Peak Power Consumption Research Articles

A Neoteric FPGA Architecture with Memristor based Interconnects for Efficient Power Consumption

Objective: This paper discusses different ways of power consumption in FPGA and the earlier SRAM based power reduction techniques with its limitations and demonstrates the methodology adapted by the proposed neoteric Memristor based FPGA architecture. The programmable interconnects of Memristor based FPGA architecture uses the newly found circuit element, i.e. Memristor instead of the SRAM based interconnects as in the usual FPGA architecture, resulting in significant reduction of overall power consumption, area, propagation delay which in turn increases the speed of FPGA than the other conventional SRAM based FPGA architecture. Statistical Methods: The study on the various architectures of FPGA aiming at minimizing the power consumption with the application of different techniques is carried out earlier. One such technique is the SRAM power reduction technique which has got its own limitations such as low density, longer routing path, increased propagation delay, increased peak power consumption rate as well as high value of average power consumption. This paper proposes a low area with the help of Memristor in order to such a minimal routing path aiming to reduce the drawbacks as identified in SRAM architecture. Findings: A simulation work has been carried out with the help of HSPICE and the results prove that the peak power consumption, average power consumption, propagation delay are reduced to a larger extent than that of the reported SRAM architecture. Applications/Improvements: Further it is recorded that the Memristor based FPGA architecture suits better for the applications where there is minimal energy requirement on wireless network scenarios.

순환최소자승법을 이용한 직류도시철도 변전소의 가선전압변동 모델링

The DC overhead line voltage of an electric railway substation swings depending on the accelerating and regenerative-braking energy of trains, and it deteriorates the energy quality of the electric facility in the DC railway substation and restricts the powering and braking performance of subway trains. Recently, an energy storage system or a regenerative inverter has been introduced into railway traction substations to diminish both the variance of the overhead line voltage and the peak power consumption. In this study, the variance of the overhead line voltage in a DC railway substation is modelled by RC parallel circuits in each feeder, and the RC parameters are estimated using the recursive least mean square (RLMS) scheme. The forgetting factor values for the RLMS are selected using simulated annealing optimization, and the modelling scheme of the overhead line voltage variation is evaluated through raw data measured in a downtown railway substation.

Application of Hierarchical and Distributed Cognitive Architecture Management for the Smart Grid

Moving from the current power grid to the Smart Grid (SG) requires decentralizing management. This should be done by distributing intelligence over the entire grid, thereby, the intermittent production of renewable energy, customer consumption and electricity storage in electrical vehicles (EVs) could be managed in real time. In this paper, the Hierarchical and Distributed Cognitive Radio Architecture Management (HDCRAM), initially proposed to manage Cognitive Radio systems, is proposed for the management of the SG. This architecture can both be applied to the whole SG and to any sub-part (distribution network, production network, microgrid). In this paper we focus on the distribution network and the hierarchical position of each element is identified. As an example, HDCRAM is used for smart home management and multi-agent based modeling shows benefits of such an architecture. In the simulated scenario, without any management the peak power consumption is 5500 W and the hierarchical and distributed management allows to reduce it to 900 W. This diminution allows to reduce the pressure on the grid and can decrease the risk of failure.

Decoupling Capacitor Topologies for TSV-Based 3-D ICs With Power Gating

In traditional decoupling capacitor topologies, power gating can significantly degrade the system-wide power integrity of a 3-D integrated circuit since the decoupling capacitance associated with the power-gated block/plane becomes ineffective for the neighboring, active planes. Two topologies are investigated to alleviate this issue by exploiting: 1) relatively low-resistance through silicon vias (TSVs) and 2) ability of TSVs to bypass plane-level power networks when delivering the power supply voltage. In the proposed topologies, decoupling capacitors placed within a plane can provide charge to neighboring planes even when the plane is power gated, achieving up to 50% and 87% reduction in, respectively, rms power supply and power gating (in-rush current) noise at the expense of a moderate increase in physical area and peak power consumption.

