Addition Of Pectin Research Articles

CHARACTERIZATION OF COOKED HAM CONTAINING PECTIN AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

This study evaluated the sensory acceptance of cooked hams elaborated with potassium chloride (KCl) and/or pectin. Three formulations were produced: a control (formulation 1); one with 100% substitution of the NaCl by KCl, decrease in the amount of polyphosphate and the addition of pectin (formulation 2); and the third with partial substitution of the NaCl by KCl, the absence of polyphosphate and the addition of pectin (formulation 3). The consumers evaluated sensory acceptance with respect to flavor, odor, texture and appearance (mixed 9-point structured hedonic scale); intensity of the salty taste (9-point just right scale); and two evaluations for purchase intent (5-point structured verbal scale). Formulation 1 scored the highest means for acceptance of appearance and the respective purchase intent. On the other hand, formulation 2 scored the highest means for acceptance and purchase intent for the other attributes and the intensity of salty taste nearest to the just right. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This manuscript evaluated the sensory acceptance of cooked hams elaborated with KCl and/or pectin. The data represent alternatives of inclusion of cooked ham in the high blood pressure patients' diet. Then, the experimental data reported in this paper may be important for the scientific community of the food science.

Characterisation of sugar beet pectin fractions providing enhanced stability of anthocyanin-based natural blue food colourants

The bathochromic effect resulting from the addition of sugar beet pectin (SBP) to black currant juice, purified anthocyanins (ACN-E) and purified polyphenol extracts comprising both anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics (PP-E), respectively, were monitored by VIS spectroscopy at varying pH relevant to food formulations (pH 3.6–5.0). Furthermore, a low molecular pectic polysaccharide fraction (PPF) was isolated from SBP using 70% aqueous 2-propanol and further characterised with respect to its chemical composition and mineral content. The marked bathochromic effect was found to be due to the formation of anthocyanin–metal chelate complexes. Only at pH 5.0 SBP entailed a moderate bathochromic shift of 12nm in model solutions containing ACN-E. This effect was enhanced in PPF model solutions resulting in a λmax shift up to 50nm, bringing about an intense blue colour. The bathochromic shift was boosted with increasing pH and upon purification of the anthocyanins. In contrast, after SBP and PPF addition to black currant juice, the bathochromic effect was almost annihilated. Model solutions were stored at 20°C in the dark for 12days, and optimum stability of the blue colour was observed at pH 5.0.

Controlling the rejection of protein during membrane filtration by adding selected polyelectrolytes

Electrostatic interactions among the charged groups on proteins and/or between proteins and other solutes significantly affect the aggregation/deposition phenomena that induce fouling and decrease permeate flux during membrane purification of proteins. Such interactions can be turned into an advantage by e.g. addition of new charged species that are able to destabilize the interactions causing aggregation or by controlling the charges via pH. The present study examined the effect of (1) addition of polyelectrolytes-polystyrene-co-acrylic acid (PS-co-AA) and pectin-, respectively, and (2) changing the pH, on the permeate flux and membrane transmission of bovin serum albumina (BSA) through a PVDF membrane. The addition of PS-co-AA to the feed solution resulted in significant increases of the BSA transmission at pH 7.4 as compared to the transmission of a pure BSA solution (1 g/L). The addition of pectin to BSA at pH 7.4 also resulted in higher permeate fluxes and improved BSA transmission, as compared to the individual solution of pectin or BSA. The BSA transmission decreased at lower pHs i.e. at 4.7 (isoelectric point of BSA) and 2 with each polyelectrolyte as the apparent interactions between the BSA and the polyelectrolyte favoured deposition and aggregation phenomena, resulting in higher fouling. The results suggest that the addition of a polyelectrolyte to a protein solution at a certain pH can dramatically modify the profile of electrostatic interactions causing fouling, and can help enhance the performance of membrane filtration for fractionation/purification of a target protein by significantly reducing fouling and modifying rejection/selectivity.

