classifier (RFC), decision tree classifier (DTC), and multi nominal Naive Bayes (MNB). Three deep learning (DL) models are used: convolutional neural network (CNN), long term short memory (LSTM), and recurrent neural network (RNN). The XGB model exceeds all four machine learning (ML) algorithms with an accuracy of 89.64%. LSTM has the highest accuracy rate of the three DL algorithms, with an accuracy of 91.07%. Among ML and DL models, LSTM DL takes the lead to predict the sentiment.

Sentiment analysis from Bangladeshi food delivery startup based on user reviews using machine learning and deep learning

Food delivery methods are at the top of the list in today's world. People's attitudes toward food delivery systems are usually influenced by food quality and delivery time. We did a sentiment analysis of consumer comments on the Facebook pages of Food Panda, HungryNaki, Pathao Food, and Shohoz Food, and data was acquired from these four sites’ remarks. In natural language processing (NLP) task, before the model was implemented, we went through a rigorous data pre-processing process that included stages like adding contractions, removing stop words, tokenizing, and more. Four supervised classification techniques are used: extreme gradient boosting (XGB), random forest classifier (RFC), decision tree classifier (DTC), and multi nominal Naive Bayes (MNB). Three deep learning (DL) models are used: convolutional neural network (CNN), long term short memory (LSTM), and recurrent neural network (RNN). The XGB model exceeds all four machine learning (ML) algorithms with an accuracy of 89.64%. LSTM has the highest accuracy rate of the three DL algorithms, with an accuracy of 91.07%. Among ML and DL models, LSTM DL takes the lead to predict the sentiment.

Congenital blindness does not protect against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in rodents.

In 1950, Drs. Chevigny and Braverman authored a book about people's attitudes and prejudices toward the blind, noting that out of the thousands of schizophrenia patients they and others had treated, not one was blind. This led some to the intriguing hypothesis that congenital blindness may provide protection against schizophrenia. In this study, we directly examined whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model. Enucleation surgeries were performed on pups of MAM- or saline-treated rats on post-natal day 10. Once pups reached adulthood, male and female rats were evaluated for schizophrenia-like phenotypes using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Consistent with previous work, MAM-treated rats display elevated dopamine neuron population activity, deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of startle, and hypersensitivity to psychomotor stimulants. Blindness did not protect against any of the MAM-induced phenotypes. Surprisingly, blindness in saline-treated rats caused changes in behavior and dopamine neuron activity. To examine the circadian rhythms of enucleated rats, we performed non-invasive measurements of corticosterone, a steroid hormone known to vary across the light/dark period, revealing blind rats display aberrant (non-cycling) corticosterone levels. Alterations in dopamine neuron activity and associated behaviors observed in blind rats are likely secondary to aberrant circadian regulation. This is the first preclinical study examining whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-like phenotype. While support of this hypothesis would have led to novel avenues of research and potential novel therapies, the results of current study suggest that blindness does not protect against schizophrenia.

Reducing negative attitudes toward older adults and increasing advocacy for policies to support older adults: Bayesian analysis approach

As the world's population is aging, it is necessary to create societies in which older adults and young people can live together comfortably. Reducing young people's negative attitudes toward older adults is a pressing issue. Given the unique characteristics of older adults, which most people will eventually become, we focused on how long people believe it will be before they become older adults (i.e., the subjective time of becoming older). To examine our hypotheses, we performed a Bayesian analysis, which has attracted considerable attention in psychological research in recent years. In Studies 1 and 2, even after controlling for variables such as youth identity and aging anxiety, those with a longer subjective time of becoming older had more negative attitudes toward older adults and lower advocacy for policies to support older adults. In Study 3, we examined the effect of shortening the participants' subjective time of becoming older by presenting an explanatory text on the stereotype embodiment theory and several related empirical findings. We observed decreased negative attitudes toward both the young-old and old-old groups and increased advocacy for policies to support older adults. In the supplemental experiment, the experimental manipulation used in Study 3 reduced participants' aging anxiety. Future studies should elaborate on the negative attitudes toward a broad subgroup of older adults, and examine the perceived relative importance of policies to support older adults compared with policies in other areas.

Psychosocial Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and the Mediating Role of Various Attitudes towards Science.