In situ measurement of atomic oxygen flux using a silver film sensor onboard “TianTuo 1” nanosatellite

Research into the measurement of atomic oxygen (AO) flux in a low Earth orbit (LEO) is highly significant for the development of spacecraft surface materials as well as for enhancing the reliability of space instruments. In the present study, we studied a silver film resistance method for AO flux measurement and we established a quantitative calculation model. Moreover, we designed a silver film sensor for space flight tests with a mass of about 100g and a peak power consumption of less than 0.2W. The effect of AO on the silver film was demonstrated in a ground-based simulation experiment and compared with the Kapton-mass-loss method. For the space flight test, the AO flux was estimated by monitoring the change in the resistance in the linear part of the silver/AO reaction regime. Finally, the sensor was carried onboard our nanosatellite “TianTuo 1” to obtain in situ measurements of the AO flux during a 476km sun synchronous orbit. The result was critically compared with theoretical predictions, which validated the design of this sensor.

Robust flow shop scheduling with random processing times for reduction of peak power consumption

Recently, power shortages have become a major problem all over Japan, due to the Great East Japan Earthquake, which resulted in the shutdown of a nuclear power plant. As a consequence, production scheduling has become a problem for factories, due to considerations of the availability of electric power. For factories, the contract with the electric power company sets the maximum power demand for a unit period, and in order to minimize this, it is necessary to consider the peak power when scheduling production. There are conventional studies on flowshop scheduling with consideration of peak power. However, these studies did not consider fluctuations in the processing time. Because the actual processing time is not constant, there is an increase in the probability of simultaneous operations with multiple machines. If the probability of simultaneous operations is high, the probability of increasing the peak power is high. Thus, we consider inserting idle time (delay in inputting parts) into the schedule in order to reduce the likelihood of simultaneous operations. We consider a robust schedule that limits the peak power, in spite of an unexpected fluctuation in the processing time. However, when we insert idle time, the makespan gets longer, and the production efficiency decreases. Therefore, we performed simulations to investigate the optimal amount of idle time and the best point for inserting it. We propose a more robust production scheduling model that considers random processing times and the peak power consumption. The results of experiments show that the effectiveness of the schedule produced by the proposed method is superior to the initial schedule and to a schedule produced by another method. Thus, the use of random processing times can limit the peak power.

Cost-effective retrofit technology for reducing peak power demand in small and medium commercial buildings

This article describes a cost-effective retrofit technology that uses collective control of multiple rooftop air-conditioning units to reduce the peak power consumption of small and medium commercial buildings. The proposed control uses a model of the building and air-conditioning units to select an operating schedule for the air-conditioning units that maintains a temperature set-point subject to a constraint on the number of units that may operate simultaneously. A prototype of this new control system was built and deployed in a large gymnasium to coordinate four rooftop air-conditioning units. Based on data collected while operating this prototype, it is estimated that the cost savings achieved by reducing peak power consumption is sufficient to repay the cost of the prototype within a year.

A Power Efficient Test Data Compression Method on Count Compatible PRL Coding

A realistic test sets compression method is proposed to effectively reduce test data volume and test application time during system-on-chip (SoC) scan testing, count compatible pattern run-length (CCPRL) coding method counts the consecutive number of the equal to or contrary to the retained patterns, it modifies the compatible code of variable-length pattern run-length (VPRL) coding rules and adds a count code block to replace original rules for increasing compression ratio. Next, the decoder architecture and the state diagram of finite state machine (FSM) are designed. In addition, the power model of test vectors is analyzed, and the power consumption of scanned-in vectors is roughly evaluated. The six largest ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits verify the proposed coding method has a shorter codeword. Experiment results shows that all compression ratios have been increased as much as possible, test data decompression is lossless, less test application time is consumed, yet the peak power and average power consumption of scanned-in test vector needs to be further improved for modern circuit scan testing.

