Times Of Peace Research Articles

Profile and Prevalence of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Among Armed Forces Personnel and Their Families in Military Dental Centre, Cumilla

Background: Oral and maxillofacial diseases encompass a wide range of conditions in and around oral cavity and in maxillofacial region. It includes maxillofacial trauma, cyst and tumour of jaw bones, conditions involving impacted wisdom teeth, oral premalignant and malignant lesions, fascial space infection around maxillofacial region, temporomandibular joint disorder, dental implantology, salivary gland disorder and congenital defects of jaw bones. Maxillofacial region is more vulnerable to sustain injuries in the battlefield. In peace time, various maxillofacial diseases reduce the overall performances of the troops. The aim of this study is to delineate rank wise distribution of armed forces personnel reported with maxillofacial diseases, gender distribution, types of maxillofacial diseases, different types of surgical procedures performed and types of anesthesia used. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of maxillofacial diseases among the armed forces personnel and their entitled family members during the period of 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019 in Military Dental Centre, Cumilla. Purposive sampling technique and semi structured questionnaire was used to include the patients in this study.Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: A total of 170 cases were evaluated and treated. Male patients were 110(65%) and female were 60(35%). Among the military personnel numbers of sainik (privates) were highest 32(35%). Impacted wisdom teeth cases were mostly found 80(47%). In case of impacted teeth mesio angular impactions were most 35(35%). In case of maxillofacial pathological conditions cystic lesions were most in number 22(39%) (n=56). Maxillofacial soft tissue laceration cases were highest 05(29%) (n=17) among all trauma patients. Surgical extraction of wisdom teeth were mostly performed surgery 80(59%) (n=138). In regards to administration of anesthesia, 128(93%) cases were performed under local anesthesia and 10(7%) were under general anesthesia. Conclusion: The present study imparts valuable perception about the types and prevalence of maxillofacial diseases and the treatment modalities among the armed forces personnel and their families in Cumilla area. Bangladesh Armed Forces Med J Vol 56 No (2) December 2023, pp 24-30

Sports nationalism and xenophobia: When cheering turns into violence

International football matches are among the highest manifestations of national pride and unity that a country can have in peaceful times. However, some anecdotal evidence suggests that when things go wrong (e.g. when the national team loses), the euphoria surrounding these events can easily turn into xenophobic outbursts. We propose a conceptual framework and an empirical analysis to explain whether sports nationalism can fuel xenophobic behavior and attacks against immigrants. Leveraging on new soccer data from Germany and quasi-experimental econometric techniques, we show the existence of a causal nexus between the national team’s performance in prominent international competitions and shifts in nationalist tendencies and xenophobic behaviors against immigrants. In the immediate days following a defeat of the German national team, there is a significant increase in the number of attacks against immigrants in the country. The opposite happens following a victory. Through a variety of robustness tests and different specifications, we show that the effect is specific to attacks against immigrants and not due to a general increase in violent behavior observed in other studies. Finally, we investigate potential underlying mechanisms by looking at the effect of football matches on reported mood and attitudes against immigrants.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT PROGRAMS FOR CIVILIANS DURING AND AFTER THE WAR IN LEBANON AND ARTSAKH

This article presents the psychological impacts of war on human life, especially on children in areas of conflict and war. The study offers various research on the short-term and long-term effects of war and violence on individuals, especially children. It sheds light on the presence and quality of psychological support offered to civilians during the war and the post-war period in Lebanon and Artsakh. It investigates the presence of programs that prepare individuals to be resilient during pre-armed conflict times in the era of peace. The paper offers recommendations that will lead to the placement of emotional intelligence and social-emotional learning programs that help develop children's self-awareness, offer them self-regulation tools and allow them to remain motivated at times of peace and war. The post-conflict programs will help civilians reduce anxiety and the impact of stress to overcome several psychological problems caused by wars in the population during times of peace and post-conflict.

Budgeting for the human-made disaster of war: US aid to Ukraine

IMPACT This article examines the USA’s efforts to support Ukraine in its war with Russia. The USA’s ex ante mitigation efforts were insufficient to prevent the invasion but likely enabled Ukraine to survive the initial attack. Preparation efforts produced large amounts of weapons stocks that could be sent to Ukraine once the war began. Ex post response efforts provided Ukraine with the means to continue defending itself, although the sustainability of such efforts is questionable. The authors’ findings indicate that more effective deterrence measures, such as a defence pact, may have discouraged the invasion, while building weapons stocks during times of peace are essential given that dollars cannot be converted quickly into the means of war.

