Penetration Theory Research Articles

An examination of relational maintenance and dissolution through social networking sites

While significant research exists highlighting the role of impression management and disclosure online as it relates to the development of relationships, more work is needed to explore how relational transgressions can affect the maintenance of various ties within one's social network. Drawing on the evaluation and forecasting components of social penetration theory (SPT), this research seeks to extend SPT to online communication by investigating how relationships are potentially dissolved through social networking sites (SNSs). This study used a survey and multi-level modeling (N = 312, cases = 3062) to examine reasons why a user may terminate or hide a relationship on their social network. Results suggest that in weighing the rewards and costs of a relationship most users heavily favor taking no action in the face of an infraction online (e.g., oversharing) rather than unfriending or unfollowing. However, strength of tie, how regularly someone uses SNSs, the size of the social network, and site used each influenced the decision to unfriend or hide.

Theoretical considerations on cavity diameters and penetration depths of concrete materials generated by shaped charge jets using the targets response modes described by a modified HJC model

The traditional dynamic cavity expansion theory generally deals with the problem of penetrator penetration into targets at lower velocity, which is considered that the materials near the penetrator/target interface are in the plastic state. For shaped charge jets penetration, the concrete materials in a certain distance away from the jet/target interface are in the fluid state. Thus, the radial stress at the cavity surface derived from the dynamic cavity expansion theory cannot be directly applied as the target resistance. The current paper aims to establish a theoretical model for shaped charge jets penetration into concrete targets based on the cavity expansion idea, assuming that the cavity expansion stress is the stress at the flow/fully dense interface. Firstly, the hydrostatic pressure-volume strain relationship described by the HJC concrete constitutive model was analyzed; result indicated that four response regions were produced when concrete subjected to load: the elastic region, the cracked region, the plastic-like (the “plastic” behavior of concrete is named as “plastic-like” since the behavior has nothing to do with the dislocation movement of metals that reflects the plastic behavior) transitional region and the fully dense region. The HJC yield surface equation was then modified by discussing the elastic-cracked-transitional-fully dense response in front of the flow/fully dense interface. With the changing particle velocity at the flow/fully dense interface, it showed that another three response modes were produced in front of the flow/fully dense interface, i.e., the elastic-transitional-fully dense response, the elastic-fully dense response, and the fully dense response. The applications of the equations of state in different response modes were analyzed. Secondly, the calculation model of the radial stress at the flow/fully dense interface was proposed based on the modified HJC model. Thirdly, the shaped charge jets penetration theories were analyzed. In the end, the depth of penetration (DOP) experiments for three different shaped charges into C200 reactive powder concrete (RPC) targets were carried out to verify the theoretical model. Results showed that the cavity diameters and penetration depths predicted by the elastic-cracked-transitional-fully dense response, the elastic-transitional-fully dense response and the elastic-fully dense response exhibited good agreement with the experimental data, whereas that by the fully dense response existed relatively large errors comparing with the other three response modes.

Social Media Networks And SME Performance In The International Arena: A Case Of SMEs Operating In Kamukunji Area of Nairobi County, Kenya

The Internet has significantly changed the world and so has social media. Social media has offered a free for all stage for using social network and friends to create awareness and SMEs can leverage on this and advance their business in the international arena. The general objective of the study was to analyze the effect of social media networks on SME performance in the International Arena, with special focus on those operating in Kamukunji area of Nairobi County, Kenya. The study aimed to achieve the following specific objectives; to assess the influence of use of social media networks in customer relations on SMEs Performance in the International Arena and to analyze the influence of use of social media networks while sourcing for inputs on SMEs Performance in the International Arena. Theories underpinning this study included Social Exchange Theory and Social Penetration Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population of this study comprised of 838 SME firms operating at Kamukunji in Nairobi County. Since the study population was large, the study considered 10% of the population. The researcher interviewed 84 respondents from the shops selected using stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to obtain important information about the population. Data collected was both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Descriptive statistical tools helped the researcher to describe the data and determine the extent used. Analysis was done quantitatively and qualitatively by use of descriptive statistics. This included percentages, mean and standard deviation which were presented using tables and charts to give a clear picture of the research findings. Results showed that social media platforms have the potential to promote customer relations as well as to source for inputs. Utilization of social media platforms was found to have enhanced SMEs performance in the International Arena to a great extent. The study concluded that customer relations and sourcing for inputs all have significant effects on SMEs performance in the International Arena. The study recommended that in order to promote SMEs performance in global arena, SMEs must invest in building stronger customer relationships especially through utilization of social media platforms Further SMEs should seek to learn and adopt social media tools that provide an opportunity for growth of the business through increased sales, profits and providing employment for Kenyans.