Effects Of Short Term Intermittent Exercise On Aerobic And Anaerobic Capacity In Judo Athletes

BACKGROUND: Intermittent exercise is composed of repeated periods of intensive exercise interspersed with periods of moderate-intensity to recovery. In judo, the times and mode of attack in competition is similar to interval training. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the short term effects of intermittent exercise on aerobic and anaerobic capacity in judo athletes. METHODS: There were 48 judo athletes (male:30, female:18, height: 166.26 ± 7.65 cm and weight: 70.63 ± 20.5 kg) received intermittent training by bicycle ergometer (ergoline®; Bitz, Germany). The exercise protocol was 8 minutes per session and twice a week for 6 weeks. Anaerobic power was tested with Wingate protocol to measure the peak power and maximum oxygen consumption was detected with Bruce protocol before and after intermittent training period. The high intensity was 50% peak power for 20 seconds and moderate intensity was 25% peak power for 20 seconds at first 3 weeks, and then increased to 60% peak power for high intensity and 30% peak power for moderate intensity in last 3 weeks. RESULTS: It shows that both anaerobic power(10.43 ± 1.62 vs. 10.04 ± 1.26, p = 0.048) and anaerobic capacity(10.43 ± 1.62 vs. 10.04 ± 1.26, p = 0.048) in post-test was significantly lower than pre-test. As for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), there was no significantly different between pre- and post-test (3326.04 ± 746.74 vs. 3527.47 ± 758.29 ml/min). CONCLUSION: The peak powers of judo athletes were greater than others. The dose of training protocol in this study was based on peak power and it seems to intensive for judo athletes. The poor response in aerobic and anaerobic capacity may cause from cumulative stress and fatigue. Average anaerobic power may consider investigating in the future for the optimal dose in high intensity intermittent training. Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected]; Chin-Fang Wang

Effects of Intermittent Training on Anaerobic Capacity and Oxygen Consumption in Rowing Athletes

The force of rowing is not constant, it is composed of intermittent acceleration phase and sliding phase. Thus, aerobic and anaerobic capacities are both important in rowing athletes. Intermittent training is composed of repeated periods of intensive exercise interspersed with periods of moderate-intensity to recovery. The pattern is similar with rowing, but the effect on fitness in rowing athletes is less studied. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and oxygen consumption in rowing athletes. METHODS: 16 college rowing athletes(height: 172.01 ± 7.17 cm, weight: 72.36 ± 7.59 kg) were involved in this study.Bicycle ergometer(ergoline®; Bitz, Germany)was used for intermittent training for 8 weeks. Anaerobic power was tested with Wingate protocol to measure the peak power and maximum oxygen consumption was detected with Bruce protocol before and after intermittent training period. The high intensity training included 50% peak power for 20 seconds and then recovery by 25% peak power for 20 seconds. The total training time was 8 minutes per session and twice a week. RESULTS: There were significant differences between baseline and post training in anaerobic explosiveness (10.93 ± 1.6 vs. 11.66 ± 1.45, p<0.01) and anaerobic capacity (8.73 ± 0.95 vs. 9.07 ± 0.83, p <0.05). However, no significant differences in VO2max (4306.57 ± 757.68 vs. 4167.67 ± 748.15 ml/min) and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (4372.14 ± 805 vs. 4232.83 ± 670.13 ml/min/l/min). CONCLUSION: The interval training duration in this study was designed to simulate rowing competition. The results showed that interval training was benefit in anaerobic capacity, but not in aerobic fitness. It may cause from short training time in each session. Extension training duration may suggest in future study. Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected]; Hui-Mei Lin

Social Networking Reduces Peak Power Consumption in Smart Grid

A method of operating a system to reduce peak power consumption of a plurality of users. The method may comprise forming at least one cluster of the plurality of users based on connections within a social network system between the plurality of users, and energy usage patterns of the plurality of users; and scheduling jobs for at least one user within the at least one cluster to reduce peak power used within the at least one cluster. A method of scheduling jobs that consume power for a cluster of users. The cluster may be formed in part based on connections within a social network system. Membership in a cluster may be further based on energy usage patterns. At least one computer-readable storage medium encoded with executable instructions that cause at least one processor to perform a method for forming a cluster and/or scheduling jobs for users within the cluster.