This study examined the way attitudes towards science in the U.S. mediate the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and psychosocial predictors, such as political ideology, religiosity, reactance proneness, dogmatism, perceived communal ostracism, education, and socioeconomic status. We analyzed the structure of people's attitudes towards science, revealing four distinct factors: epistemic confidence, belief that science and technology are beneficial, trust in science in general, and trust in medical science. With all four factors included as mediators in a saturated path analysis, low levels of trust in medical science and low epistemic confidence fully mediated the relationships between nearly all of the psychosocial predictors and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Political conservativism's negative association with vaccine hesitancy was partially mediated by the same two facets of people's attitudes towards science. Adding nuance to existing research, we found that trust in science in general was not a significant mediator once all four facets were included in the model. These findings are discussed with a focus on their implications for understanding attitudes towards science and their substantial and complex role in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

The Impact of Health Message on People's Attitude Toward Wearing a Mask: The Moderating Role of Self-Construal

With the rising case of COVID-19, governments worldwide have recommended that every citizen wear a face mask or a cover in public places where practicing social distancing would be difficult. However, many people refuse to wear masks. This study will investigate why some people refuse to wear masks in public despite clear health benefits. Using two experimental studies, 100 participants living in the United States of America were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) for Study 1, while 96 participants living in the United States of America were also recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) for Study 2. The results show that perceived severity is vital in encouraging people to wear masks. People see what they want to see. Perceived severity has a direct effect and mediated effect. This is consistent with the health belief model, suggesting that a high perceived disease severity causes proactive health-protection behaviors. Furthermore, the results show self-construal moderates the relationship between perceived severity and people's attitude toward wearing a mask. This study will make several theoretical contributions to social marketing, working on health message campaigns. The government and health officials need to work together to create a consistent message on the virus's severity. In addition, government, social marketers, and public officials need to create a distinct message to target two different segments (interdependent vs. independent individuals). This is one of the first few studies exploring the impact of self-construal on health message campaigns related to a disease such as COVID-19.
 
 Dengan meningkatnya jumlah kasus COVID-19, pemerintah di seluruh dunia merekomendasikan bahwa tiap warga negara menggunakan masker atau penutup wajah di tempat publik ketika praktik social distancing sulit dilaksanakan. Walaupun demikian, banyak orang menolak menggunakan masker. Studi ini menyelidiki mengapa sejumlah orang menolak menggunakan masker di tempat publik, walaupun ada banyak keuntungan secara medis. Dalam studi ini, ada dua studi eksperimen yang dilaksanakan, yaitu Studi 1 dengan 100 partisipan yang tinggal di Amerika Serikat dan Studi 2 dengan 96 partisipan yang tinggal di Amerika Serikat. Partisipan kedua studi tersebut direkrut menggunakan Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keparahan penting dalam mendorong orang untuk menggunakan masker. Manusia melihat apa yang ingin dilihat. Persepsi atas tingkat keparahan memiliki efek langsung dan efek mediasi. Hal tersebut konsisten dengan health belief model, ketika persepsi atas tingkat keparahan yang tinggi menyebabkan perilaku perlindungan kesehatan yang proaktif. Lebih lanjut, hasil juga menunjukkan bahwa self-construal memoderasi hubungan antara persepsi atas tingkat keparahan dan sikap terhadap menggunakan masker. Studi ini berkontribusi secara teoretis terhadap social marketing, terutama kampanye pesan kesehatan. Pejabat pemerintah dan kesehatan perlu bekerja sama dalam menciptakan pesan yang konsisten sehubungan dengan keparahan virus. Selain itu, pemerintah, social marketers, dan pejabat publik perlu menciptakan pesan khusus untuk dua kategori target berbeda (individu interdependen vs. independen). Studi ini merupakan salah satu studi pertama yang membahas dampak self-construal pada kampanye pesan kesehatan, terkait dengan penyakit seperti COVID-19.

Suicidal Ideation Detection from social media: A Detailed Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Social networks are crucial tools for learning about people's attitudes towards various issues since they allow them to express their thoughts to friends and family. Recent years have seen considerable challenges in natural language processing (NLP) and psychology regarding the detection of suicidal ideation via online social network analysis. The complex early signs of suicide ideations can be identified with the proper use of social media information, which can afterwards save many lives. Even though numerous strategies have been used over the past few decades to identify suicidal thoughts, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods offer more insightful results. So, in this study, we examine several cutting-edge ML and DL approaches for detecting suicidal ideation. We also observe a few significant issues in the entire corpus of literature that could be explored in further research. Finally, we hope this study will shed light on critical issues in identifying suicidal thoughts on social media for readers and ML and DL researchers.