Changes in Colloidal Properties of Oil in Water Emulsions Stabilized with Sodium Caseinate Observed by Acoustic and Electroacoustic Spectroscopy

Sodium caseinate is a commonly used emulsifier in foods, as it adsorbs on the surface of oil droplets and stabilizes them via electrostatic and steric stabilization, forming a polyelectrolyte layer at the interface. Since the protein interface is affected by varying environmental conditions such as pH, ionic strength, concentration of unadsorbed polymers, these emulsions are prone to a variety of destabilization mechanisms. The objective of the present work was to observe the destabilization of sodium caseinate stabilized oil in water emulsions using electroacoustic spectroscopy. This technique can be utilized for the characterization of concentrated colloidal systems in situ, without dilution. The electroacoustic and ultrasonic properties of soy oil in water emulsions were determined for sodium caseinate stabilized emulsions under conditions known to cause destabilization. Ultrasonic attenuation and electrophoretic mobility (ζ-potential) could clearly follow the changes occurring in the emulsion droplets, under minimal sample disruption. This is critical for these systems in a very fragile, metastable state. The emulsions were stable to the addition of high methoxyl pectin (HMP) up to 0.1% HMP. Addition of free sodium caseinate induced depletion flocculation, causing a decrease in the attenuation and electrophoretic mobility measured. The presence of HMP limited depletion interactions. Acidification of the emulsion droplets resulted in a clear sol–gel transition, as shown by a steep increase in the particle size and a decrease in attenuation. Again, destabilization was limited by HMP addition. It was concluded that ultrasonics and electroacoustics are suitable techniques to understand the details of the destabilization processes occurring to food emulsions, measured in situ.

Formulation and Drying of Alginate Beads for Controlled Release and Stabilization of Invertase

Several alternatives to the conventional alginate beads formulation were studied for encapsulation of invertase. Pectin was added to the alginate/enzyme solution while trehalose and β-cyclodextrin were added to the calcium gelation media. The effect of composition changes, freezing, drying methods (freeze, vacuum, or air drying), and thermal treatment were evaluated on invertase stability and its release kinetics from beads. The enzyme release mechanism from wet beads depended on pH. The addition of trehalose, pectin, and β-cyclodextrin modified the bead structure, leading in some cases to a release mechanism that included the relaxation of the polymer chains, besides Fickian diffusion. Enzyme release from vacuum-dried beads was much faster than from freeze-dried beads, probably due to their higher pore size. The inclusion of β-cyclodextrin and especially of pectin prevented enzyme activity losses during bead generation, and trehalose addition was fundamental for achieving adequate invertase protection during freezing, drying, and thermal treatment. Present results showed that several alternatives such as drying method, composition, as well as pH of the relese medium can be managed to control enzyme release.

Influence of different pectins on powder characteristics of microencapsulated anthocyanins and their impact on drug retention of shellac coated granulate

Blueberry extract was spray dried using different pectins and caffeine as copigment for anthocyanins in order to influence the release of anthocyanins from the shellac coated maltodextrin granulates in simulated gastric fluid. The addition of pectin did not have any influence on the structure of spray dried microcapsules as well as on the coating layer of the granulates. The initial retention of anthocyanins depended significantly on the waterbinding ability of spray dried microcapsules. The higher the waterbinding capacity of spray dried powders the lower was the anthocyanin release. Highest waterbinding capacity and lowest anthocyanin release was gained by citrus pectin with a high degree of esterification (DE) and sugar beet pectin. In general high DE pectins inhibited the release stronger than low DE pectins.

Pectins as Breadmaking Additives: Effect on Dough Rheology and Bread Quality

The effect of two types of pectins with different degrees of esterification on dough and bread characteristics was analysed. A high methoxyl pectin (HMP) and a low methoxyl pectin (LMP) were assayed in dough without or with salt (2%) at levels ranging from 0.25% to 2.0%. Farinographic water absorption increased when pectins were incorporated in dough with salt, whereas this effect was not observed in dough without salt. Pectin addition diminished the stability of dough in all cases. Texture profile analysis showed that pectins softened the dough, particularly when salt was added. Cohesiveness was also higher in doughs with salt at the maximum level of hydrocolloid addition. In dough with salt, HMP decreased the elastic and viscous moduli, while the values for tan (δ) were increased with respect to control. SEM micrographs showed that dough with pectin has a filamentous structure. In the breadmaking process, dough with HMP showed a better performance, leading to higher specific volumes and softer crumbs both in fresh and stored bread.

Effects of Pulsation Rate and Viscosity on Pulsation-Induced Taste Enhancement: New Insights into Texture–Taste Interactions

