Psychological Peculiarities Research Articles

The contribution of Franz Josef Gall to the development of criminal anthropology. Part II. In Search of the physiological origins of compulsive behavior

This article is dedicated to the teachings of the Austrian medical scientist and naturalist Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828) on anthropology and human psychology. One of the key theses of Gall’s doctrine consists in the conclusion that the peculiarities of human anthropology and psychology manifest in various forms of social activity. According to Gall, the specificity of physiological processes in human body, peculiarities of personality development, and the intensity of external manifestation of personality traits are substantiated by the peculiarities of formation and subsequent development of separate parts and elements of the human brain. Developmental imbalances or existence of pathologies in the segment of the brain located above the ear canal of the human skull imparts a negative overtone on personality traits. In a worst-case scenario, this may lead to manifestation of such destructive qualities as a pathological lust for violence against animals and people, propensity for arson, and ultimately, homicide. Similar cerebral dysfunctions many have a significant impact upon sexual behavior of a person, and activate destructive qualities. The ideas of F. J. Gall on the influence of developmental imbalances or pathology of separate segments of the human brain upon the occurrence and manifestation of negative personality traits, are still used in modern research in the field of neurocriminology. Namely, the recent findings of American scientists, which are based on the methods of magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, reveal substantial differences in the structure and functionality of separate segments of the brain of persons who committed murder or convicted of less grave offences.

PREDISPOSITION TO EMOTIONAL BURNOUT OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS TEACHERS WITH DIFFERENT WORK EXPERIENCE

The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental research of psychological peculiarities of emotional burnout of preschool educational institutions teachers with different work experience. As a result of theoretical analysis, it was found that the process of professional burnout is significantly influenced by the specifics of the subjects’ profession, and the teaching profession is characterized by increased responsibility and tension. However, in this context, more attention is paid to school teachers, and the predisposition to emotional burnout of preschool teachers is covered only in fragments in scientific publications. 
 Data of an experimental research of the psychological peculiarities of the predisposition to emotional burnout of preschool educational institutions teachers with different work experience showed the differences in all components of emotional burnout of preschool teachers with different work experience. We were able to prove that young professionals are characterized by lower rates of emotional burnout, while experienced workers are characterized by higher one. Younger educators, despite the difficulties in their professional activities, have a positive attitude to their own professionalization, respond to difficulties and successes adequately. Instead, more than half of senior employees tend to respond inadequately to their own professional difficulties and successes. 
 Preschool educational institutions teachers with little work experience almost do not feel emotional stress and alienation from professional activity. Instead, many experienced professionals are emotionally vulnerable, and they try to hide their reactions to the events of their lives by feeling personally alienation.

Experience of the implementation of felt therapy classes (using of non-spun wool in the art therapy process) while working with the emotional state of patients of the FSBSI "National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology".

The article describes some psychological peculiarities of the work with the emotional state of patients and one of the possible ways to correct it using art therapy - felt therapy, (the use of non-spun wool in an art therapy process). In the article are described the possibilities of this material and the effects of its use. The main tasks of the work are the formation of a conscious attitude to the disease, the recognition of the "secondary benefits" of having a "symptom", the actualization, awareness and replenishment of the spectrum of internal resources, the evolution of the ability to gain the access to them, as well as the integration, acceptance of the "symptom" and the suffering part of the personality, the acceptance of the diversity of one's own "I". The art therapeutic exercise described in the article also aims to reinforce a new positively colored creative experience, the formation of positive thinking. All of these helps the patient to feel a holistic personality, more harmonious and happy.

