Peoples Of Siberia Research Articles

У каждого своя Сибирь. Две истории о депортации калмыков (интервью с С. М. Ивановым и С. Э. Нарановой)

The paper deals with an important period in the history of Kalmykia that has been given no sufficient attention by anthropologists and sociologists — the everyday life of Kalmyk people in Siberia during the deportation years (1943–1956) and their memories thereof. The publication consists of an introduction, two interviews, and comments. The goal of the publication is to describe everyday survival practices adopted by Kalmyks in Siberia. The materials are presented in the form of transcriptions of spontaneous narratives received by the author in 2004. The interviews have been investigated through the use of the textological analysis and text deconstruction methods. The interviews reveal survival and adaptation strategies of the younger generation of so-called ‘special settlers’ (Rus. spetsperelentsy) in forced settlement locations. So, the paper describes the moving into adulthood of Sergei Ivanov, a ten-year-old boy expelled together with his family from Ulan-Kholsky Ulus of the Kalmyk ASSR to the village of Iskitim of Novosibirsk Oblast, who virtually became the head of the family when a boy. Sima Polteeva, a seventeen-year-old girl deported from Bashanta with her family to Krasnoyarsk Krai, also had to make important life decisions being that young. Through male and female narratives, the work shows different forms of resistance to the repressive regime and gender-based adaptation strategies of the Kalmyks in the host society. Texts of both the interviews mention episodes dealing with ethnic-related social exclusion, and describe how young people experienced the stigma of Kalmyk ethnicity any public manifestation of which was prohibited by authorities. The texts contain family stories and private memories of the deportation years ― without political clichés and conjuncture assessments. Simultaneously, the memories provide evidence of the 60-year-old events to be assembled now ― in the 21st century. These are memories of the deportation in a ‘first-person’ format, and details of the daily life of the Ivanovs and Naranovs are both interesting and important enough. The discursive strategies of precisely these two narratives concerning the deportation of Kalmyks show that the respondents’ eviction injuries have been largely rethought and reinterpreted. The publication will be of certain interest to researchers investigating everyday life during the Stalinist era, deportations of ‘punished’ peoples, including practices of adaptation and resistance of deported individuals in places of exile; it will also be of interest to researchers Soviet Kalmykia’s history.

Отражение архетипических моделей в «loci communes» героических сказаний народов Сибири

Отражение архетипических моделей в «loci communes» героических сказаний народов Сибири

A Review of Literature on the Language Policy of Imperial Russia and the Modern Linguistic Situation

This article traces Russian nationality and language policies from 1800 to the early 20th century based on historical, historiographic, sociological, and sociolinguistic sources. The 1822 Charter on the Governance of Indigenous Peoples (concerning the peoples of Siberia) was indicative of Russian national policies in general. It ordained that ethnicities be self-governed and that official routines, school education and church services be in native languages. However, following the Polish uprisings of 1830–1831 and 1863, the empire began to tighten its grip on its western regions. Polish was banned from schools and publications outside the Kingdom of Poland, while Ukrainophilia was repressed; alternatively, Lithuanian and Belarusian were advanced and Russian schools introduced. Basically, the policies of Russia reveal a pattern of dynamic fluctuations, dependent on domestic political conditions and the international situation – liberal in calm and prosperous times, repressive in times of external/internal threats. By and large, Russia governed so as to preserve the diversity of its national provinces. In the 20th century, it quite logically resulted in the principle of democratic centralism in the nationality policy of the USSR, the autonomy of Soviet national republics united in a single centralised multinational state. The Russian Federation largely inherited its current nationality policy from imperial and Soviet models.

Shaman elements in the Mari costume

Shamanism is known among various ethnic groups in Asia, Oceania and America, including the Ugric peoples of Siberia. The problem of Mari shamanism remains controversial to this day. It offers to look at it from the point of view of the preservation of shamanic elements in the traditional Mari costume. The paper is based on ethnographic and archaeological sources, which are considered within interdisciplinary approach using the methods of historicism, semiotics, structural and functional analysis. The Mari costume, developing over the centuries, has preserved the main symbolic dominants. The traditional Mari costume was a reflection of mythical cosmology, just like a shaman’s costume. In the symbolism of the Mari costume, one can also find ancient images of shamanic patron spirits. The preservation of shaman elements in the Mari costume can be both a reflection of the archaic layer of Finno-Ugric mythology, and the result of contacts with the Ugric world.

Indigenous Peoples of Siberia and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century

The article provides a review of various strategies the peoples of Siberia undertake to reestablish their identity, their cultural identity, and rights to their land. The article aims to analyze the modern challenges that the indigenous peoples of Siberia face and their responses to such challenges. The article presents five models of survival strategies used by the peoples of Siberia.

