Pearson Product Correlation Research Articles

Validity of Lower-Extremity Strength Between Push- and Pull-Based Handheld Dynamometers: A Technical Report.

Handheld dynamometers provide clinicians an objective measure of lower-extremity force production at the hip and knee. While push-based dynamometers are common in clinical practice, they can be associated with patient discomfort, and standardization of methods is challenging when patient forces can exceed the ability of the rater. Development of novel, pull-based dynamometers allow for better patient comfort, but validity between dynamometers must be established before integration into clinical practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare measurement of lower-extremity force between push- and pull-based handheld dynamometers. Descriptive laboratory study. Twenty-one healthy triathletes performed isometric hip abduction, hip external rotation, and knee extension testing against 2 separate handheld dynamometers. Pearson product correlations were calculated for the relationship between devices, while Bland-Altman plots were used to measure agreement with limit of agreement to assess systematic bias. Correlations between devices were strong for hip abduction and knee extension (r = .743-.767, P < .001) and moderate for hip external rotation (r = .429, P = .052). Additionally, there was good agreement between the 2 devices, with acceptable limits of agreement across the 3 force tasks. The pull-based dynamometer resulted in greater torque values for knee-extension and hip external rotation, with a mean difference of -0.37 and -0.19N·m/kg, but there was no difference in hip abduction with a mean difference of 0.03N·m/kg. The results demonstrate that pull-based dynamometers are an acceptable alternative to push-based dynamometers for hip abduction and knee extension, but some caution may exist for hip external rotation. Clinicians should be aware of differences in lower-extremity force across multiple handheld dynamometers when assessing muscle function in practice.

Workplace Diversity and Human Resource Performance Among Non-Teaching Staff of Selected Private Universities in Ogun State

The proliferation of privately owned institutions in Nigeria has led to a range of challenges, including the issue of workplace diversity. The observed phenomenon is a naturally occurring event that can have varying effects on worker performance, depending on the effectiveness of its management. Numerous research studies have demonstrated the significant impact of non-teaching personnel management on their performance in private university settings. This study investigates the influence of workplace diversity on the efficacy of human resource management, expanding on the existing theoretical framework. The study utilised a survey research method, specifically targeting private universities in Ogun State that have obtained approval from the National Universities Commission (NUC). A representative sample of respondents was selected. The data was collected using a meticulously designed questionnaire. Regression analysis of ordinary least squares (OLS) and Pearson product correlation were used to analyse workplace diversity and human resources performance among non-teaching staff in a selected private university in Nigeria. The regression analysis conducted in this study revealed a statistically significant association between workplace diversity, encompassing factors such as age, education, and gender, and employees' performance in Nigeria. Ethnic diversity has a detrimental effect on workplace diversity. The study indicates that it is important for organisational management to establish and implement policies that support diversity in the workforce, considering the varied backgrounds of all individuals involved.

Gait Characteristics and Deviation Factors of Backward Walking in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability.

Despite growing applications of backward walking (BW) in assessing and rehabilitating neuromuscular conditions, its effects on gait in chronic ankle instability (CAI) remain unclear. Moreover, linking patient-reported and clinically generated measures is imperative for understanding CAI. Patients with CAI will exhibit worse and compensatory spatio-temporal and kinetic gait parameters during BW, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) will be correlated significantly with gait parameters. Case-control study. Level 4. A total of 46 volunteers participated (23 per group). Patients filled out scales for pain, functions, and fear-avoidance beliefs before testing. All participants walked 6 times each in both forward and backward conditions, and gait was recorded using the Win-Track system. A 2-way mixed analysis of variance was performed to compare gait parameters. The relationship between PRO and gait outcomes was assessed through the Pearson product correlation coefficient. The CAI group demonstrated prolonged support and swing phases, increased walk-off angle, and plantar pressure area, but decreased step length and plantar pressure versus controls (P < 0.05). The CAI group had a smaller right walk-off angle during BW than FW; the control group showed the opposite (P < 0.05). The left single stance duration was greater in the CAI group, while the right was not (P < 0.05). PRO correlated significantly with gait parameters, particularly spatial parameters (P < 0.05). The CAI group exhibited worse gait parameters during BW. The CAI group exhibited a characteristic compensatory gait pattern. Linking the self-reported scores provides a better representation of gait changes in CAI. These results suggest that BW may be an effective strategy for identifying and evaluating CAI. It may be feasible to apply BW to the rehabilitation of CAI.