The problem of psychological competence in medical education: from professional knowledge to skills

The article analyzes the problem of psychological competence in medical education, the main approaches to the problem of professional becoming a specialist. The stages of development of the doctor in the professional sphere, stages of formation of professional abilities from professional knowledge to skills in the process of mastering the profession are considered. The general characteristic of professional formation and level of professionalism is given. The analysis of stages of professional formation of specialists is presented, psychological and pedagogical peculiarities of formation of professional competence of future physicians at the stage of professional formation are determined. The analysis of scientific sources suggests that the problem of studying professional development is in the constant focus of many scholars who determine the nature and stages of professional development, psychological peculiarities, psychological and pedagogical conditions and factors of professional development of the individual. The professional competence of a doctor is a complex of skills acquired in the process of training the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for the performance of their professional duties. Professional competence of physician-psychologist includes not only emotional-sensual sphere, but also knowledge and skills required for both physician and psychologist.
 The educational process of preparing a future doctor should include not only a professional but also a personal development of a specialist, both at the pre-graduate stage and at the post-graduate level. The main ideas of the concept of self-regulation of the professional genesis of the physician's personality are revealed.

Psychological Peculiarities of Styles of Professional Activity and the Level of Stress among Members of Election Commissions in Parliamentary Elections in Ukraine

The results of the empirical study among the members of election commissions (N=112, age: 25−68 years) for Ukrainian parliamentary elections 2019 to study the styles of their professional activity and the level of stress are presented. The most pronounced style of professional activity is “Professional-perfectionist”, which contributes to the high productivity of members of election commissions. The work tasks at a polling station are best fulfilled by the person with a more pronounced style of professional activity “Formalist-bureaucrat”. It is undesirable to involve working at the polling station persons with high rates in the style of the professional activity of “Nihilist”. It has been found that the major psychological difficulties of working in election commissions are due to excessive psycho-emotional and psychophysical overload, to which some members of the commissions are not ready. This overload can cause them to experience certain mental stress, different levels of stress, their manifestation, and consequences. Although the majority of participants demonstrated a high degree of adaptability to stressful workloads, members of commissions should perform their duties at a highly professional level in extremely difficult circumstances, including at night and in a state of intense emotional stress. The results of the research should be taken into account during the organization of the election process and the holding of elections to central and local authorities. To improve it, it is advisable to organize and conduct early training and skills upgrading of members of election commissions. To do this, it is necessary to develop and implement training programs for the development of style peculiarities of professional activity, which will contribute to effective work in the election commission and overcoming psychological difficulties.

Psychological Peculiarities of Understanding Communicative Behavior of People from English-Speaking Countries

The aim of this research is to define psychological peculiarities of understanding communicative behavior of people from English-speaking countries. Methods of the research. As for general scientific methods, the method of induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, comparative and descriptive methods and explanatory one are used. The results of the research. It was shown that the perception and understanding of communicative behavior of people from English-speaking countries in a great degree was actualized through the image. The latter is not just the result of the person’s imagination, but a visual generalization that accompanies the verbal explication of the man’s thoughts through the Englishmen / women pointing gestures. If the pointing gesture is separated from the whole paradigm of perception as a certain object of interest from the environment, especially situational, then the separation, for example, is a part of this object in relations to a specially selected or constructed space indicates the supra-situational attitude of the recipient to a certain object and the creation of the most stable way of existence of the object itself, in addition to its connections with the pointing gesture. Thus, the pointing gesture is transformed into a paradigm of conditional space, further transformations of which facilitates the emergence of the «pointing field» in the system of the perception and understanding of communicative behavior of people from English-speaking countries. Conclusions. The actualization of communicative behavior of people from English-speaking countries by recipients takes place in a conditional space close to a real life. Communicative behavior of people from English-speaking countries contributes to the fact that speech activity will be «grouped» around the image and creative practices. Conditionally, space becomes a paradigm of the most significant and valuable content, which initially embodied a certain image, specially created by the addressee. In other words, the selection of this speech image became the basis for the construction of the individual model of the world by recipients. Ritualized real actions, which contain the «products» of all kinds of creative practices in their structure, represent a symbolic form of the primary image, which is created by recipients from the very beginning of the actualization of communicative behavior of people from English-speaking countries

Assessing social cognitive functions in elementary school children: or problems of motor activity disorders