International humanitarian law and the war in Ukraine – Russian aggression and the legal-political possibilities of punishing the perpetrators

International humanitarian law of armed conflicts (known as humanitarian law) is a set of rules that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare. International humanitarian law is part of public international law and therefore regulates relations between states in times of peace and war. The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in February 2022, preceded by hybrid military operations in Crimea and the eastern regions of Ukraine since 2014, demonstrated – once again in the history of international law – that prosecuting and bringing perpetrators of war crimes before an international criminal court is not easy from the point of view of either law or politics, specifically their correlations with international relations. States are strongly dependent on each other, but the prospect of returning to the pre-war situation, with the desire to maintain the status quo at all costs, trouble-free economic exchange and, finally, the resumption of economic investments are all somehow in contradiction with the humanitarian obligation to stop the hostilities, and arrest and persecute the aggressor. It is no different in the case of the war in Ukraine, where achieving international justice seems to be a legal and political mirage.

Cyber Operations in Peace and War: A Framework for Persistent Engagement

During 1990s, the concept of information warfare (IW) and information operations (including cyber operations, psychological operations, and electronic warfare) could be conducted with varying intensity across all stages of peace and conflict. At that time, many of the concepts related to cyber operations were still hypothetical. Subsequently, conflicts and competition between states have demonstrated the capabilities and limitations of cyber operations. Research emerging in 2022 by multiple authors demonstrate the limitations and usage of offensive cyber operations and maintaining a sustainable military cyber capability, as well as proposing alternative models for conflict in cyberspace. Alongside this, there has been increased attention on the impact of ICTs on international security and the responsible behaviour of nation-states in cyberspace. There is still ambiguity and different perspectives on the application of international law in cyberspace. This uncertainty disrupts the original models of IW and warfare, which assumed clear distinctions amongst the conflict stages. Both the discourse of ICTs in international security and recent conflict necessitate a reconsideration of the decades-old view of IW in times of peace, war and the grey zone in between. This paper proposes a framework for the roles of cyber operations across the stages of conflict based on contemporary perspectives on the utility of cyber operations as well as practical examples. In rethinking the IW model, a multidisciplinary view is required, considering the technical, legal, social and international security perspectives.

Der Zerbrochene Turm von Boița (Kreis Sibiu) in historischen Bildern und archäologischen Entdeckungen

Being an easy pass over the Carpathians, in the Middle Ages in times of peace, the valley of the river Olt was the most important trade route of Sibiu with Wallachia and further along with the Balkans. But it was also an easy access towards Sibiu in case of war, for which reason, besides a border point (the fortress from Turnu Roșu), the area was fortified with other fortresses as well, such as Landskrone in Tălmaciu, the strongholds in Tălmăcel and Lotrioara and a tower at the confluence of the Megieș brook and the Olt river. The current national road DN 7, going through the pass today, was the object of enlargement works in 2015, which gave us the opportunity to research the tower in the valley of the Megieș brook. The site is better known today as Turnul Spart [Broken Tower] and it stands on a narrow strip of sand and gravel between the river Olt and the national road DN 7. The tower was an outpost of the custom point from Turnu Roșu. According to old documents, it was built in the summer of 1503. The ensemble also included a stone wall which closed the valley. It started on the slope of the mountain and ended up near the water and had an arched opening where the road was. Half of the tower fell down in 1533 during a high flood of the Olt river, but the other half still stands, as well as a fragment of the wall closing the valley. Old images of the area (paintings and photographs) show these ruins and their slight alterations and decays over the last two centuries. The archaeological research in 2015 led to the discovery of the fallen half of the tower and also of a circular enclosure contemporary with the tower. The fallen half is overlapped by the foundation of the ruined house of the road caretaker. The enclosure made out of stone possibly supported an earth bank (which could not be observed during the research). In the debris of the tower two harquebuses were found dating from the second half of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th. A bronze mortar was also found wearing the year 1516 embossed. Smaller iron items were also found. The research found no traces of burning linked to the tower and no materials dating after the 16th century. The abandonment of valuable items of the era and the later impossibility of recovering them as well as the lack of human remains suggest that the old documents were accurate and that the tower was indeed destroyed by the waters of the river, which also covered the debris in alluviums.