The Authenticity of the Others: How Teammates’ Authenticity Relates to Our Well-Being

Although prior research has linked being authentic to individual well-being, little is known about authenticity’s external effects, that is, whether being around those who are authentic is good or bad for us. Integrating authenticity research and social penetration theory, we propose that others’ authenticity facilitates a number of positive intra- and interpersonal processes. Using a sample of 715 employees nested in 109 teams working for a nonprofit organization, we found that teammate authenticity relates positively to focal employees’ work engagement and negatively to their emotional exhaustion. While teammate authenticity explained incremental validity in both outcomes beyond the focal employee’s self-authenticity, it did not moderate the link from self-authenticity to well-being. Thus, instead of further facilitating beneficial intra-individual processes, being around authentic teammates seems to trigger distinct beneficial (social) processes that are neglected when focusing merely on the authenticity of the individual employee.

Kinetic Study on Alloying Element Transfer During an Electroslag Remelting Process

Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of slag on the alloying elements in ingots during the electroslag remelting (ESR) process with a focus on developing a mass-transfer model to understand the mechanism of slag-metal reaction. Stainless steel 1Cr21Ni5Ti was used as the electrode and remelted with two different kinds of slags using a 50-kg ESR furnace. The contents of sulfur, aluminum, titanium and silicon along the axial direction of the produced ingots were analyzed. On the basis of the penetration and film theories, the theoretical model developed in this work elucidates the kinetics of the slag-metal reaction revealing the mechanism of alloying element transfer during the ESR process. The calculation results obtained from the model agree well with the experimental results. The model indicates that the resultant [O] coming from the desulfurization reaction of (O2−) + [S] = (S2−) + [O] causes the oxidation of alloying elements in steel by [M] + [O] = (MO). The distribution ratio of sulfur LS decreases with the increase of slag temperature in the first slag-temperature-rising period, and the concentration of sulfur in the ingot at the beginning of the ESR process is lower than in the rest of the process because of the combination of the large distribution ratio of sulfur LS and excellent kinetic conditions. The concentration of aluminum along the height of the ingot has an increasing trend in the first slag-temperature-rising period, while it has a decreasing trend in the rest of the process. Two methods can solve this problem: one is starting up the ESR furnace by high temperature molten slag technology and the other is continually adding extra titania into the molten slag in the first slag-temperature-rising period.

Fully informed? A methodology for assessing covert informant coverage in policing and law enforcement

The use of covert informants has become a mainstay of contemporary policing in the United Kingdom as police, security and enforcement agencies tackle a range of crimes. Within such agencies, the need to understand the extent to which covert informants can provide information on issues of interest has become essential to effective practice. Drawing upon social penetration theory, this article proposes a new methodology to support police and law enforcement agencies in systematically mapping the breadth and depth of informant coverage. The future testing of such a methodology in practice will represent a critical area for further development and debate.

Coarse grained parallel quantum genetic algorithm for reconfiguration and service restoration of electric power networks

In this paper, a Coarse Grained Parallel Quantum Genetic Algorithm (CGPQGA) is proposed to solve the network reconfiguration and restoration problems in distribution networks with the objective of reducing network losses, balancing load and improving the quality of voltage in the system. Based on t he parallel evolutionary concept and the insights of quantum theory, a model of parallel quantum computation was simulated. In this frame, there are some demes (sub-populations) and some universes (groups of populations), which are structured in super star-shaped topologies. A new migration scheme based on penetration theory is developed to control both the migration rate and direction adaptively between demes and a coarse grained quantum crossover strategy is devised among universes. The proposed approach is tested on 33-bus distribution networks in two cases the first case without distributed generators and the second case with distributed generators, with the aim of minimizing the losses of reconfigured network, and minimize number of operated switches, deviation of bus voltages, and loading of transformer (power loss) where the choice of the switches to be opened is based on the calculation of voltages at the system buses, real and reactive power flow through lines, real power losses and voltage deviations, using distribution load flow (DLF) program. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in solving the current challenges in this phase.

