Spaniards Research Articles

El hedor en la Nueva España: sensibilidad olfativa ante el fenómeno de la otredad (siglo xvi)

Objective/Context: This article aims to analyze the olfactory descriptions of blood, the Indigenous, and their idols in sacrificial narratives in four early modern American sources (sixteenth century): Letters of Relation by Hernán Cortés, The Vision of the Defeated by Miguel León Portilla, General History of the Things of New Spain by Bernardino de Sahagún, and the inquisitorial process of the cacique of Texcoco. Methodology: Cultural history as a methodology allows examining the olfactory perception of stench as part of the narration of the body and Indigenous religious rituals during the Conquest. This approach helps to identify the discourses or representations about the Indigenous in the established period and to outline an interpretative matrix that combines the analysis of cultural elements with odorant perceptions. Originality: The study’s relevance lies in analyzing how odor affects the recognition and dominance of the Indigenous society. Odorant perception reveals the plurality of olfactory sensitivities as part of social relations. In this way, we study how the stench or the olfactory disdain toward the Indigenous sacrificial practices described in the chronicles contributed to the moral and sensory classification that justified the inequality between peninsular Spaniards and Indigenous people. Conclusions: Stench and fragrance can be read as control devices that legitimize the violence of the Conquest and the various debates surrounding American bodily aesthetics.

El romance en boca del pueblo: autoría colectiva según Ferdinand Wolf

Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, an esthetic revolution awakened a new interest in traditional poetry, which was considered the depositary of the Volksgeist and the most faithful representation of the national character. This paper raises the possibility of using the concept of author function to prove the high coherence with which German Hispanism, and in particular Ferdinand Wolf, considered the people of Spain as the authorial subject of Spanish romances. To do so, I will review the increasing interest in folk poetry since the 1750s contextualizing it within the new processes of the creation of national identities and Europe’s special attraction to the Spanish case. Secondly, I will connect this revival to both new esthetic sensibilities that revolutionized the concept of authorship, such as expressive theories, and the creation of a collective subject (das Volk) as the origin of romances. I will analyze this collective subject as a potential author function. Finally, I will compare this against Wolf’s thesis on the Spanish Romancero.

Body Composition and Metabolic Status of Italian and Spanish University Students: Relationship with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption.

Most university students do not follow recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake, with a consequent increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The aim of this study was to compare obesity prevalence and biomarkers of metabolic status between Italian and Spanish university students, in relation with the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Food consumption, adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), level of physical activity (PA), blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and ketones, blood pressure, and body composition were evaluated. Among CVD risk factors, only glucose was significantly higher in Spaniards (SP), and only 3.1% of SP presented ketosis. SP had a higher percentage of energy from fat. Although adherence to MD and fruit and vegetable consumption did not differ between Italians and SP, students who consumed at least four servings of fruit and vegetables (FV group) showed better values for pressure and metabolic parameters than the no FV group. We observed an association between consumption of fruit and PA. Students who consumed more vegetables than fruit reported a better body composition profile and lower glucose concentrations. As previously suggested, in addition to PA, two servings of fruit and three servings of vegetables per day should be recommended.

Mykhailo Bernov as a Pioneer of Hiking Tourism: Travel through Spain and Algeria (Part I. Spain. November 1893 — February 1894)

This article considers the formation of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe in the late 19th century. Its socio-cultural context is also defined. Particular attention is paid to the person of Mykhailo Bernov as one of the founders of hiking in the Russian Empire and Europe and his multifaceted activities in the development of communication between peoples, social actualization of knowledge about the world. Biography, information about popularization activity and publishing activity of Mykhailo Bernov are also given.In the first part of this study, the route of Mykhailo Bernov’s journey from France to Spain, and then through Spain, Algeria and the Sahara in 1892–1893, was reconstructed on the basis of his “travel notes” “Spain, Algeria and the Sahara” (St. Petersburg, 1899) and periodical data.Mykhailo Bernov left detailed descriptions of nature, countryside and major cities of Spain, monuments of history, culture and art, accompanied by historical excursions, interpretation of their own names. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of Spanish opera and theatrical life.It is concluded that sincere interest and respect for local traditions, thorough general training allowed Mykhailo Bernov to create in his notes a broad and colourful canvas of life of the country and people of Spain in the late 19th century, to capture the features of national culture and character. Bernov’s “travel notes” are based on direct communication with the Spanish common people, representatives of the elite and the administration, acquaintance with folk culture, examples of high art and literature. In his notes he makes comparisons of Spanish people with other nations. Bernov tried to understand Spain and its people, sought common socio-cultural features and values, and explained the features of “otherness” by nature, religion, state foundations, the course of history, and so on.Mykhailo Bernov’s notes on his travels in Spain as a source, in our opinion, contain a lot of useful and interesting information for researchers on the history of hiking, monuments, archaeology, ethnography, etc.