Attitudes and perceptions of wood energy technologies in the Great Lakes region, USA

This paper explores social acceptance of different wood-based energy applications in the Great Lakes region in the Upper Midwest, USA. Specifically, the paper examines attitudes and perceptions towards residential wood burning, commercial-scale wood boilers for heat, combined heat and power (CHP) facilities, and industrial power generation in Michigan. In 2021, we conducted a state-wide survey (n = 207) and 30 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing different stakeholder perspectives, including regulatory agencies, biomass industry leaders, non-governmental organizations and scientists who have shaped biomass debates, forest products workers, and Michigan residents. Results suggest that the depth of an individual's knowledge about different types of wood energy applications generally led to more positive attitudes, particularly for smaller-scale uses of wood for heat. Despite perceived environmental, economic, and human health risks of using wood for different energy applications, across all stakeholder groups, 70% of respondents perceived environmental benefits, 61% perceived economic benefits, and 57% perceived health benefits. Changing economic and environmental conditions in different parts of the state contributed to people's attitudes toward different forms of wood energy and their perceptions of associated risks and benefits. A key recommendation of this study is that policy-makers and energy developers seek to understand the complex factors that influence social acceptance when planning for the adoption of new types of wood-based bioenergy technologies.

‘Not being able to breathe is the end of the world’: a descriptive qualitative study of breathlessness experiences of individuals with heart failure in Turkey

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Breathlessness is a distressing symptom that is intimately associated with progressively worse heart failure, whether it be in the hospital or community setting. It affects the physical and emotional state of people with heart failure; acute breathlessness episodes are a particular source of stress and anxiety. People tend to initially manage their breathlessness experiences that affect their daily lives in their own way. These self-management strategies differ according to the individuals affected by their characteristics. Cultural values and beliefs shape people's attitudes and behaviours through perceiving and managing symptoms. However, there is no data on the breathlessness experiences and self-management methods of individuals in Turkish culture. Aim To explore (1) individuals’ self-reported breathlessness experiences in heart failure: (2) their breathlessness management strategies based on their previous breathlessness relief motivations: and (3) factors related to their breathlessness experience and self-management strategies. Methods A descriptive qualitative study using semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ breathlessness experiences and self-management strategies. 20 adults with heart failure (11 women and 9 men; median age 56.5 years; age ranges 18-83; median heart failure duration 6.5 years) were recruited in Turkey. Face-to-face (n=11), telephone (n=6) and email (n=3) interviews were conducted, audio-recorded (except for email), transcribed verbatim in Turkish and translated into English. The Symptom Management Conceptual Model (Dodd et al. 2001) provided framework for this study. Braun and Clarke’s (2022) reflective thematic analysis was used to frame the study data. Results Three interconnected themes were identified: (1) Breathlessness experiences, (2) Breathlessness self-management, and (3) Outcomes - reducing breathlessness (Figure 1). These themes highlighted that relieving breathlessness was linked with how breathlessness was experienced and managed. Participants reported their emotional perspectives were influential in their breathlessness, and they tried to cope with it to manage their breathlessness. In particular, the continuity of the self-management strategy was related to the motivation of individuals and their success in breathlessness management. Some factors (person, health/illness, and environment) related to breathlessness experiences and self-management were identified. Conclusion The experience and management of breathlessness vary by individual factors and their effects. To improve motivation for continuing self-management strategies and minimise negative consequences of breathlessness, individual assessment is essential to heart failure management. Current healthcare systems should be oriented to person-led care-based management strategies. This includes individuals' self-assessment and understanding of their skills and self-management strategies regarding their symptoms.Figure 1:Identified themes

The Role of Awareness, Attitude and Performance of Students of Yazd City in Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in 1400

Introduction: Preventive behaviors are among the most important strategies to fight against COVID-19. The level of awareness, attitude and performance of people towards COVID-19 is of great importance in accepting or doubting to receive the vaccine. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the role of awareness, attitude and performance of COVID-19 regarding the acceptance of the vaccine among university students in Yazd.
 Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study based on the web. The studied population included university students in Yazd city. 392 students were selected by available sampling method. The questionnaires were completed online. To collect data, a standard questionnaire of awareness, attitude, performance, and acceptance of the vaccine was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis through SPSS 20 software.
 Results: The results showed that the level of awareness, attitude and performance of female students was significantly higher than male students (p<0/05). The vaccine's acceptance level had no significant relationship with demographic characteristics. Also, the average score of awareness, attitude and performance of students who accepted the vaccine was higher than the students who did not believe in the vaccine; but, this result was not statistically significant (p<0/05).
 Conclusion: Considering the important role of people's awareness, attitude and performance towards COVID-19 in disease prevention, it seems that other factors such as the benefits and risks of the vaccine and the level of people's trust in the government and their country had an effect on the acceptance of the vaccine.

