Penetration Theory Research Articles

Implementasi Teori Penetrasi Sosial pada Pengguna Aplikasi Tinder

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed social behaviour in society. Especially in the process of building relationships with opposite sex, which is usually done face-to-face, is now turning online. This is the impact of the government's policy to limit large-scale social activities to prevent the development of the coronavirus. In 2020, the number of chat exchanges on the Tinder app increased by 23%. Nowadays people prefer to get to know others online before deciding to meet in person. Social Penetration Theory (TPS) can be used to analyse the process of communication and self-disclosure of an individual in building interpersonal relationships. This theory describes a person like an onion that has various layers in it because someone only provides general information in the early stages of a relationship then reveals more personal information when they get close and build trust. This research is different from previous work because it analyses TPS on Tinder application users during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to review TPS on Tinder application users by testing the main assumptions of the theory in relationship development and self-disclosure. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection is done by searching for articles journals with keywords TPS and the use of Tinder application to build relationships. The results show that the self-disclosure mediated by digital technology can limit the general and personal information shared by its users. The limitation of it lies in the ability to read non-verbal messages. Gender factors influence how individuals build relationships in the early stages. Men tend to approach women aggressively using jokes or funny statements, while women rely more on subtle cues. Future research can focus on the communication of Tinder application users at different age ranges. This research is expected to be input for research on online communication, self-disclosure and relationship development.

CFD modelling of mass transfer in liquid–liquid core-annular flow in a microchannel

This work reports Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of mass transfer in liquid–liquid Core-Annular Flow (CAF) in a microchannel. The model solves Navier-Stokes and convection–diffusion equations after incorporating interfacial boundary conditions of velocity, shear stress, flux and concentration jump. The model has been validated with the analytical and previously reported results. The validated model has been used to understand and quantify the dependence of concentrations boundary layer thicknesses on the core side and annulus side on Reynolds number, Schmidt number, dimensionless length and distribution coefficient. Furthermore, the dependenceof local mass transfer coefficients on the core and annulus side on diffusivity and concentration boundary layer thicknesses is quantified and compared with the predictions of film theory and penetration theory. Finally, the results obtained from the CFD model have been used to obtain the correlations of Sherwood number on the core side and the annulus side.

Surfactant Penetration into Human Skin from Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Lauramidopropyl Betaine Mixtures.

Surfactant mixtures are used in a variety of personal care and cosmetic applications but are known to be harsh on the skin. The purpose of this study was to examine anionic surfactant penetration into human skin from nonideal surfactant mixtures under short-time exposure conditions that are relevant to realistic exposure scenarios. This was done by measuring the penetration of a radiolabeled probe (14C-SDS) into human cadaver skin in Franz diffusion cells in vitro from the mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and lauramidopropyl betaine (LAPB). Monomer and micelle concentrations in the SDS/LAPB/14C-SDS mixtures were predicted using a regular solution theory approximation. We confirmed that the mixtures of SDS and LAPB exhibit nonideal behavior with a net attraction between the two surfactants. Penetration of 14C-SDS into excised human skin from the mixtures of SDS and LAPB was found to decrease in a log-linear manner with increasing mole fraction of LAPB in the bulk solution (R2 = 0.97, p < 0.001). Additionally, the penetration of 14C-SDS into excised human skin from the mixtures of SDS and LAPB was found to correlate linearly and strongly with the predicted values of 14C-SDS monomer concentration in SDS/LAPB/14C-SDS mixtures (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.01). 14C-SDS penetration from the mixed surfactant composition could be quantitatively reconciled with that from an SDS-only composition by postulating a secondary, positive contribution from LAPB related to its own penetration and binding to skin components that increased SDS penetration at low concentrations. This research therefore supports a monomer penetration theory of surfactant penetration into the skin, combined with a measurable impact of favorable surfactant interactions within the tissue.