Arthritis in the Regional Cultures of the American Nations: An Overlooked Component of a Larger Unhealthy Lifestyle Syndemic.

Introduction: Health indices vary widely within the United States (U.S.), with clear "belts and epicenters" where the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, chronic disease, and disability are all high. Arthritis is a significant, well-established risk factor for developing chronic disease. In this paper, we hypothesize that the prevalence and patterns of arthritis in the U.S. will mirror that of other leading health issues across the country. Methods: We merged county-level data on arthritis, disability, and depression prevalence, the Lifestyle Health Index (LHI), the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the American Nations regional cultures schematic. Results: Data was available from 3073 U.S. counties. We found age-adjusted arthritis prevalence has statistically significant and generally strong Pearson product correlations (r ≈ 0.70, P < 0.001) with (1) LHI sub scores and overall score; (2) Depression prevalence; (3) Disability prevalence; and (4) SVI. The geographic distribution of age-adjusted arthritis prevalence according to the American Nations regional cultures model demonstrated clear heterogeneity across regions. Conclusions: The status of population health in the U.S. is disconcerting and the current model of health care delivery, which is often approached from a siloed (condition-specific vs holistic care), reactionary, secondary prevention model, is inadequate to the challenge.

Readiness of Federal University Libraries in North West Nigeria to Adoption of Cloud Computing For Current Services Conveyance

The study investigated readiness and adoption of cloud computing for effective services delivery in north west Federal University Libraries The objectives of the study were To identify the extent library staff are aware of cloud computing: To identify the extent cloud computing applies to library operations To identify the extent of cloud computing is used for the implementation of cloud computing in library operations: To identify the awareness of librarians on the benefits of cloud computing The study adopted correlational design. The population of the study consisted of 199 professional librarians, Para- professional and ICT staff working in Federal university libraries in North-West Nigeria. No sampling as the entire population size was manageable. The instrument for the collection of data for the study is structured questionnaire called “relationship between readiness and adoption of cloud computing for effective services delivery in North West Federal University Libraries: Observation Check-List (ACFESDN). The drafted questionnaire was face validated by three experts, two of the validates A trial-testing procedure was used to establish the reliability of the instrument. Copies of the instrument were administered on 30 respondents. Chronbach Alpha (α) reliability method was used to determine the internal consistency of 0.82 coefficient of the questionnaire. Analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation (R). Pearson product correlation analysis was used to ascertain the significant relationship among variables of the study at 0.05 level of significance. The responses to the items were interpreted by describing the strength of the correlation using the guide suggested by Evan (1996) for the absolute value of r as stated. The decision point of acceptance is that any item that fall between 0.40-0.59 and above is considered positive relationship. While items that fall between 0.40- below is considered negative relationship. Findings Shows: There is a significant difference between Librarians, readiness, Operation service, applied operation and implementation. The study recommends that the Librarians should handle. Library workers career option in Adoption of Cloud Computing for Effective Services Delivery.