Stable and Transformed Motives in the Yakut Olonkho (Northern Epic Tradition)

In Yakut folklore studies, depending on the territory of existence, there are three traditions of narrative: Central, Viluysk and Northern. In modern science, the phenomenon of stable regional features of the plot motives of the Yakut olonkho is still relevant. The article is based on the comparative-typological study of the Northern olonkho on the material of the legends of the four Northern districts (ulus) in order to identify stable northern regional traditions in motives and establish ways and means for their transformation. The theoretical substantiation of the research is the works of folklorists on the stability of the main plot of the oral tradition (A. Lord), about a single type (with possible internal subdivisions into subtypes) of epic singers of each ethnic tradition (B.N. Putilov), about the originally creative epic beginning (Parry and A. Lord), on the influence of the improvisation of the narrator on the geographical location of folklore (V.M. Zhirmunsky), on the motive as a plot-forming element (B.N. Putilov), on the uniformity of constructing the main constituent element of the works of the oral people creativity V.Ya. Propp), regional and local traditions of the Yakut narrative (V.V. Illarionov, T.V. Illarionova, A.A. Kuzmina, G.S. Popova, G.A. Sosina), the features of the Evenk and Evenki epos (A.A. Burykin), about typical places for the epic of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Siberia (E.N. Kuzmina). As a result of the study, stable epic motives of the Northern olonkho are determined, some conclusions of Yakut researchers are expanded on its features, the position about the existence of a stable northern tradition is confirmed, the assumption is suggested of the mutual influence of the traditions of the Northern olonkho and the epic traditions of the Even and Evenki eposes.

The Representation of the Epic Time Concept in Yakut Olonkho and Turkic-Mongolian Epics of Siberia: Structural Models

The relevance of this article is justified by the increasing interest in studying epic texts; in this regard, the problem of conceptual structure still requires some insight. The present study discusses a novel topic in which fixed formulas of epic TIME serve as the object of cognitive analysis. These fixed formulas have not yet been studied from the point of the EPIC TIME concept. The purpose of this research is to single out the concept structure of EPIC TIME in Yakut olonkho and Turkic-Mongolian epics of Siberia and to compare their universal and national features. The following sources served as the basis for the analysis: three olonkho texts, which represent the main regions where the Yakut epics take place and A Guide of Typical Heroic Epic Locations of the Peoples of Siberia by E.N. Kuzmina. The study of the concept structure of EPIC TIME was achieved using the method of singling out lexicographic definitions of the epic formula components in the macro-context. Implementing the method of structural modeling in the research, models of concept structures which form the basis of the epic TIME semantic formulas were singled out. The temporal concept structure is based on the rhythmic and syntactic parallelisms and literal repetitions in the epic TIME formulas. The correlation of rhythmic and syntactic parallelisms and literal repetitions helps to explain the aspects of epic TIME. The singled out concept structures are further compared using the concept analysis method. Having analyzed the definition to the concept of EPIC TIME in Yakut olonkho and Turkic-Mongolian epics of Siberia, it became apparent that there is a convergence between the two epics on the grammatical level of analysis. However, there are also instances of implicit differences in the analyzed concepts. These instances are located in the deep structure of the concepts. First of all, TIME measurement units do not coincide with each other; secondly, the initial storyline points and the directiveness of the EPIC TIME do not match; thirdly, the secondary and indirect attributes, which assist in positioning the EPIC TIME, do not coincide.

Рецепция и трансформация фольклорных сюжетов коренных народов Сибири в сказках А. Ремизова

Рецепция и трансформация фольклорных сюжетов коренных народов Сибири в сказках А. Ремизова

ポスト・ソ連時代におけるシベリア先住民の狩猟( シベリア研究の課題と現在)

ポスト・ソ連時代におけるシベリア先住民の狩猟( シベリア研究の課題と現在)

Этнические образы народов Сибири в романе Алексея Иванова «Тобол»

Этнические образы народов Сибири в романе Алексея Иванова «Тобол»

Resettlement and Adaptation of Asian Tribes on the Territory of Northern Eurasia

The earliest evidence of human presence in the Far North of Asia refers to the Upper Paleolithic, when the climate changes, caused by global warming of the Atlantic climate period, opened for the inhabitants of the southern territories way to the North. The warm period allowed the ancient man to move up to the subarctic zone, but where were the initial migration areas? Science does not yet have unequivocal information, only rare findings allow us to construct some working hypotheses. Our hypothesis is based on possible connections between the modern indigenous population of the North of Eurasia and the peoples of southern China and South-East Asia. It has been established that the Ob-Irtysh anthropological type of the West Siberian race can indeed have roots in Southeast Asia. The ornaments of the North demonstrate clear links with the ethnographical samples from Japan, southern China, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia. The inhabitants of the taiga zone of Northern Asia were primarily hunters, not farmers, so analogies should be sought not in agricultural areas, but in regions with similar type of economy, in the mountains inhabited by small nations, self-isolated for thousands years, who preserved ancient features of their culture. Over the past millenniums, the agricultural civilization gradually erased the traits of hunters and gatherers, but some grains of relict features preserved in the cultures of small nations and they could indicate the objectivity of the ideas about the formation of the Paleo-Asiatic tribes of northern Eurasia in Southeast Asia. Ethnogenesis of Asian peoples of Siberia is an important question that requires serious interdisciplinary archaeological and ethnographic research. At present, the problems of ethnogenesis of Asian peoples of the Far North can be solved only by complex and interdisciplinary methods and on a broad chronological and territorial background. The existing materials allow only formulating the problem and outlining directions for research in the long-term perspective.