Oral stimulation with high-tastant concentrations that are alternared with low-tastant concentrations or water rinses (pulsatile stimulation) results in taste intensity ratings that are higher than continuous stimulation with the same average tastant concentration. This study tested the combined effects of taste pulsation rate and viscosity on pulsation-induced taste enhancement in apple juice. According to a tastant-kinetics hypothesis, less pulsation-induced taste enhancement is expected at enhanced pulsation rates in the high-viscous proximal stimulus compared to lower viscous stimuli. High-concentration sucrose apple juice pulses and low-concentration sucrose apple juice intervals were alternated at different pulsation periods (pulse + interval in seconds) every 2.5 s (period length = 5 s) or every 1.25 s (period length = 2.5 s). Pulsed stimuli were presented at two viscosity levels by the addition of pectin (0 and 10 g/L). Sweetness intensities of pulsed stimuli were compared to a continuous reference of the same net but nonalternating sucrose concentration. Sweetness ratings were higher for pulsatile stimuli than for continuous stimuli. In low-viscous stimuli, enhancement depended on the pulsation period and peaked at 5 s periods. In high-viscous stimuli, the same enhancement was observed for both pulsation periods. These results contradict a tastant-kinetics hypothesis of viscosity-induced taste suppression because impaired tastant kinetics by viscosity would predict the opposite: lower pulsation-induced taste enhancement for viscous stimuli, especially at higher pulsation rates. Instead, these observations favor an explanation based on perceptual texture-taste interactions, which predict the observed independence between viscosity and pulsation rate.

Aroma release of a model wine solution as influenced by the presence of non-volatile components. Effect of commercial tannin extracts, polysaccharides and artificial saliva

The effect of commercial tannin extracts, extracted either from grape seeds or grape skins, a natural wine polysaccharide extract, pectin and arabinogalactan on the headspace release of selected aroma compounds from a “model wine” solution was investigated. Changes in the volatility of the aroma compounds were studied using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with GC/FID. The performance of four commercially available fibre coatings was checked and the 50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS one was proved to be the most effective. A short sampling time (1min) was used to determine the “true” headspace concentration at equilibrium between the headspace and the sample. In general, the volatility of the studied aroma compounds appeared to be correlated to increasing tannin levels as well as to their origin. The volatility of esters was generally increased upon tannin addition at low concentrations, while at higher addition levels the two extracts exhibited dissimilar behaviour attributed to their different composition. Both arabinogalactan and pectin addition at low concentrations increased the volatility of the studied aroma compounds, while at higher concentrations pectin exhibited a different behaviour by salting out hydrophobic compounds in the vapour phase. In addition, grape skin and seed tannin extracts in admixture with polysaccharides either prevented the macromolecular chains to associate with volatile molecules or led to additional flavour retention depending on the aroma compound and the addition level. Saliva addition enhanced the volatility of the most hydrophobic compounds whereas the hydrophilic compounds were retained into the matrix.

Beneficial effects of carrot pectin against lead intoxication in Wistar rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial action, in vivo, of pectin against subacute lead acetate (350 mg/l) intoxication. The adverse effects of lead on the haematological disturbances that concerned, more precisely, the decrease of red blood corpuscle life duration and on the appearance of ever granulated basophilic haematites by inhibiting an enzyme responsible for haeme synthesis have been demonstrated after 1 month of oral lead administration to female Wistar rats. Also, this caused an elevation of the blood lead level as compared with the control group. The introduction of carrot pectin to a level of 3% in the feeding of intoxicated rats has shown a chelating and correcting effect on haematological disturbances caused by lead toxicity, which is reflected by a significant decrease (P<0.05) of blood lead (from 117 to 65 to 19 μg/l), zinc protoporphyrine (portophyrine-zinc from 7.7 to 5.1 to 3.5 μg/g of Hb), increase in haemoglobin to 27% (from 5.09 to 6.05 to 7.79%) and iron to 8% (from 1.34 to 0.9 to 0.5%) of the treated rats by pectin as compared with the untreated groups. Differences in blood lead were significant between the control diet and the addition of pectin therefore suggesting that pectin fibre ingestion in diets decreases the risk of lead poisoning. Key words: Blood lead, carrot pectin, haemoglobin, lead acetate, ZPP

Improvement of physicochemical stabilities of emulsions containing oil droplets coated by non-globular protein–beet pectin complex membranes

The potential of beet pectin for improving the physical and chemical stabilities of emulsions containing silk fibroin coated droplets was investigated. Five wt.% corn oil-in-water emulsions containing fibroin-coated droplets (0.5wt.% fibroin) and anionic pectin (0.05wt.%) were prepared at pH 7. The pH of these emulsions was then adjusted to pH 4, so that the anionic pectin molecules electrostatically deposited to the fibroin-coated droplets. The influence of pH (3 to 7) and sodium chloride concentrations (0 to 500mM) on the properties of primary (0wt.% pectin) and secondary (0.05wt.% pectin) emulsions was studied. Pectin was deposited to the droplet surfaces at pH 3, 4, and 5, but not at pH 6 and 7. In addition, secondary emulsions were stable up to higher ionic strengths (<500mM) than primary emulsions (<200mM). The addition of beet pectin also prolonged the lag phase of lipid oxidation in the emulsions as determined by the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal. The controlled electrostatic deposition method utilized in this study could be used to extend the range of application of silk fibroin in the industry.