Respon Recipient dan Strategi Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan Sekolah Komunal Vonggo dalam Menghabituasikan Praktik Sekolah Komunitas

The problem of education in Vonggo Village is a crucial matter that needs to be resolved immediately. The presence of the Vonggo Communal School is expected to be a beacon for the Vonggo people so that they can pursue education like other children in general. This paper aims to look at how the Vonggo Village community responds to the inclusion of education through the Vonggo Communal School and see how the Vonggo Communal School's management strategy is in habituating community school practices. The method used in this research is qualitative research with a participatory action research (PAR) approach. The problems in this study were analyzed using the Habituation theory by Pierre Bourdieu. The results showed that at the beginning of SKV's presence, there were negative responses, including 1) people's attitude which tended to be closed; 2) there is public opinion that education is not a priority; and 3) concerns about the entry of Islamization through schools. However, over time, the community began to show a positive response by starting to participate in the development of school implementation and the emergence of enthusiasm to send their children to SKV. SKV, which is still relatively new, has been running quite well, but in its implementation, there are still many problems that require various alternative solutions so that this school can run continuously.

Women, Ethics of Care, Domestic Role And Islamic Teachings (Classical Fiqih) and Local Culture

Islam and Feminism, both are perceived as incompatible. However, this view is sadly only generated by the Western when they see Islam in the Middle Eastern. It even misleads when the Western has been only looking for particular countries which practice conservative and textual Islam. In reality, Islam put women in a respectful position, and though Islam has different points of view from some points in feminism, it does not mean they are against each other. Here in this paper, I tried to analyse a comparative study between how our Indonesian culture and how Islamic teachings perceive the role of women in their domestic reality and how women can participate in every day life. Interestingly, the role of women fits into the role of women from the perspective of Ethics of Care. In Ethics of care, it is believed that women’s power on taking care of other people is the key to their strength and somehow when we learn Islam deeper, we will find it is connected and this paper proves it. Here we make structure our paper starting with an introduction, later we talk about classical Fiqih. The reason why we choose classical Fiqih is that we want to understand the root of Islamic teachings on the blatant reality so we can understand how Islam sees a woman in reality. Later, we will discuss a comparison between our culture in general and Islamic Teaching so we will have insight into which one is part of our culture and which one is purely Islamic teachings. From our findings, we found that our culture and Islamic teaching have relatively similar points of view on women’s role in domestic reality. However, the conservative approach is coming from misunderstanding and, people's attitudes to mixing Islamic teachings with their Khawarij culture which is not a real Islam yet because people from outside of the Islamic world do not understand, they tend to think it is a real Islam which is giving Islam a bad reputation.

Factors influencing home health care providers' performance of oral health care for older people: A qualitative study.

To examine factors that affect the performance of oral health care (OHC) for older people receiving nursing care at home. Oral health is often neglected by health care providers caring for older people. Research shows that health care providers' provision of OHC may be influenced by various factors (barriers and facilitators). When this research was conducted, health care providers from home healthcare services (HHCS) and nursing homes were grouped together despite setting differences; therefore, this study focuses on the performance of OHC by home health care providers (HHCPs) as a single group. Explorative design with a qualitative approach. The managers of four HHCS units recruited 17 HHCPs to participate in focus group interviews. One interview was conducted per unit, and there were four to five participants in each interview. The analysis of interviews was based on theoretical thematic analysis and the PRECEDE constructs in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines were used in reporting this study. The analysis resulted in two themes with predisposing factors (HHCPs' professional responsibilities, older people's attitude), five themes with enabling factors (knowledge and skills, older people/carer trust, available time, available equipment and collaboration with public dental service (PDS)), and two themes with reinforcing factors (routines and OHC focus on the workplace) that affect the provision of OHC. The factors were categorised as individual, organisational and collaboration factors. In addition to individual factors found in previous studies, factors related to the organisation of services and communication between HHCPs and PDS seem to affect HHCPs' provision of OHC for adults receiving HHCS. This study provides in-depth knowledge that can contribute to increasing HHCPs' provision of OHC and thereby prevent oral and dental disease among older people receiving HHCS.

People's knowledge, attitudes, practice, and healthcare education demand regarding OSA: a cross-sectional study among Chinese general populations.