Modeling and Parametric Investigation of Rotating Packed Bed Processes for CO2 Capture and Mineralisation

Rotating Packed Beds (RPB) are receiving increased attention in CO2 capture, due to their considerably lower volume compared to conventional packed-beds and their beneficial effects on process capital costs. As a result of these advantages, RPB have also been considered as a CO2 mineralisation option for the production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). In the area of CO2 capture, the few model-based investigations employ either the two-film or Higbie’s penetration theory to model the gas-liquid mass transfer as the main driving force of the systems’ operation. In the area of PCC production, there is only one model type available that is based on the two-film theory. While the latter includes the limiting assumption of linear and steady-state mass transfer within the liquid film, Higbie’s theory is considerably closer to realistic operation due to the assumption of time-dependent and non-linear, gas-to-liquid mass transfer. Considering this significant advantage, this work proposes for the first time a model for RPB-based, PCC production using Higbie’s penetration theory. The model is first developed and validated considering solvent-based CO2 capture with monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent, taking advantage of the available experimental data in published literature. The model is then adapted to PCC production to perform a parametric investigation based on various performance indicators. Results indicate that the proposed model enables improved accuracy compared to the two film theory. Higher rotation speeds and liquid flowrates enable improved mass transfer, whereas PCC production can be achieved at lower energy consumption simultaneously with high CO2 capture efficiency.

Performance enhancement of a liquid desiccant absorber with triangular corrugated structured packing

Energy crisis and environmental concerns have initiated momentum to look for an alternative to the vapor compression systems (VCS). The present study involves 2-D numerical modelling of a liquid desiccant absorber (LDA), a potential alternative to the VCS. Low effectiveness is a major challenge in the development of an LDA. The present study aims to improve the effectiveness of the absorber of LDA by replacing the flat solution surface with a triangular corrugated one. The modelling involves multiphase flow with conjugate heat-mass interaction. The finite volume method-based software ANSYS Fluent 19.2 is used for the study. The liquid-gas interface is tracked using the volume of fluid method. The SIMPLE scheme is used in pressure velocity coupling. The ever-changing properties of the desiccant solution, along with various source terms are taken into consideration using user-defined functions. The mass transfer coefficients are calculated using the penetration theory. The incorporation of corrugation having a pitch to height ratio of 10:2, enhances the desiccant-air interface area by 6.4%, compared to a flat surface. The dehumidification and the enthalpy effectiveness are improved by over 26%, whereas, the Nusselt number has augmented by 47%. The effectiveness of the absorber maximizes when the desiccant solution at the inlet is maintained at 298 K and 35% concentration. Also, the increase in air velocity reduces the dehumidification and the enthalpy effectiveness of the system. The current study indicates that the incorporation of corrugation affects the effectiveness of the absorber and maximizes with pitch to height ratio of 10:2.

To Disclose or Not to Disclose: An Evaluation of the Effects of Information Control and Social Network Transparency

Self-disclosure on Social Network Service (SNS) platforms has attracted attention in Information Systems (IS) research. While studies have investigated the effects of individual factors such as privacy concern, and trust, on SNS users’ self-disclosure intention, less research has examined how characteristics of the SNS platform shape such intention. In this study, we focus on one critical characteristic of SNS platform, SNS transparency, and investigate its impact (direct and indirect via Information Control) on individuals’ self-disclosure intention and the moderating role of privacy disposition. Specifically, we identify three SNS transparency features—Network Transparency, Social Presence, and Monitoring. Drawing from Communication Privacy Management Theory and Social Penetration Theory, we empirically test how these SNS transparency features directly and indirectly via Information Control influence users’ self-disclosure intention. The results of our experiment show that network transparency has negative effects while social presence, as well as monitoring, have positive effects on information control. Network transparency, social presence, and information control have positive effects on self-disclosure intention. This study extends the literature by enhancing our understanding of how the SNS platform features and individual privacy disposition shape SNS users’ self-disclosure intention.