Outsiders on the Inside: Mestizaje and the Economics of Colonial Desire in Sinibaldo de Mas and Francisco de Paula Entrala

Throughout the last twenty-five years of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, Spaniards published essays and fiction that echoed the view that the colonial project was doomed to failure, clearly expressed in Sinibaldo de Mas’s 1843 Informe secreto (Secret Report). Less attention is paid to nineteenth-century works by peninsulares that mirrored Mas’s alternative plan preparing for Philippine “emancipation” and economically incentivizing mestizaje. Among these were the fiction and essays of the self-described “aplatanado” Francisco de Paula Entrala, which suggested that any failure of mestizaje as a normalizing colonial project was due to the shortcomings of the peninsular Spaniards themselves. In his 1881 Olvidos de Filipinas (Philippines Forgotten), Entrala’s rhetorical shifts simultaneously grant him the authority of an insider to Manila culture and acknowledge his position as colonial outsider; while in his 1875 “El rostro y el alma” (“The Face and the Soul”), he plays with the conventions of romantic narrative and of costumbrismo to portray mestizaje as the economic salvation of the would-be colonizers and a “happy ending” to failed Spanish imperialism.

La lucha de los antiguos trabajadores forzados españoles del III Reich por ser reconocidos como víctimas del nazismo (1956-1972)

El artículo se ocupa de un capítulo poco conocido del exilio de la Guerra Civil: el combate que miles de españoles forzados a trabajar para los alemanes durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial libraron años más tarde para lograr una indemnización de la RFA como víctimas del nazismo. Comienza trazando las líneas maestras de la historia de los trabajadores forzados españoles en la Europa de Hitler. Prosigue con una somera descripción de la política de indemnización a las víctimas del III Reich impulsada por el gobierno de Konrad Adenauer. Por último, disecciona, en base a documentación primaria, el largo y complejo proceso administrativo y judicial que acabó llevando a aquellos republicanos españoles a ser reconocidos, del mismo modo que sus compañeros deportados a Mauthausen, como perseguidos por el nazismo y obtener así una indemnización alemana.

Abastecimiento de productos básicos a Zacatecas durante los siglos XVI y XVII

<p>Este artículo trata sobre los desafíos que conllevó el abasto de productos básicos a Zacatecas. Específicamente explica la conformación de regiones abastecedoras de granos, productos básicos y la organización del comercio en este real de minas novohispano que marcaría las nuevas rutas exploratorias de los peninsulares al septentrión y un nuevo derrotero económico con la consolidación de la minería como eje de la economía novohispana. Una pieza fundamental en la regularización del comercio fue el cabildo de la ciudad.</p>

El altepetl nahua como paisaje: un modelo geográfico para la Nueva España y el México Independiente

Altepetl fue el concepto que, en idioma náhuatl, significó la relación entre las comunidades indígenas y su entorno vital antes de la conquista española. Este artículo sintetiza en un modelo las características de este concepto fundamental no sólo para entender la historia de los pueblos de origen mesoamericano sino sobre todo su geografía a escala local. Altepetl refiere al mismo tiempo a la gente y a un territorio soberano con todos los recursos de los que se puede disponer en él. Durante la época colonial los españoles negociaron ese concepto permitiendo que muchas prácticas tradicionales continuaran y en la época del México independiente aún es posible detectar continuidades. Este modelo de larga duración deriva del estudio de una serie de casos específicos del México central en los que se hizo tanto trabajo de campo como análisis etnohistórico y propone el uso del concepto paisaje para hacerlo más inteligible a la hora de implementar políticas públicas que favorezcan a las comunidades.

La Educación sentimental en el pensamiento de Julián Marías. Una reflexión en el contexto colombiano

La educación sentimental es uno de los núcleos importantes de reflexión del pensamiento del filósofo español Julián Marías Aguilera y corresponde a una visión antropológica personalista. La educación sentimental es el núcleo donde se encuentra la raíz de todos los demás aspectos vitales. Este artículo pretende analizar la visión antropológica de la filosofía de Julián Marías, específicamente en la obra La educación sentimental, y pensar a la persona como una criatura amorosa. Volver sobre los sentimientos en la persona contribuirá a rescatar una de las dimensiones más olvidadas y desplazadas por la cultura intelectual, de tal manera que esta investigación destaca el valor de una antropología filosófica que, al haber sido pensada y expresada en español, tiene unas posibilidades humanas que no han sido desarrolladas por otras lenguas en las que se ha hecho filosofía hasta el siglo XX, con posibilidades de aplicación en el posconflicto colombiano.