Power Admission Control With Predictive Thermal Management in Smart Buildings

This paper presents a control scheme for thermal management in smart buildings based on predictive power admission control. This approach combines model predictive control with budget-schedulability analysis in order to reduce peak power consumption as well as ensure thermal comfort. First, the power budget with a given thermal comfort constraint is optimized through budget-schedulability analysis which amounts to solving a constrained linear programming problem. Second, the effective peak power demand is reduced by means of the optimal scheduling and cooperative operation of multiple thermal appliances. The performance of the proposed control scheme is assessed by simulation based on the thermal dynamics of a real eight-room office building located at Danish Technical University.

Development of a novel pelletization technique through an extremely high-shear process using a mechanical powder processor to produce high-dose small core granules suitable for film coating

We established an extremely high-shear melt pelletization technique using a mechanical powder processor to produce high-dose granules smaller than 300μm with properties suitable for film coating. A mixture of ethenzamide and polyethylene glycol (used as a low-melting binder) at various weight ratios was mechanically treated under various jacket temperatures. When the jacket temperature was set to 50°C or greater, the product temperature reached the melting point of the binder, resulting in pelletization. The drug powder were pelletized with a small amount of binder to yield pellets of approximately 150μm with a drug content of more than 90%. The mechanism of melt pelletization through ultrahigh shearing involves a series of nucleation, consolidation, coalescence and breakage stages. The power consumption profile corresponding to each stage in the pelletization revealed that pellets between 75 and 300μm were effectively obtained at a large power consumption peak. The resultant pellets showed comparative sphericity and smoothness, and higher durability than commercial core granules for film coating. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the extremely high-shear melt pelletization technique can give drug pellets with desirable properties as core particles for the coating process.

Scan Test of Die Logic in 3-D ICs Using TSV Probing

Prebond testing of through-silicon-vias (TSVs) and die logic is a significant challenge and a potential roadblock for 3-D integration. Built-in self-test solutions introduce considerable die area overhead. Oversized probe pads on TSVs to provide prebond test access limit both test bandwidth and TSV density. This paper presents a solution to these problems, allowing a probe card to contact TSVs without the need for probe pads, enabling both TSV and prebond scan test. Several possible prebond scan test configurations are shown-they provide varying degrees of test parallelism under design constraints. HSPICE simulations are performed on two logic-on-logic 3-D benchmarks. Results show that the ratio of the number of probe needles available for test access to the number of prebond scan chains determines which prebond scan configuration results in the shortest test time. Maximum prebond scan-in and scan-out shift-clock speeds are determined for dies in a benchmark 3-D design as a function of driver strength and transmission gate width. These clock speeds show that prebond scan test can be performed at a speed that is comparable with scan testing of packaged dies. The maximum clock speed can also be tuned by changing the drive strength of the probe and on-die drivers of the TSV network. Estimates are also provided for peak and average power consumption during prebond scan test for both a high-power pattern per scan chain and an average power pattern per scan chain. On-die area overhead for the proposed method is estimated to be between 1.0% and 2.9% per die for two 3-D benchmarks.

A Novel Hybrid Sequential Start Control System for Large Inductive Loads

The inrush current of a large inductive load can be reduced with a soft starter; however, the large inrush current caused by simultaneous bulk starts (SBSs) cannot be effectively reduced. In order to reduce the high inrush current and voltage sag owing to the SBSs of large capacity inductive loads within a power network, a novel hybrid sequential start control system is proposed, implemented on embedded systems, and evaluated with a testbed in this study. From the experimental and simulation results of the proposed control system, the inrush current could be effectively restricted below the maximum current capacity of a power distributing board. Moreover, with the proposed system, power cost typically dictated by the peak power consumption can be fairly reduced, and the quality of the power system connected to the inductive loads can be efficiently increased.