Utilization of the Tiktok Video Application as a Means of Showing Existence And Self-Disclosure of Teenagers on Social Media

Along with the rapid development of technology, the current use of social media by the community is also increasing. One of the social media that is currently on the rise is the TikTok application. TikTok application users come from various backgrounds and ages, including teenagers. Video-based TikTok features accompanied by music, writing, and pictures are considered attractive so that they are liked by teenagers as a means of showing their existence and self-disclosure. TikTok is also currently developing as a way to share information. The theory applied by the researcher was Alman and Taylor's Social Penetration Theory. In addition to such theory, this paper are supported and strengthened by the concepts of Self-Disclosure, Social Media, Teenagers, TikTok, and also Self-Existence. This paper was a qualitative descritpive study which applied a qualitative study method. This paper involved several informants namely teenagers who were also the users of the TikTok application. The inclusion criteria here were teenagers who had a TikTok account, were active on TikTok, and used TikTok as part of their existence and self-disclosure. The results of this study explored the process of self-disclosure and also the existence carried out by the informants in accordance with the stages proposed in the social penetration theory. Informants passed through the stages of self-disclosure sequentially from the orientation stage to the stable stage so that the existence of teenagers in presenting themselves on social media could be observed.

The Influence of Outdoor Particulate Matter PM2.5 on Indoor Air Quality: The Implementation of a New Assessment Method

Epidemiological research has shown that there is a positive correlation between the incidence of disease and mortality in humans and the mass concentration of particulate matter. An average 1 g of suspended dust emitted in a room results in the same exposure as 1 kg emitted to the outside air. In this study, the authors described the state of knowledge on dust pollution inside and outside buildings (I/O ratios), and methods of testing the PM infiltration process parameters. According to the law of indoor–outdoor particle mass balance and the physical basis of aerosol penetration theory, a relatively simple but new method for estimating the penetration factor P was tested. On the basis of the curve of dynamic changes of internal dust concentration in the process of particle concentration decay and next of the followed curve of dynamic rebound of particle concentration, authors measured penetration factor of ambient PM2.5 through building envelope. Authors modification of the method is to be used for determining the value of the particle deposition rate k not from the course of the characteristics in the transient state (the so-called particle concentration decay curves) but from the concentration rebound course, stimulated by natural particle infiltration process. Recognition measurements of the mass concentration of suspended PM2.5 and PM10 particles inside the rooms were carried out. In this study, the choice of the prediction particle penetration factor P calculation method was supported by the exemplary calculation of the p value for a room polluted by PM2.5. The preliminary results of the penetration factors determined by this method P = 0.61 are consistent with the P factor values from the literature obtained so far for this dimensional group of dusts.

Mode Theory and Propagation of ELF Radio Wave in a Multilayered Oceanic Lithosphere Waveguide

Extremely low-frequency (ELF: below 30 Hz) wave penetration theory in the layered oceanic lithosphere is essential for studying submarine communications. In this article, we investigate the mode theory of ELF wave propagation in a layered oceanic lithosphere waveguide. Based on the real situation of the oceanic lithosphere approximated by the stratified prototype, in which a low-conductivity layer lies between two overlying and underlying high-conductivity regions, a theoretically sound physical model of oceanic lithosphere waveguide is built. The modal equations for transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarized guided modes are delivered using surface impedance boundary conditions. By evaluating the reflection coefficients of the upper and lower waveguide boundaries, formulas for the modal equation's roots are derived. Analytical expressions for propagable mode parameters, such as the phase velocity, attenuation rate, excitation factor, and the field strength for different components, are obtained, and the cutoff frequency for high-order modes is given. Computations show that the field component curves exhibit typical peaks and nulls associated with multiple-mode propagation in the waveguide region, with each mode traveling at different phase velocities and attenuation rates. Moreover, it is found that all the high-order modes are evanescent below the cutoff frequency.

Is ‘New’ Always ‘Nicer’? Examining the Influence of Innovation in Social Media

With a view to enhance content creation and increase user engagement, social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have been experimenting with new innovative features. We investigate the effect of introducing one such innovative social media feature — the “story” on the communication between the profile owners and users through the primary social media channel – the “posts”. Grounding our arguments in the resource allocation and social penetration theories and employing a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference method, we examine how introduction of the innovative story feature on a popular social media platform influences (1) the frequency of profile owners’ information sharing through social media posts, and (2) the extent of follower engagement through feedback in terms of linking and commenting on the posts. Our results show that introduction of the story feature positively influences both. However, this influence is moderated by the cultural orientation of the situating social media community. We find that low-power-distance cultures, which value profile owners’ self-disclosure, exhibit a significant positive impact, whereas high-power-distance cultures exhibit no significant influence. We delineate the implications of our findings for both research and practice.