N/a Exploring the Relationship between Test-Anxiety, Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance among University Students

This study was conducted to find the relationship of test-anxiety, emotional intelligence and academic performance of public private sector university students. A sample of 388 students,194 male and 194 females was drawn through convenient sampling from the Public and Private universities of Karachi in Pakistan, using a cross sectional design. Test anxiety was assessed through Westside Test Anxiety Scale and emotional intelligence was assessed using The Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale. Performance of the last two semesters attended by the students was used to assess academic performance and demographic information was gathered through the demographic form. The “Pearson Product Correlation” was calculated to find the relation between test anxiety and emotional intelligence and academic performance. t-test for independent sample was used to obtain the differences in test-anxiety and emotional intelligence and gender in Public and Private sector university students’ academic performance on the respective variables. The results revealed an inverse relationship between test-anxiety and emotional intelligence, academic performance. However, the results showed a positive relation between emotional intelligence and academic performance. Gender differences were found in test anxiety but not in emotional intelligence. The students of both the sectors differed in test anxiety, whereas both the groups did not differ on the scores of emotional intelligences. It is incumbent on educational institutes to provide psychological services to students who find hard to handle exam situation in the same way as financial assistance is provided to those who need it.

The relationship between hamstring strength tests and sprint performance in female Gaelic footballers: A correlation and linear regression analysis.

To investigate the relationships between handheld dynamometer (HHD), isokinetic and Nordic hamstrings exercise (NHE) measurements of knee flexor strength and their association with sprinting performance. Cross-sectional. The relationships between HHD (prone isometric, prone break and supine break knee flexor strength tests), isokinetic and NHE peak knee flexor strength measures were examined using Pearson product correlations on 38 female footballers. A linear regression analysis was also performed for each pair of dependent variables (10 and 30 metre sprint times) and independent predictor variables (average relative peak torque for HHD, isokinetic and NHE testing). There were good correlations between HHD tests (r = 0.81-0.90, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.65-0.82), moderate correlations between HHD and isokinetic peak torque, (r = 0.61-0.67, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.37-0.44) and poor association between the HHD peak torques and isokinetic work (r = 0.44-0.46, p = 0.005-0.007, R2 = 0.20-0.21) and average power (r = 0.39-0.45, n = 36, p = 0.006-0.019, R2 = 0.15-0.22). There was a poor association between NHE peak torque and isokinetic total work (r = 0.34, p = 0.04, R2 = 0.12). No associations between knee flexor strength and sprint times were observed (p = 0.12-0.79, r2 = 0.002-0.086). Moderate to good correlations within HHD testing and poor to moderate correlations between HHD and isokinetic testing were observed. HHD knee flexor torque assessment may be useful to regularly chart the progress of hamstring rehabilitation for female footballers. Knee flexor strength assessments were not associated with sprint times in female footballers. Other aspects of knee flexor strength and sprint performance should be investigated to assist clinicians in making return to running and sprinting decisions in this population.

Motivation And Engagement Towards Face-To-Face Classes Of Indigenous Students Of Aglalana Integrated School

This study was conducted to determine the level of motivation and engagement among indigenous students towards face to- face learning at Aglalana Integrated School, Dumarao Capiz, S.Y. 2022-2023. The specific objectives were: 1.) What is the level of motivation of indigenous students as a whole and when grouped according to socio-demographic factors such as age, sex, ethnic classification, family monthly income, parents’ occupation, and educational attainment? 2.) What is the level of engagement as a whole and when grouped according to socio-demographic profile? 3.) Are there significant differences in the level of motivation as a whole and when grouped according to socio-demographic profile? 4.) Are there significant differences in the level of engagement as a whole and when grouped according to socio-demographic profile? 5.) Are there significant relationships between the level of motivation and engagement? Respondents of the study were 47 indigenous students of Aglalana Integrated School who were 13-17 years old, males, with parents who were college level with a family monthly income of below 5,000.00. A descriptive research design was used, and an adapted questionnaire was utilized to gather data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviations, while inferential statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Least Significant Difference (LSD), and Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze the inferential data and relationships among variables. Results showed that respondents had “high” motivation and engagement toward the face-to-face classes. It was also found there were significant differences in the levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as to grade level and sex, but significant differences in the levels of intrinsic motivation existed between fathers’ educational attainment, while the rest of the variables revealed no difference at all. There were significant differences in the level of engagement in terms of liking for learning, liking for school, effort and persistence, cognitive learning, and overall levels of engagement as to grade level and age. Coherently, a significant difference in the level of engagement in terms of cognitive learning as to fathers’ educational attainment, while the rest of the variables revealed no difference at all. Further, there were significant relationships between the levels of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation,- and level of engagement toward - face-to-face learning.