Analysis of the Effect of Service Communication Quality of UP3 PT PLN (Persero) Ampenan Area Toward Postpaid Customer Satisfaction in Mataram City

This study aims to examine the effect of service communication quality of UP3 PT PLN (Persero) Ampenan Area with indicators of Clear, Responsive, Polite, Solutive, Ready, Empathy, Gesture, Listen, and Honest, on postpaid customer satisfaction in Mataram City with indicators of Needs and Expectations . The theories used in this study are Stimulus-Response communication theory, Social Penetration theory, and Social Exchange theory. This research is a correlational quantitative study. Data collection is done using survey techniques and interviews. The population of this study is that all residents of Mataram City use postpaid electricity, while the respondents in this study amounted to 100 people who were selected using Purposive Sampling and Non probability Sampling techniques. Data analysis of this study was carried out by categorizing data into high, medium, low using Microsoft Excel programs, then tested the validity, reliability test, Spearman rank correlation test and regression test using the SPSS program. The results of this study indicate that there is a strong or significant relationship between the quality of service communication on customer satisfaction, and customer satisfaction by 37.5% influenced by the quality of service communication. In addition, the type of relationship formed is a unidirectional relationship, meaning that if the quality of service communication increases, it will increase customer satisfaction. Keywords: Service Communication; PT PLN (Persero) Ampenan; Postpaid Customer Satisfaction

A numerical study on heat transfer enhancement via mechanical aids

The work deals with an experimental and numerical analysis on disturbed thermal boundary layer obtained in a heat exchanger by two rotating blades (scrapers). A three-dimensional numerical model of unsteady forced convection in an analyzed device is proposed and taken into consideration. The model allows for the transient nature of the processes occurring in a very efficient in terms of heat transfer the Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (SSHE) and the impacts on the body forces such as gravity, centrifugal and Coriolis forces on processes. In order to validate the model, a specially constructed experimental test stand was designed and manufactured. The series of experiments for the Reynolds number equal to 1100 and the Nusselt number in the range of 10–25 were performed and compared with numerical results achieving satisfactory agreement, with the error smaller than 5% for temperature and 9% for the heat flux values. The set of governing equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy was solved within the framework of the Finite Volume Method (FVM). The movement of the scrapers was incorporated into the model with the use of the Sliding Mesh Method (SMM). The distributions of temperature and velocity were elaborated and scrutinized. It was found that in the analyzed flow regime, the gap width between the stator wall and the scraping blade tip highly affects the Nusselt number. Moreover, the numerical results were compared with other mathematical models available in the literature and the discrepancy between the conventionally used model based on penetration theory was found.

Kinetics of Phosphorus Transfer during Industrial Electroslag Remelting of G20CrNi2Mo Bearing Steel

Phosphorus is undesirable in steel for it greatly decreases ductility and causes embrittlement in most cases. The kinetic behavior of phosphorus transfer was investigated during electroslag remelting (ESR) of G20CrNi2Mo bearing steel. Four heat treatments were carried out using an industrial furnace with a capacity to refine 2400 kg ingot. It was found the P content in the four ingots were all higher than that in the electrodes, indicating rephosphorization occurs during ESR. A kinetic model based on film and penetration theory was developed to elucidate the variation of phosphorus from metal film to droplet and metal pool. The model indicates that the rate-determining step of phosphorus transfer is at the slag side. Rephosphorization mainly occurs in the metal film and falling droplet. In addition, the effect of P in the slag and electrode, as well as the temperature of the slag pool on the P content in the metal pool were discussed. In order to achieve a low-P ingot of no more than 0.015%, the corresponding maximum P content in slag under the condition of a certain P content in the electrode was proposed.