Enhanced Regeneration of Triethylene Glycol Solution by Rotating Packed Bed for Offshore Natural Gas Dehydration Process: Experimental and Modeling Study

To address the problems of confined space for offshore application, rotating packed bed (RPB) was firstly used to enhance the regeneration of TEG solution in natural gas dehydration process. The performance of the regeneration, which was exhibited in terms of the desorption efficiency and mass transfer coefficient, was investigated experimentally. The effects of various operating parameters, including rotation speed, gas-liquid ratio, liquid flow rate, liquid inlet temperature, and inlet concentration of rich TEG were studied to assess the impacts on the regeneration process. It was found that the purity of regenerated TEG solution by RPB was basically above 99.7% under a common gas-liquid ratio of 45 (volume ratio), and even higher than 99.98% under the optimal conditions. A mass transfer model combined two-film theory and penetration theory was established, which could well predict the TEG solution regeneration performance in RPB. According to the established model and ASPEN simulation result, an RPB and a packed column were designed respectively for a specific TEG regeneration task. It was found the volume reduction factor of RPB was about 8, which showed well adaptation of RPB for the offshore natural gas extraction due to the outstanding mass transfer performance in the TEG regeneration process.

When can display of authenticity at work facilitate coworker interactions? The moderating effect of perception of organizational politics

Authenticity has long been held as a virtue. However, is it beneficial for employees to be true to themselves in coworker interactions? Drawing on social penetration theory, we argue that a focal employee’s exhibited authenticity at work helps the employee penetrate the interpersonal boundaries of an interacting coworker and as a result, the employee is more likely to be included in this coworker’s social circles and receive help from the coworker. Accordingly, we propose a dyadic-level model and test this model in two survey studies using a round-robin design. The results of both studies consistently demonstrated that the focal employee’s exhibited authenticity is positively related to help received from the coworker via inclusion in the coworker’s social circle. Further, this positive indirect relationship is moderated by the coworker’s perception of organizational politics, such that the relationship is weaker when the coworker’s perception of organizational politics is high. These findings help advance the understanding of when and how employees can gain relational benefits from displaying authenticity at work.

‘Whatsapp’ sebagai media pengembangan relasi antarpersonal mahasiswa baru UINSA di masa pandemi

A pandemic period demands all network-based community activities. Including educational activities ranging from elementary to tertiary level. This has a huge impact on social relations between communities. As a new student at a university, of course, really need a relationship to support the smoothness of the lecture process. This centralized activity in the network greatly hampers the development of relations between students because they are still strangers to one another. This research examines the development of interpersonal relationships during a pandemic. By using the WhatsApp messenger application, new UINSA Surabaya students can easily improve relationships or interpersonal relationships with fellow new students or lecturers, and other academics. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Data collection in this study used in-depth interviews and observations with several informants. This research refers to the social penetration theory of Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor. This theory identifies a series of stages in developing a relationship, namely the first stage of orientation, the second stage of exploration-affective, the third stage of affective, the fourth stage is stable, and the last stage is depression. In this study, it was found that in improving interpersonal relations, a concept or a sense of mutual need between communication actors should be created. In addition, an open attitude must also be owned by each individual. And the last is communication ethics that must be owned and applied to create a harmonious relationship.

Mobile-Mediated Communication in Romantic Relationships: The Effects of Communication Indicators and Love Attitude on Relationship Quality.