Cultural Values and Intercultural Sensitivity among College of Teacher Education Students

Most university and college students are susceptible to prejudice, stereotype, or even discrimination towards individuals or groups of people from different cultures. This confluence of concerns has occurred both within and outside the educational sector. As a result of this alarming predicament, this study aims to determines the relationship between cultural values and intercultural sensitivity among College of Teacher Education students officially enrolled for the Academic Year 2022–2023 in the University of Mindanao in Matina, Davao City. With a total population of 2,054 students in the College of Teacher Education program, the researchers obtained a total of 324 respondents, which was calculated using the Raosoft sample size calculator. This study used convenience sampling and a descriptive correlational research design. The Mean, Standard Deviation, and Pearson Product Correlation were utilized as statistical techniques. The overall findings show that the level of cultural values is high, with a mean score of 4.46 and a standard deviation of .38, while the level of intercultural sensitivity is also high, with a mean score of 4.44 and a standard deviation of .40. This indicates that the cultural values and intercultural sensitivity among undergraduate teachers at the University of Mindanao are highly manifested. Furthermore, the p-value of .000, states that there is a significant relationship between cultural values and intercultural sensitivity. The r-value of .622* also indicates a moderately positive (direct) correlation between cultural values and intercultural sensitivity. Finally, the study's overall results affirm that cultural values have a significant (direct) relationship with the intercultural sensitivity of the College of Teachers Education students at the University of Mindanao. It concludes that students better understand and appreciate cultural diversity. In this sense, future educators have practical intercultural communication skills and collaboration among people of diverse cultural backgrounds. Thus, it creates an inclusive and equitable environment for civically competent individuals in a pluralistic society.

Emotional Abuse, Personality Types and Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Akwa Ibom State

This study investigated Emotional Abuse, Personality Types and Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in AKwa Ibom State. Three research questions and three corresponding hypotheses were used to guide the study. The study adopted correlational research design. The sample of 500 primary school pupils (Basic 5) were drawn from the population through simple random sampling techniques are used for the study. Three instruments titled “Emotional Abuse Scale (EAS)”, “Personality Types Scale” (PTS) and “Academic Performance Test” (APT) were used for data collection. Face and content validity of the instruments was ascertained by experts in test and measurement and Guidance and Counseling. The reliability co-efficient of the instruments was also determined through Cronbach method and coefficients for EAS was 0.83 PTS was 0.77 and APT 0.84 respectively. The instruments were personally administered by the researchers through the help of research assistant (teachers). The analysis of the data was done using Pearson product correlation to answer the research questions while their corresponding hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance, research question three were tested with multiple regressions while its corresponding hypothesis was tested with ANOVA associated with regression at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The summary of the findings showed that; there was significant relationship between emotional abuse, personality types and academic performance of primary school pupils in Akwa Ibom State independently taken. There was significant relationship between personality types (type A and type B) jointly taken and academic performance of primary school pupils in AkwaIbom State. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations and conclusion were made.

Assessment of Implementation of National Policy on Education (2013) in Early Childhood Education in Osun State

This article assessed the availability of teaching and learning facilities in Early Childhood Education centres in Osun State; It also determined the extent to which the available teaching and learning facilities are being utilized in Early Childhood Education centres in the study area; It further examined the various method of teaching in Early Childhood Education centres in the study area. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. The sample of the study comprised 120 teachers which were randomly selected from ten (10) schools from each of the local government areas that were selected from each of the senatorial districts with four (4) teachers from each school. The instruments adopted by this study for data collection were a checklist titled “Teaching and Learning Facilities Observation Checklist (TLFOC) and a questionnaire which was developed by the researchers titled “Teaching and Learning Facilities Questionnaire” (TLFQ) The instrument were validated by two experts in the field of early childhood education. To determine the reliability values of the two instruments, Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient of 0.6. and 0.72 were yielded for TLFOC and TLFQ respectively The data were analysed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were some learning facilities available for use though not adequate enough and their utilization rate was moderate while the most commonly used method was play-way method.