Exploring Cross-Cultural Self-Disclosure of Women Facebook Users

Anchored on Altman and Taylor’s Social Penetration Theory and Hall’s Iceberg Model of Culture, this study was conducted to explore selfdisclosure among women from two actively involved countries on Facebook, India and the Philippines. This study analyzed the breadth (range of topics) and depth (degree of intimacy) of Facebook self-disclosure and proceeded to compare the two nationalities’ public and private disclosures. The respondents of the study were 3 Filipinas and 3 Indians. The corpora used as data were the respondents’ Facebook profiles, status updates, and transcripts of Messenger interviews. Research questions were answered through qualitative content analysis. Based on the findings of the analysis, the following are concluded: (1) Sharing a wide variety of topics and more intimate levels of information is the main route to social penetration; (2) Selfdisclosure is culturally driven. Although Filipinas and Indians tend to disclose few similar types of information publicly, they still vary on the amount of information divulged. Indians are more restricted than the Filipinas; and (3) What we see in people in social media such as Facebook are just their external cultures. To know more about people’s deep cultures, engaging in communication and building relationships with them are the keys.

Mass transfer from a Taylor bubble to the surrounding flowing liquid at the micro-scale: a numerical approach

Gas–liquid slug flow is characterized by complex and intermittent hydrodynamic features that offer an efficient alternative to promote biofilm control. In the present work, the mechanism of transferring a gaseous solute into a co-current liquid in a micro-scale slug flow system was inspected in detail. Specifically, the gas–liquid mass transfer from an individual Taylor bubble filled with oxygen was numerically studied using CFD techniques. To accurately describe the referred phenomenon, the hydrodynamic and concentration fields were simultaneously solved. Furthermore, the interface capturing based on the VOF methodology was also coupled to this solution approach. Three sub-categories within slug flow pattern were identified based on the flow behavior in the liquid phase: no liquid in recirculation (Case A); closed wake below the bubble tail (Case B); and recirculation ahead and below bubble (Case C). Regarding the solute distribution, in Case A the solute is dispersed only backwards, it accumulates in the closed wake structure in Case B, and it reaches the wall within the film region in Case C. Local and average mass transfer coefficients were also estimated for the different cases. The influence of the two most relevant dimensionless groups (Reynolds and Capillary numbers) was also briefly analyzed. Global mass transfer coefficients results confirmed that the penetration theory can provide reasonable estimations for systems like Case C.

Seeing Others Receive Support Online: Effects of Self-Disclosure and Similarity on Perceived Similarity and Health Behavior Intention

Participation in online support groups leads to improved health. While viewing others’ interactions is one of the major activities in online support groups and lurkers comprise the majority of online support group participants, the literature on how participants benefit from viewing others’ posts and comments is sparse. Building upon the Social Penetration Theory and the narrative persuasion process, this study focused on two key features of online support groups, self-disclosure and similarity. It tested their direct effects on viewers’ perceived similarity with the poster and indirect effects on viewers’ behavior intention through three mediators: perceived similarity, identification, and perceived support availability. A 2 (similarity vs. dissimilarity) by 3 (factual vs. cognitive vs. emotional self-disclosure) online experiment involving 280 overweight adult participants was conducted. Findings showed similarity of health status led to increased level of perceived similarity and moderated the effects of self-disclosure. Self-disclosure and similarity increased dieting intention through increasing perceived similarity, identification, and perceived support availability. This study provides experimental evidence suggesting viewers can benefit from online support groups through a narrative persuasion process.

Mechanisms of anionic surfactant penetration into human skin: Investigating monomer, micelle and submicellar aggregate penetration theories.