Whether mobile phones benefit or sabotage close relationships has been a persistent subject of debate in media and communication studies. Because previous studies have demonstrated contrasting findings, further studies on this topic are required. Based on media richness theory and social penetration theory, this study investigated the direct and indirect associations between mobile communication and relationship quality (i.e., depth, support, and conflict) in romantic relationships. A survey of 1,000 university students in China revealed that relationship depth was positively predicted by mobile phone calls and negatively predicted by mobile short messages. Mobile WeChat had dialectical effects, as it reinforced relationship depth and support, but increased conflict. Regarding indirect effects, communication quality online positively mediated the effects of mobile phone calls on relationship quality and negatively mediated the effects of mobile short messages and Weibo on relationship quality. Moreover, passionate love attitudes (PLAs) and gender negatively moderated the effects of mobile phone calls on relationship depth, indicating that females and individuals who had stronger PLAs had lower relationship quality when they used mobile phone calls to interact with their romantic partners. The moderating effects of PLA were extended to the indirect relationship between phone calls and relationship quality through communication quality. Overall, this study developed a typology to examine mobile relational communication by integrating the quantity (i.e., mobile use frequencies) and quality of mobile communication, as well as personal attitudes in close relationships.

Effects of spinning on residual velocity of ogive-nosed projectile undergoing ordnance velocity impact

In the present article, finite element analysis (FEA) based simulation on the study of the impact of projectiles having ogive nose shape has been made using ANSYS explicit dynamics. The effects of spinning on the residual velocity of ogive nosed projectile undergoing ordnance velocity impact have been presented. The variations of residual velocity due to different projectile materials and target plate thickness have been evaluated when the projectile is impacted by translational and spinning velocity. The target plates and ogive nosed projectile of a given material are discretized, and a rigorous error and convergence study has been made. Subsequently, the residual velocity of the considered model is evaluated by numerical techniques based on FEA. The results with the optimized meshed model are compared with the analytical results using the penetration theory and found that the results are well compared. Parametric study of the residual velocity has been made with varied ogive nosed materials and target plate thickness when the ogive nosed projectile undergoing ordnance velocity impact. Based on the numerical results, it has been found that the ogive nose projectile having tungsten alloy material is more effective undergoing ordnance velocity impact compared to steel 4340 material. For a given target plate thickness, spinning velocity, and impact velocity, the residual velocity is about 3 percent higher for the projectile made up of tungsten alloy compared to the steel 4340. The effects of the target plate thickness on the residual velocity of the ogive nose projectile do not seem to have much significant effects. It may be due to the simple reason that the ratio of the target plate thickness to projectile diameter is remaining within the intermediate range, i.e. within 1 and 10.

Density scaling of error field penetration in radio-frequency-dominant heating plasmas in the EAST tokamak

The density scaling of n = 1 error field penetration is investigated under radio-frequency (RF)-dominant heated L-mode discharges in the EAST tokamak. It is found that the density scaling of the threshold field strength for error field penetration in lower-hybrid current drive (LHCD) plasmas is about , where b r represents the error field amplitude. The results show a weaker density dependence compared to that observed in the previous ohmic heated discharges (Wang et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 056024). For a better understanding of the density scaling, it is compared with field penetration theories, and it is found that it lies in the Waelbroeck regime. The observed scaling is consistent with that evaluated with the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory on error field penetration, for which all the physical parameters are determined experimentally. Due to the density dependence of LHCD heating efficiency, the stronger negative correlation between density and temperature results in a weaker density scaling in these LHCD plasmas. Using realistic parameters under LHCD and ohmic heating as input, respectively, the numerical results based on a reduced MHD model reproduce well the scaling from the error field penetration theory and the observations. Besides, the density scaling in various tokamak operational regimes is also numerically investigated. This provides an excellent validation of MHD theory on error field penetration in the RF-dominant heated L-mode discharges.