The Correlation between Core Muscular Endurance, Body Composition, and Back Pain in Firefighters: An Observational Study

Firefighters are at a higher risk for experiencing back pain due to the nature of their job, but physical fitness may help to reduce this risk. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation between subjective back pain severity and core muscular endurance exists in firefighters. A secondary purpose was to determine if age or body composition were correlated with back pain severity. This cross-sectional study was performed at a fire department during their Physical Fitness Assessment Program and included 72 male firefighters. Measures included weight, body fat percentage, maximal plank hold times for core muscular endurance, and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. A Pearson product correlation analysis was performed between back pain score and each of the following variables: body fat percentage, BMI, age, and plank hold times. A second set of correlation coefficient analyses was performed between the same variables exclusively in subjects who reported back pain. This study found that, within this population of firefighters, there was no significant correlation between back pain and plank times or body composition variables, although there was a trend toward significant correlations between BMI and body fat percentage when only subjects with back pain were considered.

Relationship of Growth Mindset of Secondary School Heads with their Job Behavior of Multan District, Punjab

The study focuses on the relationship of growth mindset with secondary school job behavior of district Multan. The key objective of the study was to examine the association between a growth mindset and the job behavior of school heads. A survey research design was used. A sample of 142 principals out of 221 school heads of secondary schools was taken through stratified random sampling. The questionnaire was used to collect data from the school heads. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Cronbach alpha were used to estimate the content validity and reliability, respectively. Pearson product correlation and regression analysis were used. The study concluded that a positive correlation was found between a growth mindset and secondary school job behavior. In other words, the job behavior of school heads would be better if they worked with a growth mindset.

Academic Performance in NECO English Language and Biology in a Selected Secondary School in Surulere Local Government, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

National Examination Council is the final qualifying examinations that must be taken by Senior Secondary School Students at the end of their secondary school education. Success in the examinations is mandatory as it provide the basic prerequisite and qualification to gain admission into institution of higher learning. The main objective of this study is to analyze the performances of students of a selected Senior Secondary School in Surulere local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria in two subjects which are Biology and English Language. The study analyzes the result for the period of eight (8) years. The total numbers of enrolment for the two subjects within the year 2014-2021 were gathered from the school record with the consent of the school authority. Also the NECO results were retrieved for the period of eight years and analyzed using Pearson product Correlation Coefficient. It was discovered that there was a significant positive relationship between the student’s performances in NECO Biology and NECO English Language. The average performance in Biology at credit level was 79.04% while in English language it was 78.99%. The study therefore recommends adequate supply of teaching and learning materials to the schools, employment of more qualified Biology and English language teachers, adequate and seasonal release of grants to the schools for seminars and workshop while the teachers should be ready to discharge their duties as required by their professions.

Taking Our Pulse: Examining 5 Years of Data from the Association of Pediatric Program Directors Research and Scholarship Learning Community

BackgroundThe Association of Pediatric Program Directors Research and Scholarship Learning Community (RSLC) prioritizes and comprehensively reviews medical education surveys directed to residency program leadership. Each survey is reviewed by two members of RSLC and the Chair and Vice Chair using a standardized scoring rubric and a limited number of surveys are accepted per cycle. MethodsInternal review data from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed to determine factors associated with survey acceptance, and for surveys accepted for distribution, determine factors associated with response rates or dissemination status. One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed differences in evaluation scores by initial determination status. T-tests and Pearson Product Correlation assessed associations between evaluation scores and response rates by dissemination status. ResultsThe majority (47/81; 58%) of surveys submitted to RSLC are eventually accepted for distribution. Response rates for distributed surveys varied between 14% and 73%. Most (35/47; 74%) surveys distributed through RSLC are presented (62%) and/or published (60%). Higher review scores were associated with acceptance for distribution but not with response rates or dissemination status. ConclusionMost surveys are eventually accepted by RSLC for distribution and those distributed often get published or presented despite variability in response rates.