Once penetrated into the stratum corneum, anionic surfactants bind to and denature stratum corneum proteins as well as intercalate into and extract intercellular lipids. With repeated exposures, this leads to skin dryness and irritation, compromising barrier function and skin health. The mechanisms of anionic surfactant penetration into the skin, however, are still widely debated. The objective of this study was to evaluate current theories of surfactant penetration into human skin. A test set comprising 15 anionic surfactant systems and one non-ionic surfactant, all having either dodecyl or lauryl alkyl chains, was tested for surfactant penetration into split-thickness human cadaver skin invitro using radiolabelled sodium dodecyl sulphate (14 C-SDS). Select physical properties of these formulations thought to be associated with skin penetration including critical micelle concentration, micelle diameter, filtrate concentration and zeta potential were also measured. 14 C-SDS penetration into human cadaver skin from surfactant systems invitro was found to correlate well with CMC (R2 =0.34, P<0.05), filtrate concentration (R2 =0.36, P<0.05) and zeta potential (R2 =0.76, P<0.001), but poorly with micelle diameter (R2 =0.12). Furthermore, the latter measure correlated inversely with penetration compared to what would be expected based on the micelle penetration theory. Neither monomer nor micelle penetration theories are sufficient to explain anionic surfactant penetration into human skin. Submicellar (or premicellar) aggregate penetration theory is difficult to defend at relevant surfactant concentrations. We propose a new hypothesis for this mechanism in which short-term penetration is based on monomer concentration and longer term penetration is based on surfactant-induced damage to the skin barrier.

Proses Penetrasi Sosial Antar Pemain Pada Game Mobile Legends

This study discusses the stage of development of social penetration relationship in Mobile Legends game which is seen through three factors of relationship development. The stage of interpersonal relationship development is the stage where two individuals who have not known each other to have an intimate relationship. Mobile Legends is a mobile game that is played in groups and requires interaction to work together. This interaction can be used to build interpersonal relationships. The theory used in this research is Social Penetration Theory. Social Penetration Theory is used to explain how the development of interpersonal relationships between Mobile Legends players. This research uses qualitative approach with constructivist paradigm. This research method is depth interview, observation, and literature study. The study looks at the stage of relationship development through three factors that influence the escalation of relationships, namely the attitude of trust, supportive attitude, and open attitude between players Mobile Legends. Open attitudes, supportive attitudes, and trust among Mobile Legends players have reached the affective exchange stage, that is, they are already open about personal information, romance, and family. Keywords: Developmental Stage of Interpersonal Relationship, Social Penetration Theory, Mobile Legends.

Analytical model of hypervelocity penetration into rock

The results of dynamic compression tests of the rock revealed that the actual working pressure ranged from 5 GPa to 20 GPa when the penetration velocity ranged from 1000 m/s to 4000 m/s. The region is exactly the transition area where the compression state changes from elastoplasticity to hydrodynamics, and the rock is subject to restricted internal friction. Also the region lacks accurate representation in existing penetration theories. A study of the hydrodynamic was performed by using the internal friction theory. Equations were systematically presented which covered and linked up the elastoplasticity-semifluid with internal friction and hydrodynamic pressure. And the essential connections and differences between the penetration of hypervelocity kinetic energy bombs and common penetrating bombs were illuminated. Furthermore the velocity region of hypervelocity was demarcated theoretically, illuminating the transformation of the target medium with the increased penetration velocity from elastoplasticity to semifluid with internal friction and hydrodynamics. The calculations revealed the characteristic phenomenon that the decrease of penetration depth in that the abrasion of the bomb mass and the existence of a limitation depth. In conclusion the formulas to calculate the depth and diameter of the crater were presented.

EXPLORE THE IMPACT OF TOURIST-TO-TOURIST ON TOURISM EXPERIENCE: A SELF-DISCLOSURE PERSPECTIVE

Human beings are intrinsically social. How social interaction among tourists affect their experience remains under-represented. Drawing on S-O-R theory, social integration theory and social penetration theory, this study proposes and empirically tests a conceptual model that integrates self-disclosure, perceived cohesion, perceived intimacy, tourist engagement and tourist satisfaction with the experience. Also, the tie strength is theorized as a moderator in the relationship between self-disclosure and perceived cohesion as well as perceived intimacy. A field experiment was undertaken to collect data. The results from the structural analysis suggest that self-disclosure influences perceived cohesion and perceived intimacy, which in turn influence their engagement and satisfaction with tourism experience. Moreover, the initial tie strength has moderation effect on the relationship between self-disclosure and perceived cohesion as well as perceived intimacy. Overall, findings of this study contributes to the development of tourism experience research from the perspective of tourist-to-tourist interaction, and broadens the research on tourist engagement. Discussions and implications for tourism operators, limitations, and suggestions for future research are also provided.