The urgency of the research issue is due to the tendency of an increase in the number of children with disorders of the muscle-skeleton system and motor skills. In this regard, these children have problems in learning activities, relationships with peers and adults. The purpose of the research presented in the paper was to study the social and psychological peculiarities of the personality of elementary school children with motor activity (motor skills) disorder. To solve the tasks set in the study and test the hypothesis, a number of methods and techniques were used: theoretical analysis of scientific literature, empirical methods: observation, experiment, questionnaire, technique of N.I. Ozeretsky; children's version of S. Rosenzweig's test; "school-based anxiety” test. The study revealed that two options are possible in the development of the personality of elementary school children with motor activity disorders: favorable and unfavorable. An unfavorable variant of the child's personality development is associated with “non-constructive” behavior, which manifests in the inability to withstand difficult social situations. A favorable variant of personal development is characterized by the predominance of “constructive” behavior, which allows one to overcome life difficulties.

Deformations of the Image of the World of Youth in the Process of Socialization

The article analyzes psychological peculiarities of the image of the world and personal manifestations of the character of students with different forms of behaviour disorders. The types of image of the world and the personal traits of the character are analyzed. The peculiarities of the worldview of schoolchildren with aggression, autoaggression, overpriced hobbies, and emotional disorders are revealed. The influence of the image of the world on defects of the self-image and behaviour disturbance is established. The influence of a negative emotional background of the image of the world on the formation of dependent forms of behaviour is determined. It has been proven that the psychological correction of students with adaptation problems should include programs to stimulate a positive experience of the world and to restore an internal equilibrium. The directions of further exploration of the problems of psychology of addictive behaviours are outlined.During puberty, significant behavioral abnormalities may occur in children. With timely psychological and pedagogical intervention, destructive manifestations are situational or episodic. If parents and pedagogues do not resort to psychological correction, negative models of interaction between the teenager and the world become unlikely to overturn, and the troublesome behaviour becomes irreversible.The results of the study of the image of the world and the personal traits of students with different behavioral abnormalities are presented in this article.For example, it has been found that the adolescents’ use of profanity in communication with peers is caused solely by mechanisms of imitation and identification of the image of the world inherent in their family or social environment. In other words, there is a negative stimulation of the development of the image of the world of the child, the outward manifestation of aggressive behaviour. This, in turn, testifies to emotional-volitional instability and accentuation of character. Thus, the teenager demonstrates his/her “adulthood”.The article analyzes the causes of different types of addictive behaviour of young people: tobacco, gaming, computer, and more.Psychological correction in such cases should be aimed at establishing a dynamic equilibrium of the system “Image of the world – image of I”. That is, the child’s consciousness tries to adapt to the external conditions of being in a certain space, and this affects his/her behaviour. Under these conditions, responses may differ from generally accepted social norms.Stimulating self-development of the person and helping the teenager to form a realistic, content-rich worldview will positively affect the development of personal reflection and rethinking of one’s self-image.

Individual psychological peculiarities of the inconsistency between cognitive and socio-psychological development of students

The subject of this article is the search for individual psychological peculiarities of the inconsistency between cognitive and socio-psychological development of students. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the theoretical diversity of research on the inconsistency in psychology and the need for the development of socio-cultural and cognitive skills in the educational process. A hypothesis is advanced that the inconsistency between the processes of cognitive and socio-personal development would be variable, determining the individual psychological methods of its resolution. The goal of this research lies in conjoint analysis of cognitive and personal characteristics for assessing the inconsistency of students’ development. The author applies the correlational research design, which is defined by the goal of research and specificity of the sampling. The survey involved 34 students (18 boys and 16 girls) of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science of the Ural Federal University aged 18-22 (M=18.3 3 SD=0.79). The article employs the psychodiagnostic questionnaires: Aizenka EPI test; short version of the “Dark Triad of Personality” scale adapted by M. S. Egorova and others; characterological questionnaire by G. Schmishek, “Rational-experiential” questionnaire by S. Epstein adapted by T. V. Kornilova, A. Y. Razvalyaeva; Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The following gender differences are revealed: for the female students, cognitive and personal characteristics are generally more interrelated, while the pronounced affective personality traits testify to the possible tension in social communication; male students demonstrated greater proneness to rational processing of information and formation of engineering skills, while weakness of integration of the inner and outer Self, which may increase narcissistic traits, reduce self-criticism, and cause difficulties in establishment and maintenance of social contacts. The acquired results empirically  prove the importance of socio-psychological competence, and allow differentiating the technologies of its formation in the educational process.