Properties of spray-dried food flavours microencapsulated with two-layered membranes: Roles of interfacial interactions and water

Engineering the interface of oil-in-water emulsion droplets with biopolymers that modify its permeability could provide a novel technique to improve flavour retention in dry powders. The objective of this study was to determine if volatile compounds were more retained in dry emulsions stabilized by pea protein isolate (PPI)/pectin complex than that stabilized by PPI alone. The retention of ethyl esters during spray-drying increased with decreasing volatility of the encapsulated compound and ranged from 28% to 40%. The addition of pectin to feed emulsions was quite effective in markedly improving the retention of the three studied flavour compounds. In our previous work (Gharsallaoui et al., 2010), we showed that pectin was able to improve physical integrity of emulsion oil droplets during spray-drying. However, the pectin positive effect on both the droplet stability and the flavour retention at the time of spray-drying can also be explained by a protein molecular structure protective effect. Indeed, the obtained FTIR results showed that pectin was able to preserve the β-sheet secondary structure of pea protein when pea globulins/pectin complexes are heated. The study of the release characteristics of a flavour compound from dried powders showed that pectin addition did not affect the release profile mainly accomplished by the diffusion mechanism.

Improvement of Sponge Cake Quality by the Addition of Pectin

Improvement of Sponge Cake Quality by the Addition of Pectin

Formation and Stabilization of Antimicrobial Delivery Systems Based on Electrostatic Complexes of Cationic−Non-ionic Mixed Micelles and Anionic Polysaccharides

Lauric arginate (LAE) is a cationic surfactant that is of great interest to the food industry because of its strong antimicrobial activity. However, its application within foods and beverages is currently restricted because of its limited solubility in aqueous solutions and its bitter taste, which have been associated with its cationic nature. This study examines whether electrostatic complexes between cationic LAE mixed micelles and anionic polysaccharides could be used to improve LAE functionality. Two types of pectin (high and low methoxyl) were titrated into buffer solutions containing either LAE micelles or LAE/Tween 20 mixed micelles (pH 3.5, 50 mM citrate buffer). The electrical characteristics of the micelles or micelle/pectin complexes were assessed by microelectrophoresis measurements, while their stability to aggregation was evaluated by light scattering measurements. LAE micelle/pectin complexes formed large aggregates that rapidly sedimented. On the other hand, mixed micelle/pectin complexes (1:1 LAE/Tween 20, w/w) were stable to aggregation and formed clear solutions. The electrical charge of mixed micelles changed from +8 to -15 mV when the pectin concentration was increased (0.00-0.05 wt %), indicating an electrostatic interaction between anionic pectin molecules and cationic micelles. Lower concentrations of low methoxyl pectin were required (0.01 wt %) to change the net charge of mixed micelles from positive to negative than high methoxyl pectin (0.025 wt %). Our results suggest that the addition of pectin to mixed LAE/Tween 20 micelles leads to the formation of electrostatic complexes that may be useful as functional ingredients in food and other products.

Hydrocolloid Interaction with Water, Protein, and Starch in Wheat Dough

Interaction of hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum, and high-methoxyl pectin) with macrocomponents of dough (water, starch, and protein) was evaluated by different techniques. (1)H spin-spin NMR relaxation assays were applied to study the mobility of the gluten-hydrocolloid-water matrix, and the amount of freezable water was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Starch gelatinization parameters (T, enthalpy) were also analyzed by DSC. The influence of additives on the protein matrix was studied by Fourier transform (FT) Raman assays; analysis of the extracted gliadins and glutenins was performed by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A significantly higher molecular mobility was found in matrices containing xanthan gum, whereas pectin led to the lowest molecular mobility. Freezable water showed a trend of increasing in the presence of hydrocolloids, particularly under conditions of water restriction. Starch gelatinization final temperature was decreased when hydrocolloids were added in the presence of enough water. In general, FT-Raman and SDS-PAGE indicated that hydrocolloid addition promoted a more disordered and labile network, particularly in the case of pectin addition. On the other hand, results obtained for dough with guar gum would indicate a good compatibility between this hydrocolloid and the gluten network.