Population knowledge and attitudes toward obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome are critical to public health initiatives to overcome the disease. Healthcare education is an appropriate approach to expediting the process to build active medical practice models in the public. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding OSA and healthcare education demand among the Chinese general population. A cross-sectional survey was performed online via Wenjuanxing in China between 8 February and 8 March 2022, using a 34-item questionnaire designed and reviewed by multidisciplinary experts. This study enrolled 1507 respondents, aged 18 to 68, with a city-to-countryside ratio of approximately 2:1. Four-fifths of respondents reported that they had children (n = 1237), and mothers accounted for 57.7%. If they or their children had symptoms of OSA, nearly nine in 10 respondents would undertake positive medical practices, especially parents. A total of 89.4% of the respondents reported a desire to receive healthcare education through the new multimedia approach, and most were concerned about the etiology of OSA. The current study indicated that even the higher educated and urban populations in China had insufficient knowledge about positive attitudes toward and practices regarding OSA, indicating an urgent demand for healthcare education. A special emphasis should be placed on appropriating population demand for healthcare education and promoting the benefits of active medical practice models in sleep medicine.

Free Movement and Welfare in the European Union: The Social Consequences of the Right to Exit

The relationship between the European Union's (EU) free movement regime and welfare has received ample scholarly attention. However, this has almost exclusively been from the perspective of destination countries. We know surprisingly little about the “other side” of the migration phenomenon, i.e., the welfare-related implications of large-scale emigration, which predominantly takes place from peripheral EU member states toward the core. In this paper, we break new ground using an original survey fielded in 15 EU member states in 2021. We ask how worries about immigration and emigration shape people's attitudes about social spending in their country of origin and whether they are associated with preferences for EU involvement in social policy. We show that, on average, immigration is salient across the board, but more so in core states (West and North), while emigration is a more salient issue in peripheral states (East and West). In terms of policy preferences, regression analyses indicate that worries about emigration versus immigration are linked in an inverted manner to social policy. Indeed, a preoccupation with incoming migration increases opposition to higher government social spending, while it is irrelevant for support for a stronger EU role in social matters; by contrast, a preoccupation with emigration increases support for both higher government social spending and a stronger EU role in social matters.

Quantifying the importance of urban trees to people and nature through tree removal experiments

Abstract Experimentally manipulating urban tree abundance and structure can help explore the complex and reciprocal interactions among people, biodiversity and the services urban forests provide to humans and wildlife. In this study we take advantage of scheduled urban tree removals to experimentally quantify the benefits that urban trees provide to humans and wildlife. Specifically, we aim to understand how trees affect: (1) bird and mammal abundance and diversity, as well as an ecological process (predation); and (2) people's perception responses, such as the importance that people assign to the trees, wildlife and the site. We designed two independent Before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) experiments based on two sites where tree removals were occurring (impact sites): an urban park and a residential street, both located in the Greater Melbourne Area, Australia. We selected three control sites for each impact site, or four per experiment. Ecological data were collected through field surveys, and social data on people's perceptions through intercept questionnaires among park and street users. Data were analysed using a GLMMs to determine the combined effect of time (before and after) and treatment (impact and controls). At the urban park, the abundance of nectarivorous birds and possums both declined by 62% following tree removal, while invertebrate predation increased by 82.1%. The level of importance people assigned to the urban park and to the trees at the site decreased after tree removal, and people's attitudes towards tree planting became more positive, meaning more people wanted to plant more trees at the site. None of these changes were observed in the street experiment where fewer and smaller trees were removed, suggesting that effects may be highly specific to context, where factors such as tree volume, diversity and arrangement influence the magnitude of social–ecological effects observed. By demonstrating the social–ecological effect of removing urban trees, we provide evidence that urban trees provide critical habitat to urban wildlife and are perceived as an important aspect of the human experience of urban nature. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

A general explanation for environmental policy support: An example using carbon taxation approval in Germany

In democratic societies, public support is crucial for the success of climate change mitigation policies. In this article, we present a parsimonious explanation—grounded in the Campbell paradigm—for explicit approval of environmental policies based on two forces: (a) an individual's commitment to environmental protection (i.e., people's environmental attitudes) and (b) the figurative costs entailed by a specific policy. We tested this model with carbon tax variants and data from German samples from four different sociocultural conditions (Ntotal = 8,166). The results showed that only a minority (36%) were sufficiently committed to environmental protection to approve of a carbon tax regardless of its specific details. Even the most favorable tax level and use of revenue achieved an approval rate of only 48%. Regional differences and interactions among the carbon taxation specifications turned out to be negligible. Overall, our results corroborate the generalizability of the proposed environmental policy support model.