«Инородческий вопрос» в Сибири в XIX – начале XX в. в работах Л. М. Дамешека

«Инородческий вопрос» в Сибири в XIX – начале XX в. в работах Л. М. Дамешека

О заседании круглого стола VI международного конкурса «Сибириада» (9 декабря 2017 года, г. Мыски, Кемеровской области)

The results of the “round table” held on December 9, 2017 in Myski, Kemerovo region within the framework of the VI International Competition “Sibiriada” are presented. The round table was devoted to actual problems of protection of traditional culture, genres of musical creativity (song, instrumental), and also production of national musical instruments of indigenous peoples of the Sayano-Altay uplands and southern Siberia on the basis of modern technologies. The problem of grant support for research and projects aimed at the preservation of traditional cultures in national cultural centers, the study of unexplored issues of the history of indigenous peoples of Siberia was also discussed.

Продвижение русского языка в евразийское пространство через культуру и образ жизни народов Сибири

Продвижение русского языка в евразийское пространство через культуру и образ жизни народов Сибири

Chronology and environments of the Pleistocene peopling of North Asia

The Pleistocene peopling of North Asia was a complex evolutionary process controlled by interactions of climates and environments determining the spatial-temporal dynamics of migrations and specific forms of natural adaptations of early humans. The Quaternary geology, palaeoecology and geoarchaeology records uncovered at the investigated occupation sites document an ancient intermittent presence of people in Siberia and the Russian Far East. The earliest homini dispersal into this vast territory is evidenced by rudimentary flaked cobble-flake stone industries associated with the Early(?) and Middle Pleistocene fossiliferous alluvia in the major Siberian (Ob, Yenisei and Lena) basins. More diagnostic and broadly distributed Middle Palaeolithic cultural complexes (time-equivalent to MIS 12–4), often associated with humanly articulated fossil fauna skeletal remains, represent the pre-modern (Neanderthal/early Homo sapiens) traditions characterized by the Levallois prepared-core technology. The biotically productive Last Interglacial (MIS 5e–c) parkland ecosystems preconditioned the documented site density increase and promoted human geographic expansion into the sub-Arctic regions. During the cold and hyper-arid early Last Glacial (MIS 4), most of the land was likely vacated except for the presumed natural refugia in the Alta-Sayan foothills. The subsequent interstadial (MIS 3) warming facilitated colonization of the Siberian Arctic by the late Middle (Neanderthal?) and the progressive Upper Palaeolithic people. Following the Last Glacial Maximum (24–19ka BP), most of North Asia was re-settled by dispersed and the regionally heterogeneous Final Palaeolithic groups adapted to the mosaic post-glacial ecosystems replacing the disappearing and biotically most productive periglacial tundra-steppe. Mapping the Pleistocene climate history and the associated environmental transformations in the boreal and (sub)polar regions in northern Asia has a principal bearing to elucidation of the initial human migrations to the American continent.

ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ: ЕСТЬ ЛИ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВА?

The article suggests a re-evaluation of theoretical and practical application of tolerance in its contemporary European-American understanding as a concealed expansion of spiritual values, extraneous to Russian mentality. One of the conduits of this tolerance, propagating “western values” and alien to Russian peoples, is satirical comedy shows on Russian television, where a Russian person is depicted as a primitive brute. We examine the history of various understanding of cultural values between Russian people and western countries. Fundamental traditional moral and ethical values and cultural experience of Russian peoples are considered to be top priority in cultural development. For this reason, the author suggests establishing learning and teaching and academic centres and departments to study, preserve and actualize traditional cultures of native peoples of Siberia, the Far North and the Far East, as well as to research and regenerate Russian traditional culture.

«Певец, отправляющийся в путь»: к вопросу о «шаманских» истоках певческой и сказительской традиций индоевропейцев и народов Сибири

«Певец, отправляющийся в путь»: к вопросу о «шаманских» истоках певческой и сказительской традиций индоевропейцев и народов Сибири

Основные научные принципы публикации фольклорных произведений (на материале томов серии «Памятники фольклора народов Сибири и Дальнего Востока»)

Основные научные принципы публикации фольклорных произведений (на материале томов серии «Памятники фольклора народов Сибири и Дальнего Востока»)

Семантика оригинала и перевода в поэзии народов Сибири

Семантика оригинала и перевода в поэзии народов Сибири

Популяционная история коренного населения Сибири: опыт интеграции антропологических и генетических данных

Популяционная история коренного населения Сибири: опыт интеграции антропологических и генетических данных