Henry’s law constants and hydration equilibrium constants of n-hexanal and their temperature dependence as determined by the rectangular pulse method

The Henry’s law constants of n-hexanal are needed to predict its rate of mass transfer between gas and aqueous phases. However, information on these constants is limited because the mass transfer of n-hexanal involves a reversible hydration reaction in water; therefore, Henry’s law constants are difficult to obtain experimentally and cannot be deduced only from the gas-to-water equilibrium. Here, we conducted stimulus–response experiments using a rectangular input pulse and a double-mixing gas–liquid contactor to simultaneously determine Henry’s law constants and hydration equilibrium constants for n-hexanal in deionized water, aqueous sodium chloride, or aqueous sodium sulfate in the temperature range of 5.3–22.5 °C. The change in the concentration of a mixture of n-hexanal in nitrogen gas after passing through the contactor was examined, and simulation-based optimization was conducted to optimize parameters that included Henry’s law constants and hydration rate constants. In the simulation, convolution using the rectangular input pulse was used to determine the input signal, and perfect gas-phase mixing and two-film layer mass transfer were assumed. This approach, which we called the rectangular pulse method, was validated by performing similar investigations for toluene, ethyl acetate, and ethyl trifluoroacetate. As a result, Henry’s law constants and rate constants for the reversible hydration reactions of n-hexanal and their temperature dependence were obtained, and the calculated effective Henry’s law constant agreed with some, but not all, of the values reported in the literature. A potential reason for the disagreement was discussed from the viewpoint of long time-constants used for the hydration equilibrium. In addition, a salting effect by the aqueous salt solutions was found to affect the Henry’s law constants, but not the hydration equilibrium constants. The overall liquid‐side mass‐transfer coefficient was found to be correlated with the diffusion coefficient, based on the Higbie penetration theory.

Pola Komunikasi Guru- Siswa di Sekolah Slanker (MA NU 03 Brebes) Melalui Sistem Perbaikan Karakter

The purpose of this study was: to determine the communication patterns used by educators to students in order to improve character in the Brebes SLANKER School. This research uses social penetration theory. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative, where the authors collect existing data, compile systematically, then describe the results of the study based on the images or data obtained during the study. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of communication between teachers and students in SLANKER schools (Madrasah Aliyah NU 03 Brebes) through the education system is able to improve student character. With the use of two-way and multi-directional communication patterns through the education system with the arts and storytelling, it can improve student character in the form of manners.

Kinetic Prediction for the Composition of Inclusions in the Molten Steel During the Electroslag Remelting

A mathematical model coupled with the penetration theory, the ion and molecule coexistence theory, and thermodynamic equilibrium was proposed for predicting the composition evolution of inclusions in the molten steel during the electroslag remelting process. The model was used to evaluate the transformation of composition of inclusions in a plain carbon steel and the mechanism of the transformation of inclusions was accurately revealed, which was mainly the mass transfer of aluminum through steel/slag reactions. The rate of the transformation of inclusions composition was the lowest in the metal pool, while that in the slag pool was the fastest which was due to the acceleration of reactions by higher temperature and faster fluid flow. Inclusions with smaller diameter had faster transformation rate, but had less content of Al2O3 in the final composition. The size of droplet showed little influence on the transformation of composition of inclusions. When the content of Al2O3 in the slag increased from 20 to 50 wt pct, the calculated content of Al2O3 in the final inclusions increased from 79 to 90 wt pct, approximately. The low content of Al2O3 in the slag was beneficial to the removal of aluminum in the steel, while the high content of Al2O3 in the slag increased the content of total aluminum in the steel.

Volatile organic compounds absorption in a structured packing fed with waste oils: Experimental and modeling assessments

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) having different polarities were absorbed in two viscous waste oils (a transformer oil and a lubricant, whose viscosities are equal to 19 mPa s and 79 mPa s, respectively) in a structured packing (1 m height) operated at counter-current. A synthetic hydrophobic solvent (PDMS 20, a silicone oil) and water were also used as reference solvents. Removal efficiencies of hydrophobic VOCs in silicone and transformer oils up to 80–90% were measured. Nonetheless, owing to a higher viscosity, the removal efficiencies in the lubricant were significantly lower. A deconvolution procedure, based on the Higbie penetration theory, was developed to deduce the local mass transfer coefficients (kL and kG) from KLa° values. These local coefficients were compared to the predictions of the models of Billet-Schultes (BS) and Song-Seibert-Rochelle (SSR), allowing to conclude that the SSR model better addresses the influence of the viscosity on KLa° than the BS model.