Effect of Agricultural Subsidy on Farm Income of Commercial Vegetable Farmers of Makwanpur and Dhading Districts, Nepal

Recent agricultural policies of Nepal prioritize subsidy programs. However, there has always been concern about the realistic assessment of the economic implications of subsidy programs. This study was carried out to assess the effect of agricultural subsidy on farm income in the Makwanpur and Dhading districts of Nepal. Altogether 120 households from Thaha-2 of Makwanpur and Benighat Rorang-7 of Dhading were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistical tools, correlation analysis, independent sample t-test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyse the data. Among the total sampled households, 54.17% had access to at least one agricultural subsidy program. The result revealed that farm income was the primary source of household income, contributing 64.17% to total household income. Pearson product correlation shows positive and statistically significant relation between subsidy and technology adoption, technology adoption and annual farm income, subsidy and annual farm income. The estimates of multiple regression coefficients show that subsidy had a significant (p&lt; 0.01) and positive effect on the annual farm income of commercial vegetable farmers. Also, the area under cultivation was a highly significant (p&lt;0.01) factor influencing the farm income. From the independent t-test, the annual farm income of subsidy recipients and non-recipients was found significantly different (p&lt;0.01). So, this study suggests the concerned stakeholders to identify the most needed and best-suited technologies and implement the subsidy program accordingly to boost the annual farm income of commercial vegetable farmers. Keywords: Effect, Farm income, Regression, Subsidy

Within subject, double blind, examination of opioid sensitivity in participant-reported, observed, physiologic, and analgesic outcomes

BackgroundInter-individual differences in opioid sensitivity may underlie different opioid risk profiles but have often been researched in persons who have current or past opioid use disorder or physical dependence. This study examined how opioid sensitivity manifests across various assessments of opioid effects in a primarily opioid-naïve population. ProceduresData were harmonized from two within-subject, double-blind trials wherein healthy participants (N = 123) received placebo and 4 mg oral hydromorphone. Demographics, self-report ratings, observer ratings, physiological, and cold pressor measures were collected. Participants were categorized as being responsive or nonresponsive to the opioid dose tested and compared using mixed-models, Pearson product correlations, and paired t-tests. FindingsParticipants were 49.6% female, mean 33.0 (SD=9.3) years old, and 44.7% Black/African American and 41.5% White, with 89.4% reporting no prior exposure to opioids. Within-subject sensitivity to opioids varied depending on the measure. One in five participants did not respond subjectively to the 4 mg hydromorphone dose based on their “Drug Effects” rating. Persons who were responsive showed more evidence of drug-dependent effects than did persons who were not responsive on ratings of Bad Effects (p= .03), feeling High (p= .01), Nausea (p= .03), pupil diameter (p< 0.01), and on the circular lights task (p< 0.001). ConclusionsThis study provides initial evidence that the experience of opioids may be domain specific. Data suggest potentially clinically meaningful differences exist regarding opioid response patterns, evident following one dose among opioid inexperienced individuals.