Аматорський спорт як засіб запобігання емоційному вигоранню

Мета. Встановити значення аматорського спорту як основи копінга емоційноговигорання у студентської молоді, виявити психологічні особливості студентів, які визначаютьуразливість до стрес-умов і схильність до формування емоційного вигорання. Методи. Пси-ходіагностична процедура була розділена на чотири частини: вимірювання емоційного виго-рання, дослідження індивідуально-типологічних властивостей, визначення психічного стануреспондентів та їх емоційних реакцій, діагностики антиципаційних здібностей. Результати.Встановлено, що заняття аматорськими видами спорту допомагають запобігти емоційномувигоранню у студентів. За всіма показниками в групі спортсменів-любителів і симптоми, і фазиемоційного вигорання менш виражені. Редукція особистісних досягнень за методикою К. Мас-лач більше виражена в групі спортсменів, що можна пояснити можливими розчаруваннями якв навчальній діяльності, так і незадоволеністю спортивними успіхами. Можна стверджувати,що спорт має сильний позитивний вплив на емоційний і психічний стан людини, захищаючипсихіку від дії стресорів, навчаючи спортсменів справлятися з труднощами, привносячи гар-монію у фізичне і психічне буття.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ В ПОЛІТИЧНІЙ РЕКЛАМІ: УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ДОСВІД

Introduction Changes which happened during development of the Ukrainian society in past decades and accompanied by significant socio-political transformations, previous power structures break up rethinking and transformation of the system of social values and ideals, has determined an attention of scientists on researching the institutes which make influence on the mass consciousness. Among them key role belongs to communicative structures and mechanisms of information transfer. The area within which manipulative practices are most often used is the institution of political advertising. Its main tasks are to stimulate public attention and interests in political events, vicissitudes, formation of motivated preferences of citizens, their political and electoral activity. In order to realize such influence, various tools and methods are used, the spectrum of which is constantly expanding and improving. We will trace the most common domestic practices of political advertising.Purpose The purpose of the work is to analyze the psychological component in political advertising, taking into account Ukrainian practice.Methods: During the study, the following methods were used: analytical, on the basis of which a number of signs of political advertising were highlighted, the psychological peculiarities of its impact on mass consciousness and behavior were investigated. The authors also used a systematic method by which political advertising is considered as a complex process, the most important elements of it are identified, their interdependence and mutual predetermine are traced;OriginalityThe 2019 presidential and parliamentary campaign in Ukraine showed continuous manipulation on the topic of "new faces", besides the following manipulative technologies were also used:-political competence of new people (managerial experience is not political competence);- calls for the destruction of the old political system, in the absence of key aspects in the programs, in addition to populism (the goal is to get the support of the electorate);-party presentations are only bright wrappers, not the essence of a new product, because nobody talks about ideology or strategy of change;-"promoting bright" – concerts, shows, performances – is an attempt to emotionally bribe the electorate, not appealing to the minds of voters.These aspects point to the use of traditional outdated approaches to the conduct of the election campaign, despite the society's requests for updated techniques for running election races.Conclusion The adoption of a balanced and competent decision of the voter depends largely on proper awareness from different sources (outdoor advertising, souvenir advertising, media, internet sources, etc.) about the personalities of subjects of the political process, their election programs, the level of electoral activity, political consciousness of citizens, psychological readiness to make a politically balanced decision.Further research within this problem is advisable to direct in the direction of researching trends of manipulative influence of political advertising on the Ukrainian electorate, as well as ways of legislative restriction in the use of hidden psychological influence

FORMATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF TIME-MANAGEMENT OF A MODERN EXPERT IN THE FIELD OF FINANCE

The article generalizes the psychological peculiarities of time-management of financial experts within the framework of modern understanding of time-management problems. The aim of this research is to substantiate psychological aspects of time-management of a modern expert in the field of finance and their manifestation in theory and practice. The relevance of this research is characterized by the fact that most top-managers haven’t enough organizational skills, compulsory, can’t rationally use personal and working time and aren’t aware in psychological aspects of time-management. The types of time-management are analyzed in the article; the practical characteristics of each type are presented. It is determined that every type of time-management for the employees of financial institutions is quite different and requires the using of special forms of work such as diagnosis, activity analysis, designing, individual counseling, individual or group training, and, accordingly, the using of specialized time-management techniques. The notion of «self-motivation of employees» is characterized: authors propose to consider it more as a vital position, rather than as a managerial characteristic. The article presents methods of self-motivation, which have a positive effect on most people. The modern typology of personality depending on the type of self-motivation including the individual approach to a person is presented: purposeful type, gambling type, hardworking type and creative type.
 The authors give clear symptomatic of the «burnout syndrome», its prevention and practical advice on combating the personnel «burnout» in the company. The conducted research helps to answer on many questions in time-management and personnel management spheres. The classification of time-management and its practical manifestation will help to choose the correctly type of time-management and apply it, effectively use the provided recommendations. The proposed methods of self-motivation, typology of personality will contribute to the formation of a new human behavior and additional motivation in financial sphere and in personal life too.

La fisiognomía femenina a través del Manifiesto de los secretos del coito de al-Shayzarī (XIII) /

In any theocratic and monotheistic system, the female image is represented as a sexual entity, reduced to its most material and physical dimension, avoiding any intellectual or psychological peculiarity. The objective of the following article is to describe and analyze the categorization, without any modesty, of women according to their sexual aptitude and, for this, we focus on the physiognomic text bequeathed by the Syrian writer al-Shayzarī (13th century) in his compendium sexual Kitāb al-Īḍāḥ fī asrār al-nikāḥ (Elucidation of the secrets of lawful intercourse). After a brief introduction to the Arabic and Islamic concept of physiognomy, we analyze the methodology that our author follows, namely, the expressive, ethnic and zoological method, when referring to female physiognomy

Pedagogical techniques of keeping the attention of internal affairs officers during theoretical lectures on firearms training

The article considers the main pedagogical techniques helping to keep the attention and interest of internal affairs officers at theoretical lectures during the period of professional training in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The author studies the peculiarities of the structure of a theoretical lecture on firearms training based on the proposed pedagogical techniques. The article focuses on the main reasons of internal affairs officers’ performance decrease during theoretical lectures on firearms training and the ways to improve it using motivating and other factors. The author uses the theoretical methods of cognition (analysis, analogy, the system approach, etc.) and develops the main pedagogical techniques aimed at keeping the attention and improving the performance of students during lectures. The author formulates the following conclusions:  It is possible to get positive and productive results at theoretical lectures on firearms training if they are structured and have a strong methodological basis Due to particular psychological peculiarities and some physiological reasons, during long-lasting learning activity, attention and concentration of internal affairs officers at theoretical lectures on firearms training can be decreased. Therefore, the author suggests using some pedagogical techniques which help to keep attention during all the lessons. To show the particular examples of integration of these techniques with theoretical lectures on firearms training, the author considers educational issues in their connection with the life experience involving the use of firearms by officers during their service. Besides, the author shows how to develop the interest of students via strong motivation. 

РОЗВИТОК ДУХОВНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ТА ЦІННОСТЕЙ ПЕДАГОГА В СИСТЕМІ НЕПЕРЕРВНОЇ САМООСВІТИ