The quality of high pressure-induced and heat-induced yuzu marmalade

Yuzu is a typical Japanese citrus with a desirable smell. The objectives of this study are to establish a process for pressure-induced marmalade (without both heating or the addition of pectin) and compare it with heat-induced marmalade. Sliced peel (flavedo) was soaked in 2% citric acid solution (pH 2.0). Albedo, endocarp and juice sacs were homogenized with 0.3% citric acid solution (pH 2.5). After soaking for 24 h, these were mixed and 50% or 60% sucrose of the total weight was added, then pressurized at 500 MPa or boiled (process A). Process B: all processing was done at pH 2.7. Peel of high pressure-induced marmalade maintained a natural color. Flavedo in heat-induced marmalade was softer than that of pressure-induced marmalade. There was no difference in viscosity between heat-induced and high pressure-induced marmalade. High pressure-induced marmalade with 50% sugar was preferred by a sensory test because fresh flavor and color were maintained.

A Low‐Calorie Beverage Supplemented with Low‐Viscosity Pectin Reduces Energy Intake at a Subsequent Meal

The addition of fiber to foods and beverages has been linked with greater satiety and reduced energy intakes at the next meal. However, measures of satiety can be influenced by the time interval between beverage consumption and the next meal. The objective of this study was to determine how the time interval between consumption and a subsequent test meal impacts the satiating power of a low-calorie beverage supplemented with low-viscosity pectin fiber. Forty-two participants (20 men, 22 women) each participated in 4 study sessions. Study preloads were 2 low-calorie beverages (355 mL, 8 kcal) containing either 0 g fiber (no fiber) or 8 g low-viscosity fiber (added fiber). These preloads were consumed either 90 min before lunch or 15 min before lunch. Every 15 min, participants rated hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and thirst using 100-mm visual analogue scales. A test lunch was served and plate waste was measured. Beverages with added fiber reduced energy intakes at lunch relative to those without fiber. A short delay (15 min) between beverage consumption and a subsequent meal was associated with higher satiety ratings and reduced energy intakes, regardless of fiber content. The addition of low-viscosity pectin to low-calorie beverages reduced energy intakes at the next meal, presenting a possible tool for intake regulation. A short time interval between consumption of a low-calorie beverage and a meal also increased satiety and decreased food intake, reflecting the short-lived effect of volume.

Quality characteristics improvement of low‐phenylalanine toast bread

SummaryThis study was designed to prepare and evaluate low‐phenylalanine toast bread made from gliadin‐free wheat flour and hydrocolloids. Wheat protein fraction (gliadin) rich in phenylalanine was extracted using aqueous alcohol solution for the production of low‐phenylalanine wheat flour. Pectin, gum arabic and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were used separately to improve the quality of bread at levels of 1, 2 and 3%. Chemical, rheological, organoleptic, baking, staling and microstructure of bread were studied. Phenylalanine content of gliadin‐free bread samples reduced by 43.2% compared with control. Separation of gliadin negatively affected the rheological properties of dough and baking quality of bread, while rheological properties, baking quality and staling were improved upon hydrocolloids addition. Microscopic examination of crumb structure revealed remarkable differences in control and treated breads. It was found that acceptable bread could be produced using gliadin‐free wheat flour with the addition of pectin or CMC up to 2 and 3%, respectively.

Improvement of Bread Shelf Life by the Addition of Pectin

Improvement of Bread Shelf Life by the Addition of Pectin

THE EFFECTS OF PECTIN ON SOME PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF TOFU (SOYA CURD) PRODUCED BY USING CACL2 AND GDL COAGULANTS

Tofu (soy bean curd) is one of the most important vegetable protein products. It has been produced in the south-east of Asia for a long time. In the current research, the effects of pectin (0.1 and 0.2 % W/W of soya milk) and two types of coagulants (glucono delta lactone (GDL) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)) on the yield and quality parameters of Tofu were investigated. In comparison between control samples, the samples containing GDL had higher yield than those containing CaCl2. On the other hand, adding of pectin increased the yield of all samples and in contrast to control ones, in comparison between samples containing hydrocolloid, samples containing CaCl2 had higher yield in comparison to those containing GDL. There was no significant difference between control samples in L*- hunter parameter. Addition of pectin increased L* in all samples and magnitude of increase in CaCl2-Tofu was higher than GDL-Tofu samples. Compression test showed that texture of CaCl2-Tofu was firmer than GDL-Tofu. In both concentration, adding of pectin led to about a significant (P<0.5) decrease in firmness of all samples. Sensory Hedonic evaluation showed that the samples without hydrocolloid had higher acceptability than those containing hydrocolloid, however this difference was not significant. Keywords: Tofu, Pectin, Colorimetry, Rheology