The Role of Higher Education for Ensuring National Security in Ukraine

Education is a strategic tool; therefore, the study of the potentials of higher education for ensuring national security is very important, particularly when threats are increasing. The research objective is to reveal the role of higher education for national security and to present the effective educational practices related to its securitization. The qualitative methodology was applied (contextual understanding method, systematic generation of theories, content analysis, interviews, focus groups, and observations) to gather in-depth information, to examine the contextual factors of securitization, and to verify the efficiency of educational practices. Over 70 recent scientific works were selected to evaluate the problem objectively from the point of view of emerging threats. The study was conducted among 134 participants involved in the field of higher education. It resulted in the analysis of various approaches to defining higher education in the context of national security; outlining functions of higher education in peace and war time; and verification of educational practices used to implement securitization of higher education during the war. The findings showed that securitization of higher education may be implemented due to the following educational practices: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education, strategic talent development, Research and Development, international collaboration, crisis response training, national security scholarships, simulation-based learning, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality, cybersecurity training, online learning, remote training, Big Data, e-learning, secure communication, drone technology training, machine learning and artificial intelligence. The outcomes can be applied within the educational institutions to improve the educational process and enhance national security.

Canadian Nickel for Nazi Germany – How Government-Business Relationships Affected British Blockade Strategies in the 1930s

This article presents a case study of the Canadian-based International Nickel Company (INCO) and its efforts to develop the German market in the 1930s, contributing to Nazi-German war preparations and hampering British blockade strategies. It examines government-business relations in blockade planning and argues that conflicts of interest and information asymmetries between state and business actors affect blockade preparations. In times of peace, trade flows are shaped mainly by private actors. They often have an information advantage, but are primarily pursuing their business interests, which can result in either alignment or conflicts of interest. Understanding the government-business relations in blockades is key to understanding blockades and economic warfare in general. Previous research has found evidence of alignment of interests, such as companies using state autarky policies in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy to develop new markets. Similarly, companies employed the strategy of an independent British Empire in strategic raw materials to develop markets. However, government-business relations in the context of British blockade planning have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Drawing on private and public archival material from Britain and Germany, this case study examines the motives and strategies of INCO, British and German war planners.

Metaphoric veiled image-schema of kinship organization in ceremonial space: A south Andean case

This study is an interdisciplinary approach to a veiled metaphoric design expressed in the present-day spatial layout of ecologically-derived patronyms of Mapuche lineages and families positioned in public ceremonial plazas. The perspective combines ethnoarchaeological, cognitive, iconographic, oral tradition, allegoric metaphor, and historical approaches to the organization and meaning of this design, taking into account the past and present dimensions of ritual media (e.g., political, ideological and sensorial) to render a concept publicly graspable. Shamans and other informants state that the design represents an ancient foundational schema established for intercommunity political solidarity during times of both peace and conflict in the Spanish colonial and Republican era of the south-central Andes of Chile. Shamans were asked to draw their mental image of the hidden design of the plaza to pictographically reveal its visual representation. By examining the iconography of patronyms depicting a loosely structured order of families hierarchically positioned in ceremonial space, the invisible nature of this pattern and its wider political and kinship meaning is considered. Viewed from an archaeological perspective, this schema is suggested to be associated with a “chiefdom” or intermediate, polity-level society, and may represent a type of mental imagery and template that served as a precursor to the visible iconography on wood, stone, adobe, ceramic, textile and other media of complex Pre-Colombian societies. Ultimately, this schema is a conceptual metaphor: mapping and structuring knowledge of a trophic hierarchy of elements in the natural world to evoke a political and public organizational principle through sensorial experiences and life concerns in the invisible and visible domains of an Andean-like ceremonial format.

National Role Conceptions of Greek and Turkish Foreign Policies: A Bilateral Assessment

ABSTRACT Greece has faced since 2009 one of the most significant crises in its modern history. Unique in its intensity, at least during times of peace, the financial crisis impacted the country’s economy, politics, and society. Despite the country being under the international spotlight for several years, one cannot help but notice that little has been written on the issue of Greek foreign policy, especially, on whether there is a necessity for adaptation to the limitations imposed by the new realities which have augmented the sense of marginalization and the challenges presented by a continuously complicated international arena amid systemic change. Similarly, Turkey has undergone substantial changes during the past years. Following the July 2016 failed coup attempt and the April 2017 referendum, the country has been in the midst of both administrative change and a change in its foreign policy approach, while its leaders have challenged long-held foreign policy orientations and priorities, in search of a new outlook for the country’s international relations. Our paper aims to explore whether there is a need for Greece and Turkey to adopt a new role in the international system, and therefore, the necessity for the two states to adjust their respective foreign policies accordingly.