The article deals with the spiritual culture and values ​​of teachers in the system of lifelong self-education. The spiritual culture of the individual is a system of worldviews and beliefs that are realized in relation to themselves, other people and the world around them. This is an essential basis for the development of future professionals. The values ​​of the teacher can be a source of motivation, action planning, constructive guidelines of consciousness. It is usually based on the ideals of Goodness, Beauty, Truth, and Love. It defines the norms of the individual and usually has an individual and a social framework. It can be the basis for addressing the purpose of man, the meaning of life, the highest achievements of mankind, which determine the success of society: economic, ideological, cultural, social, political, etc. Determining the level of development of spiritual culture and values ​​of teachers, it is found that there is a relationship, interaction, mutual determination between the level of development of a personal and professional component of spiritual culture and need-emotional orientation of personality, spiritual potential, value orientation. There is an average correlation between the development of the spiritual culture of teachers and orientation, character, communication, intelligence. There is a high correlation between the development of spiritual culture and self-awareness (0,734) and orientation (0,625) of teachers. It is noted that the psychological peculiarities of the development of teachers’ values should be taken into consideration. Psychological peculiarities are interconnected with cognitive, emotional, motivational and volitional processes. The actualization of higher mental functions of the individual and the psychological mechanisms of spiritual development of the individual is of great importance as well.

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF LINGUOCULTURAL CONCEPT “WATER” IN GERMAN AND ARMENIAN

SIRANUSH PAPOYAN - SEMANTIC FEATURES OF LINGUOCULTURAL CONCEPT “WATER” IN GERMAN AND ARMENIAN This article is devoted to the study of the features of the linguistic and cultural concept “water” in the German and Armenian languages. The examples have been chosen from idiomatic dictionaries and electronic sites. The usage of the concept in the idioms is related to the lingual thinking, psychological and cultural peculiarities of the native speakers, and the study allows to complete the very important linguo-cultural reflection of the concept “water” in the idiomatic level of the two languages.

Psychological peculiarities of experiencing academic stress by students of rural schools

Psychological peculiarities of experiencing academic stress by students of rural schools

Способность гражданина к совершению сделки: критерии судебно-психологических экспертных оценок

A psychological examination of 88 men and 42 women aged between 26 and 88 (116 of them had mental disorders, and 14 were mentally healthy) has been carried out while they were undergoing the complex forensic psychological and psychiatric examination for purposes of assessment a person's deal-making ability at the time of the transaction and diminished capacity. In respect of 46 persons, forensic experts took the decision that the persons ‘were unable to understand the meaning of their actions, regulate and control them at the time of the transaction’; 48 persons were found to be ‘able to understand the meaning of their actions, regulate and control them at the time of the transaction’; and 26 persons were found to be ‘able to understand the meaning of their actions, regulate and control them only if assisted by others’. In respect of 10 persons, the questions posed to forensic experts failed to be definitively resolved. 57 indicators, reflecting the disturbances of cognitive processes, individual psychological peculiarities, and data on socialization had been diagnosed for each of the examinees. Factor analysis made it possible to identify the pathopsychological symptom complexes that are relatively specific for persons who either have or lack the deal-making ability at the time of the transaction (Article 177 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), as well as for persons with diminished capacity due to mental disorder (Para. 2 of Article 30 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Structure of individual psychological peculiarities of personality as a basis for effective group construction

Structure of individual psychological peculiarities of personality as a basis for effective group construction

The usage of a system-activity approach during district police officers training at Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and its role in the formation of universal expertise

The article studies the problems of formation and development of universal expertise of would-be district police officers. The authors consider the modern interpretation of the term “expertise approach” and the ways of its implementation. The authors describe the stages of using a system-activity approach in the organization of the educational process at Barnaul Law Institute. The methods of formation of the professional education of high quality include its structural and institutional reformation, the development of integration models of all levels of education in accordance with the modern requirements. The research contains the analysis of the diagnostics of psychological peculiarities of students and the universal expertise of graduates of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The authors define organizational and technical requirements to the information and educational environment appropriate for using the system-activity approach. The authors focus on the analysis of the structure and the contents of universal expertise in the field of law-enforcement activity during district police officers training. Universal expertise formed in the process of education helps the graduates to solve difficult tasks and settle conflicts in their professional activity. Instruments defining the level of the universal expertise of students will help to evaluate the results of education at each stage and form the comprehensive understanding of the results by the participants of the educational process. The authors arrive at the conclusion that the formed universal expertise shows the preparedness of district police officers to effective service which is defined by the developed skills, personal traits, theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the field of law-enforcement activity.