Analysis and Design of Bi-Directional PowerRegulator with wireless Power TransferTechnology for Electric Vehicles

Wireless charging has the power to greatly increase the convenience and accessibility of electric vehicles for charging. Wireless charging involves transferring power from the electric grid to a battery without the use of wires, cords or plugs. Electric vehicles not only draw power from the grid but also can supply surplus energy to grid or home when power consumption peaks or power outage. This is done with the help of bi-directional wireless power transfer technology. A wireless electric vehicle charging system based on inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) technology is presented in this project. A simulation system is built in the Simulink, and the feasibility of the system is proved by simulation results.

A Sat Based Scheduling Technique for Peak Power Minimization

Abstract With tremendous compaction in semiconductor devices over the past decades, power consumption in circuits has become an im- portant design concern. Peak power is the maximum instantaneous power at a particular time. For devices having multiple modes of operational unit, the highest power mode determines area, packaging and possibly heat sink cost of goods. In this paper, we present a technique for the minimization of peak power consumption in a design of circuit at the high-level synthesis stage. A PB-SAT based model has been proposed that minimizes the peak power and satisfies the resource constraints. Experimental results are obtained by applying the proposed method on high-level synthesis benchmark circuits for different resource constraints.

Fully Integrated Passive UHF RFID Tag for Hash‐Based Mutual Authentication Protocol

Passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag has been used in many applications. While the RFID market is expected to grow, concerns about security and privacy of the RFID tag should be overcome for the future use. To overcome these issues, privacy-preserving authentication protocols based on cryptographic algorithms have been designed. However, to the best of our knowledge, evaluation of the whole tag, which includes an antenna, an analog front end, and a digital processing block, that runs authentication protocols has not been studied. In this paper, we present an implementation and evaluation of a fully integrated passive UHF RFID tag that runs a privacy-preserving mutual authentication protocol based on a hash function. We design a single chip including the analog front end and the digital processing block. We select a lightweight hash function supporting 80-bit security strength and a standard hash function supporting 128-bit security strength. We show that when the lightweight hash function is used, the tag completes the protocol with a reader-tag distance of 10 cm. Similarly, when the standard hash function is used, the tag completes the protocol with the distance of 8.5 cm. We discuss the impact of the peak power consumption of the tag on the distance of the tag due to the hash function.

Workers' awareness and indoor environmental quality in electricity-saving offices

Owing to the enormous damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, a 15% reduction in peak power consumption was required to address the gap between demand and supply capabilities in the summer of 2011. Electricity-saving measures are promoted in offices today for both environmental and safety reasons, and indoor office environments have changed greatly. This paper aims to reveal to what extent workers' awareness of electricity-saving has changed since the earthquake disaster had an impact on energy consumption and productivity. The authors have conducted continuous fieldwork and questionnaire surveys in seven electricity-saving office buildings in the summers of 2011–2013. Additionally, our laboratory's past research data were collected together and analyzed. The results show that excessive indoor air temperatures, such as 28 °C, were avoided, and the desk level illuminance greatly decreased, from 750 lux to around 400 lux, after the earthquake. People learned to implement electricity saving in a proper way that does not spoil workers' comfort, and workers' acceptability zone for the indoor environment was extended by the experience of electricity-saving. Moreover, when we compared individual differences in the way environmental information is perceived, it was shown that differences in the workers' awareness of electricity-saving had a more profound effect on their satisfaction with the indoor environmental quality than those in their gender or age. Mechanical power-saving is definitely important; however, building devices that induce the occupants' energy-saving actions are vital. Our results will be considerably useful to other countries, whether or not they experience a natural disaster.

교류 고속철도계통에서 BESS의 도입을 위한 전력소비 및 충·방전효과 분석에 관한 연구

The power consumption pattern of high-speed railway has rarely during night time. But, during service time, the power is consumed irregularly related to train operation. Especially certain unusual about 1-2 days of service time interval to indicate the power consumption is rapidly growing phenomenon, which causes the capacity of the power contract is the annual electricity bill to rise rapidly as the cause. Normally, amount of peak power consumption bill rate at railway substation is over 20% of total electrical bill. Therefore, high-speed railway substation is expected to be considerably larger savings by reducing the peak power of the default charge(demand power).