Wallenstein, Dinastía Vasa y armada hispano-polaca en el Mar Báltico, 1628-1632

El texto se refiere al análisis de los objetivos políticos de España, Polonia y el emperador romano en el Mar Báltico entre los años 1628 y 1629 y de los métodos usados por ellos. La descripción de la construcción de la armada española en el Mar Báltico, los problemas a los que los españoles se enfrentaban y, finalmente, la formación de la armada conjunta español-polaca en Wismar en febrero de 1629 forman también una parte integral del estudio.

«Eurocommunism» and the split of the Communist movement in Spain

In the period post Franco were created more favorable conditions for left parties, first of all for Communist party. However, «eurocommunists» leadership of the Communist party of Spain (KPI) led her to a deep crisis. The creation in January 1984 of the new Communist party of the people of Spain (PCPE), despite the difficulties of institutional development, the complicated financial situation, lack of personnel, became a significant factor in the national political field. After many years of political and ideological disarmament of the left forces in Spain appeared a party, acting with genuine class positions. At the same time, PCPE played the role of catalyst of processes oriented to shift to the left axis of the political life of the country. However, the current situation in the Spanish communist movement, the whole objective situation in Spain dictated the need for the unification of the communists. That goal was answered by the creation of a left electoral coalition «United left».

The Determinants of Spaniards? Satisfaction with Public Services and Benefits: a Sociology of Taxation Approach with Microdata

Este trabajo analiza empiricamente los determinantes de la satisfaccion de los espanoles con el conjunto de prestaciones y servicios publicos. Con base en Teoria de la desconfirmacion de expectativas y los desarrollos de la ciencia politica, desde el punto de vista teorico se detalla los factores que modulan la satisfaccion de los ciudadanos con los bienes y servicios. Novedosamente, se amplia el concepto de satisfaccion para incluir dentro de el la perspectiva tributaria. Acto seguido, con los datos contenidos en la matriz “Barometro Fiscal IEF 2003-2014” se plantea una aplicacion empirica sobre el caso espa- nol para el periodo 2003-2014. Los resultados obtenidos confirman las predicciones teoricas.

Algunas reflexiones sobre el significado de Hernán Cortés a finales del Antiguo Régimen: Discursos de poder, identidad y usos de la historia

This article aims to reflect on the construction of identities about the conqueror Hernan Cortes in the Late Eighteenth Century. It deals with the different channels which were used to transmit his image and to build the myth of Cortes. This approach allows us to pay attention to the connections and relationships between the individual and the collective scopes. It focuses on how the interests of different historical actors (peninsular Spaniards) were projected on Cortes as a symbol of the modern subject. The political uses of Cortes and his historical uniqueness allow us to establish connections between the national question, colonialism, the production of discourses of power and the transmission of fundamental values of the Western tradition like progress, reason and civilization.

Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, The Horror on the Danube by David Wingate Pike

Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, The Horror on the Danube by David Wingate Pike

El Nuevo Mundo desde Europa y para los europeos = The New World from Europe and for the Europeans