The jurisdiction of Military Justice in Brazil

In the scenario of the Brazilian justice system, the discussion surrounding the Homeland Military Justice emerges as a crucial point, often relegated to silence in our country's debates. Surprisingly, even within the military sphere, the subject remains in a state of relative obscurity, lacking a more profound and scientifically grounded approach. The time has come to align the practiced experience in military life with a thorough theoretical analysis, thus seeking to dissipate the aura of mystery surrounding this topic. In this context, the present study assumes a prominent role by proposing to rigorously analyze the competence of the Union Military Justice in the judgment of civilians in times of peace. With this purpose, the investigation is guided by a question of high relevance: to what extent does the competence of the Union Military Justice to judge civilians in times of peace align with the fundamental precepts established in the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil? By exploring this intricate path, the aim is not only to promote a profound reflection on the subject, but also to contribute to the enrichment of the national legal panorama. The integration of practice and theory emerges as a powerful tool to elucidate the nuances of this competence, facing the challenges that arise and paving a more solid ground for future debate. Therefore, it is under this premise of deepening and clarification that this study proposes to navigate the intricacies of the Union Military Justice, unveiling the foundations that govern it and investigating its consonance with the constitutional principles that govern our nation.

Criminological specificity of war crimes, their difference from crimes against humanity and genocide

At the present day sometimes crime of genocide is practically described as a crime against humanity, and the latter is characterized as war crimes. Although some similarity does exist between these kinds of crimes, they have different peculiarities by their constituent elements. These peculiarities possibly may be linked with warfare, but it wouldn’t be correct to bind them entirely with warfare. This difference can be found even in the charters of international criminal tribunals, particularly in various articles of Statute of the International Criminal Court: crime of genocide in Article 6, crimes against humanity in Article 7, and war crimes in Article 8 respectively. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity and crime of genocide can be perpetrated both in times of warfare and peace. It’s always important to distinguish the latter from war crimes.

قانون حقوق الإنسان والقانون الإنساني: بين التكاملية والتعارض

International human rights law and international humanitarian law are two specialized areas of public international law. They exist as two distinct branches of law. Each branch has a different legal basis and origin. However, they share humanitarian ideals, and thus some areas of overlap appear in practice. The two systems share the responsibility for protecting the rights of human beings: Humanitarian law in times of armed conflict, and human rights law in times of peace and times of war as well. Because of this, in practice, it happens that the standards of international human rights law and international humanitarian law are applied simultaneously. At the same time, there are differences between these two legal systems that arise from the different circumstances involved in a state of war and a state of peace. Consequently, several questions arise regarding this relationship: Are the two branches mutually exclusive? Under what circumstances is humanitarian law applied, and how does this differ from the application of human rights law? What are the areas of overlap? What are the practical consequences of the legal problems resulting from the parallel application of the two legal frameworks? This paper does not aim to answer all of these questions, but rather its goal is to contribute to the current debate by presenting the similarities between human rights law and humanitarian law, areas of overlap, and situations of common application. We will also focus on the differences in this relationship, especially the differences in the field of protection guaranteed by legal standards, responsibility for violating the standards, as well as the exceptions allowed in implementing the standards. In one part of the paper, the principle of private law is applied in cases where one of the two branches is more specific in a concrete situation.

Stand on Dialogic Pedagogy in Our Times of Peace and War: My Perspective on December 12, 2022

This essay represents the publication of my keynote address at the First DPJ online conference on December 12, 2022. In my speech, I defined how I perceive “our times” and how Dialogic Pedagogy in our times of peace and war may try to address these challenges or even if we should do so. I continued developing the concept of Ontological Dialogic Education. What is the role of Ontological Dialogic Education in addressing the challenges of our times, and is it relevant at all? Why and how can it contribute to a vision of a liberal democracy, if at all? This questioning let me introduce a key post-Enlightenment notion of education based on students’ self-determination and dignity.