Emerging organizational parameters and their roles in implementation of organizational change

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate new emerging organizational parameters and their roles in successful change implementation. These organizational parameters are rarely investigated especially in the context of organizational change (OC) in private and public sector organizations.Design/methodology/approachIn cumulative, 403 valid responses have been obtained randomly from public sector workers by using self-administered questionnaires.FindingsThe results reveal that knowledge sharing regarding incremental and radical changes can helpful for effective OC implementation. Findings highlight the significant role of emotional and social intelligence in managing resistance and bringing openness to change in these organizations. It is also found that social media has become an important emerging organizational parameter to foster effective communication and knowledge sharing during OC implementation. Apart from the direct effects, readiness to change has multiple effects coupled with emerging organizational parameters to implement change successfully.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the current study offer diversified implications for theory, practice and global society. The theoretical base is taken from the well-known theories of management (i.e. Lewin’s three-step model, field theory, intelligence theory, cost-effective theory, social exchange theory, social network theory and social penetration theory). Emerging organizational parameters that have a potential impact on effective change implementation are identified. The findings suggest that global organizations should have to initiate effective networking structure using social media applications and social intelligence skills to remain connected and get positive responses about change formulation and implementation decision.Originality/valueA majority of studies have presented the research model on OC implementation in the context of developed countries, which form 30 percent of the world’s population, mostly the Americas and Europe. It is observed that a developing country, such as Pakistan, has a culture that is based on power distance, collectivism and more political influence as compared to developed countries. Triandis et al. (1980) argued that any theoretical contribution without considering the cultural aspect can lead to bias findings. There is limited research available in the world that is conducted to examine the interactive effects of readiness to change on the relationship between effective change implementation, knowledge sharing, intelligence and social media. These findings are useful to plan and execute OC using new emerging organizational parameters.

Proses Komunikasi Interpersonal dalam Ta'aruf di Kota Banda Aceh

Ta'aruf is an introductory method in Islam between men and women who want to find their partner to get married. Due to some strict barriers to know the opposite sex, ta'aruf becomes a solution in knowing the prospective partner before marriage. This study focused on the ta'aruf process before marriage and described the process of the interpersonal communication developments. It aims to analyze the process of the interpersonal communication of married couples through ta'aruf in Banda Aceh. Social Penetration Theory was used to explain the stage of the relationship development in ta'aruf. Data were collected using interviews with five married couples undergoing ta'aruf process who were selected with purposive sampling technique. The results of this study indicated that couples who performed ta'aruf only went through the orientation stage. This is due to the constraints in ta'aruf limiting the process of interpersonal communication they underwent. The exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, and stable exchange they experienced after they got married.

Characterizing Audience Engagement and Assessing Its Impact on Social Media Disclosures of Mental Illnesses

Self-disclosures of mental illnesses have been identified to yield coping and therapeutic benefits. An important construct in the self-disclosure process is the audience with whom the individual interacts and shares their experiences. Mental illness self-disclosures are increasingly happening online. However, unlike online support communities where the audience comprises sympathetic peers with similar experiences, what the discloser gains from an ‘invisible’ audience on a general purpose, public social media platform is less understood. Focusing on a highly stigmatized mental illness, schizophrenia, this paper provides the first investigation characterizing the audience of disclosures of this condition on Twitter and how the audience’s engagement impacts future disclosures. Our results are based on a rich year-long temporal analysis of the data of nearly 400 disclosers and their nearly 400 thousand audiences. First, characterizing and modeling the audience engagement temporally, we find evidence of reciprocity in the disclosure process between the discloser and their audience. Then, situating our work in the Social Penetration Theory and operationalizing the disclosure process via a measure of intimacy, an auto-regressive time series model indicates that the patterns of audience engagement and content can forecast changes in the intimacy of disclosures. We discuss the implications for building socially engaging, supportive online spaces for stigmatized mental illness disclosures.