Es dificil calibrar en el pensamiento de los europeos de la modernidad temprana, la importancia del impacto producido por el conocimiento de un continente desconocido hasta entonces, poblado por especies vegetales y animales que no hallan parangon con las que integraban el acervo de sus conocimientos, y por seres humanos con culturas y patrimonios materiales no asimilables a lo conocido por aquellos hasta entonces. Los espanoles, vanguardia del avance europeo, enfrentaron en el siglo XVI el horizonte ampliado de sus experiencias con las mismas armas materiales e intelectuales que les habian servido hasta 1492 para integrarse a la Europa renacentista. Las historiografias europeas y americanas hasta el siglo XX ponen de manifiesto el exito con que los peninsulares —espanoles y portugueses— lograron imponer su dominio con la construccion de inmensos territorios coloniales. America fue concebida en los proyectos politicos de los europeos y en especial de los espanoles, en primer lugar, como instrumento para solucionar los problemas demograficos, economicos, religiosos y sociales del Viejo Continente. La Monarquia Hispanica de Tomas Campanella exhibe un efecto posible de tal experiencia. Testigo del momento de la ampliacion del mundo conocido por los europeos, concibe un proyecto que escapa al espacio del Mediterraneo integrando al Nuevo Mundo en el Imperio Hispanico, pero no escapa a los efectos de una perspectiva eurocentrica. En tal proyecto, y de manera correlativa, America y los indios americanos tienen un papel pasivo y marginal. It is hard to measure the importance of the impact produced by the knowledge of a hitherto unknown continent in the thinking of early modern Europeans. This land, populated by plants and animals that find no comparison with those that made the stock of their knowledge, and by human beings with cultures and material heritages not comparable to those hitherto known. The Spaniards were the forefront of European progress in the newly discovered lands in the sixteenth century. They had to face the expanded horizon of their experiences with the same material and intellectual weapons that had served them until 1492 to join Renaissance Europe. European and American historiography until the twentieth century show the success with which the Spaniards and Portuguese managed to impose their rule constructing vast colonial territories. America was conceived in political projects of European and especially Spanish, first, as a tool to solve the demographic, economic, religious and social problems of the Old Continent. The Spanish Monarchy of Thomas Campanella exhibits a possible effect of such experience. Witness of the expansion of the known world by Europeans, conceived a project that goes beyond the Mediterranean space integrating the New World in the Hispanic Empire, but not immune to the effects of an eurocentric perspective. In this project, and correlatively, American Indians have a passive and marginal role.

Savage Madonnas: ’La mujer filipina’ in the Nineteenth-Century Colonialist Imaginary

Abstract The fiction of a national Spanish "family" that embraced the inhabitants of its "overseas provinces" was promulgated insistently in nineteenth-century colonial discourse. The fragility of this fiction was demonstrated dramatically in writings about the Philippines by peninsular Spaniards, as they tried to reconcile the profound cultural, linguistic, and ethnic heterogeneity of the archipelago with the notion of biological and cultural filiation. In his 1886 painting España y Filipinas, the Philippine reformist artist Juan Luna allegorically portrayed Spain and the Philippines as matron and racialized adolescent, suggesting that the Philippines’ future depended on its mestizo population. In the same year, Faustina Sáez de Melgar imagined both the Philippines and the Americas as "nuestras hijas" in her anthology of costumbrismo sketches, Las mujeres españolas, americanas y lusitanas pintadas por sí mismas. The volume’s title evoked a fantasy of feminine agency belied by the fact that virtually none of the sketches were written by a member of the "type" portrayed; and that the volume was illustrated not by a woman but by Eusebio Planas, known for his eroticized sketches of women. Josefa Estévez, a peninsular Spaniard, contributed the essay on "La filipina," in which she distinguished sharply between the Christianized populations of the archipelago and the non-Christianized "salvajes." Rather than contributing an ethnographic study of the "savage" tribes, Estévez represented this "tipo" through two narratives of sexual brutality and conquest. Both narratives suggested that the social structure of the non-Christianized colonial Philippine populations was not only untenable but unimaginable: the only moral compass available to these populations was to be found in female instincts of maternity and heterosexual love, which were ineffective against the uncontrolled instincts of lust and rage that guided both native and Spanish male characters. Estévez’s conventional invocation of the power of Christianization rings hollow in the face of her portrayal of the sexual opportunism, abuse and abandonment suffered by the native woman at the hands of the putative father of the colonial family. Ultimately, in both Estévez’s text and Planas’s illustrations, "civilization" through mestizaje in the Philippines is portrayed as impossible.

Return to Aztlan: Indians, Spaniards, and the Invention of Nuevo México by Danna A. Levin Rojo (review)

Return to Aztlan: Indians, Spaniards, and the Invention of Nuevo México by Danna A. Levin Rojo (review)

Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest - by Scolieri, Paul A.

Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest - by Scolieri, Paul A.

Regeneracionismo y costumbrismo: los nuevos Españoles pintados por sí mismos del semanario España

Se analiza en este artículo la colección costumbrista de Los españoles pintados por sí mismos que el semanario novecentista España fundado por Ortega y Gasset ofreció a lo largo de su primer año de existencia, 1915. El análisis de los veintidós nuevos tipos de españoles pintados por veintiún prestigiosos escritores, los pone en relación con las ideas regeneracionistas aparecidas en numerosos artículos de la revista Alma española en los años 1903 y 1904.

Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest by Paul A Scolieri (review)

Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest by Paul A Scolieri (review)