"Times of war and time of uncertain peace": Narratives of parents of childhood cancer survivors.

to analyze the meaning attributed by parents to the extended and permanent survival of childhood cancer. qualitative narrative inquiry, developed with parents of adolescents and young adults who survived childhood cancer. Recruitment and data collection involved virtual and in-person approaches. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed according to reflective thematic analysis. a total of ten parents were included in the study. Two thematic narrative syntheses were constructed: "Times of war"; and "Time of uncertain peace", with their respective sub-themes. The cancer diagnosis marks the beginning of times of war in the parents' lives. They experience cancer treatment as "highs and lows" with potential threats to their children's lives. After that, "Time of uncertain peace" are reached, and the balance of the family unit is reestablished. However, the fear of recurrence makes the family peace uncertain, and its maintenance requires constant vigilance and attention to the signs and symptoms of a possible new battle. the results highlight the experience of being a parent of a childhood cancer survivor and can be applied to develop models of care centered on the survivors' family.

The Concept of Being Prepared for Danger in Times of Peace Is Integrated into the Practice and Exploration of Labor Education in Colleges and Universities

The Concept of Being Prepared for Danger in Times of Peace Is Integrated into the Practice and Exploration of Labor Education in Colleges and Universities

Коррекция дисэлементоза у детей первого года жизни, внутриутробное развитие которых проходило в условиях военного конфликта

Aim. To study peculiarities and to optimise the micro- and macroelemental status of children during the first year of life, the prenatal development of which fell at a military conflict. Design. Phase one was a retrospective analysis of medical documents (medical history of a pregnant woman, labour and delivery medical record, infant's record; phase two was comparison of the elemental composition of children's hair. Materials and methods. The study included 154 children less than a year of age: prenatal development of 81 children fell at a military conflict (study group) and 73 children — during the time of peace (controls). Children in both groups were formula-fed as their mothers had agalactia because of stress caused by military actions. Elemental composition of children's hair was determined using an AAC 2280 Perkin Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer (USA); identified diselementosis was corrected with introduction of an adapted and enriched formula, and the analysis was repeated in 6 months. Results. The first analysis revealed imbalance in micro- and macroelemental composition of children's hair in the study group: lower levels of iron, copper, selenium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and potassium, as well as accumulation of toxic elements — lead, cadmium, chrome. A repeated analysis showed significant optimisation of essential micro- and macroelements, as well as reduction in the level of toxic microelements in children's hair. Conclusion. Prenatal development during an active military conflict causes diselementosis, which leads to somatic pathologies in children of both neonates and infants. An optimal formula makes it possible to correct elemental imbalances during the first year of child's life. Keywords: diselementosis, essential and toxic elements, correction.

CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN THE ROMANIAN MILITARY SYSTEM IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT

Public procurement represents a complex and challenging professional field. Working as a specialist in public procurement within the Romanian defense sector involves managing and overseeing the procurement processes specific to defense related goods and services not only for the military personnel that perform during peace time but also for the forces participating in international missions. This role entails a deep understanding of regulatory compliance, security requirements, and specialized procedures. Moreover, it might involve ensuring transparency, competitive bidding, and adherence to stringent regulations. In this context, this paper analyzes the main challenges faced in the procurement process during the international missions.

『주역』에 나타난 치세(治世)에서의 행위 방식

I Ching has been studied in various fields. However, the scripture of I Ching itself and its associated <the study of I(易)> should be distinguished. The interpretation of the 64 Hexagrams and 384 lines in the scripture of I Ching itself is about the political situation. This paper is an attempt to analyze the contents of the 64 Hexagrams and 384 lines in the scripture of I Ching itself from a political perspective, focusing on I chuan(易傳) of Cheng-Yi(程頤). I Ching interpreted by Cheng-Yi(程頤) has no choice but to be interpreted in the context of the situation and times of the aristocrats at that time. In other words, its interpretation involves the problem consciousness and understanding of the aristocrats and is closely related to the socio-political situation.
 The purpose of this paper is to reveal how the 64 Hexagrams and 384 lines in the scripture of I Ching itself can be interpreted in specific socio-political situations. The socio-political situation and historical trend revealed in I Ching can be divided into The peaceful times(治世) and the turbulent times(亂世), and during the peaceful times, the aristocrats come out to the world, do their own deeds, and during the turbulent times hide themselves in seclusion. First of all It analyzes the advance and retreat of the aristocrats in the peaceful times. Cheng-Yi(程頤) describes the 64 Hexagrams in I Ching as the rise and fall of human history and dynasties. In the midst of these changes in rise and fall, the problem of the advance and retreat of the aristocracy, that is, behavior, is being discussed. In Cheng-Yi(程頤), I Ching served as a practical guide for the aristocrats in political situations.