Endogenous Ghrelin Levels and Perception of Hunger: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone primarily released by the stomach and has 2 isoforms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and de-acylated ghrelin (DAG), that appear to have different functions in humans. To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (TG), AG, and DAG and perceptions of hunger in healthy adults. The following criteria were used for inclusion: 1) sample contained adults ≥18 y of age, 2) body mass index [BMI kg/m2] was ≥18.5, 3) ghrelin was sampled through blood, 4) subjective hunger was measured on a validated scale, 5) study reported a Pearson product correlation of ghrelin or had relevant figure(s) for data extraction, 6) participants were healthy with no overt disease, 7) protocols contained no physical activity or weight loss medication that suppressed appetite, 8) interventions were conducted without environmental manipulations. Moderators assessed were age, BMI, percentage of body fat (%BF), macronutrient content of test meals, energy intake (kcals), sex, and ghrelin isoform (AG, DAG, or TG). The analysis included 47 studies (110 trials, n = 1799, age: 31.4 ± 12.0 y, BMI: 26.0 ± 4.75) and measured AG (n = 47 trials), DAG (n = 12 trials), and TG (n = 51 trials). The overall model indicated that ghrelin concentrations and perceptions of hunger were moderately correlated (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), and ghrelin isoform significantly moderated this relationship (AG: r = 0.60, P < 0.001; TG: r = 0.215, P=0.01; DAG: r = 0.53, P = 0.695). Other significant moderators included age (b = -0.02, P = 0.01), BMI (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), %BF (b=-0.03, P = 0.05), energy intake (b = 0.0003, P = 0.04), and percentage of carbohydrates of test meals (b = 0.008, P = 0.05). Ghrelin is associated with perceptions of hunger in humans, and this relationship is strengthened when AG is isolated; thus, AG may have a large impact on hunger signals in various populations. Future research should attempt to understand the role of DAG in hunger sensations.

Assessment of the relationship between housing quality and income in urbanizing city of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

The study focused on the connection between the standard of housing and household income in Nigeria's Ado-Ekiti. The population of Ado-Ekiti is expanding and includes a wide range of socioeconomic categories. The study adopted a primary method of data collection, respondents who are landlords or the oldest tenants were selected randomly to give answers to 1500 structural questionnaires distributed in the study area, and a total of 1311 responses were obtained. The study was categorized into three zones: Urban Core, Transitional and Peri-phery. The variables and data were captured with statistical tables. The study found out that 62% of respondents in the Urban Core earn less than the minimum wage as against 9.05 in the Peri-phery. Also, in the Core Area, 37.3%, 40.0%, 34.6%, 32.2%, 32.9% and 47.5% of roof, windows, doors, walls, floors and ceilings respectively were bad. The hypothesis formulated is that there is no significant relationship between housing quality and income level. Using Pearson Product Correlation shows that r-value (0.530) is higher than the r-tabulated r-value (0.195), this indicates that there is a strong correlation between the quality of housing and residents' income levels. The study concluded that income level and fund availability will always affect the realization of good quality housing, the study recommended that strong government intervention in housing the urban poor must be improved; development agencies and private developers should go into funding building maintenance most especially at the urban core.

Status of Socio Emotional Behavior among Preschool Children in Bangladesh

Background: Socio-emotional behavior problem is a serious health problem among pre-school children in the world. Bangladesh is no exception of this. Socio-emotional behavior problem has significantly negative impact at individual, familial and society level. There is a dearth of study regarding socio-emotional behavior among preschool children in Bangladesh. As a consequence, this study attempted to explore the status of socio-emotional behavior among preschool children in Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 132 mothers having pre-school going children in the two selected schools in Bagherhat district, Bangladesh. Face to face interview was conducted for data collection by using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using Pearson product correlation, t-test and ANOVA. Results: The findings showed that the average mean of socio-emotional behavior of preschool children was 1.25. The results presented significant positive correlation of child's socio-emotional behavior with mother's age (r= .188, p=0.030), family income (r=.225, p=0.009) and number of siblings (r=.179, p=0.039) respectively. On the other hand, a significant difference of child's socio-emotional behavior with mother’s educational level (F=3.201, p=0.044), mother’s occupation (F=2.792, p=0.043), and sex of the child (t= -2.481, p=0.014) was observed. Conclusion: It can be concluded that preschool children have socio-emotional behavioral problems. Socio-emotional behavior was also significantly associated with demographic characteristics.