Peace Efforts Research Articles

Kashmir dispute: Emerging complexities after abrogation of Article 370

Kashmir dispute is one of the contentious issues between India and Pakistan since their inception as independent states in 1947. This paper addresses this dispute that how it has been a primary cause of contention between India and Pakistan. How is it a huge humanitarian crises in the South Asia and ultimately the cause of a bulk of defence expenditures by India and Pakistan. Nonetheless, both the countries realize that the problem of Kashmir can and should be resolved through peaceful negotiations to reach a non-military solution. Both the states continue giving it a central importance in their internal and external policies. This resultant peaceful cooperation between the two nuclear powers is a central part of complex interdependence theory, which is used in this paper for analysing the issue. Thus, the paper investigates the Kashmir conflict and the cooperation between India and Pakistan to seek a peaceful resolution. The paper qualitatively assesses the situation emerged in the Kashmir after the abolishment of Article 370, for which some key people are interviewed. The findings show that the unilateral abrogation of the article 370 by the Modi government that changed the status of Kashmir further intensified the conflict and undermined the peaceful efforts made so far.

Juridical Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of Termination Of Prosecutions Based On Restorative Justice

The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the effectiveness of stopping prosecutions based on restorative justice. To find out and analyze the process of discontinuing prosecution for termination based on restorative justice in terms of the principles of restorative justice. The approach method used in this research is a sociological juridical method (Sociological Research).Based on the results of this study it was concluded that effectiveness of the termination of prosecution based on Restorative Justice is carried out by taking into account the interests of the victims and other protected legal interests; avoidance of negative stigma; avoidance of retaliation; community response and harmony; and propriety, decency, and public order. The process of discontinuing prosecution based on restorative justice has met the requirements of the principle of restorative justice, namely that the Public Prosecutor offers peace efforts to Victims and Suspects. The Public Prosecutor shall summon the Victim legally and appropriately by stating the reason for the summons. In the event that it is deemed necessary, peace efforts may involve the families of the Victim/Suspect, community leaders or representatives, and other related parties. The Public Prosecutor shall notify the aims and objectives as well as the rights and obligations of the Victims and Suspects in peace efforts, including the right to refuse peace efforts. In the event that the peace effort is accepted by the Victim and the Suspect, the peace process will be continued.

Perjanjian Hudaybiyyah Dalam Prespektif Ralp Dahrendorf

This paper seeks to investigate further about how the peace efforts of Muslims through the Hudaybiyah Agreement? What conflict resolution is offered in the agreement? As well as analyzing the hudaybiyah agreement within the framework of Ralph Dahrendorf's conflict resolution theory. The history of Islam shows that "Islam was born" in conditions of conflict, which is very strong at the local and national levels. The presence of Islam on the one hand provides hope for Arab society, on the other hand it poses a threat to the survival of the Qurays tradition that has developed. This led to violent acts of the Quraysh against the Prophet Muhammad and his followers. The Hudaybiyyah Agreement was successfully formed because of the wise attitude shown by the Prophet Muhammad by holding a negotiation process with the enemy, so that there would be no bloody war which would later bring losses to both parties, both the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca. As Dahrendorf's theory states that the negotiation stage is considered very important to be used to prevent the outbreak of conflict, in the case of Hudaybiyyah the negotiation stage was used by the Prophet in an effort to reduce the conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca so that it would not escalate. In the context of Islamic civilization, the Hudaybiyyah agreement is a mirror that the superiority of the military and Islamic war armies does not necessarily carry out hegemony. However, it has taken into account the interests of humanity between conflicting peoples. Therefore, in every conflict resolution a peaceful approach is important.

Tinjauan Buku: Allah Mengizinkan Manusia Mengalami Diri-Nya, Pengalaman dengan Allah dalam Konteks yang Berpancasila

This book is a compilation of writings from Andreas A. Yewangoe, especially in 2017 which was delivered by Yewangoe on various occasions. Yewangoe covers these themes under a big umbrella: “God Permits Humans to Experience Himself. In the first part Yewangoe discusses about dogmatics. Meanwhile, in the second part, Yewangoe discusses religion and society. For readers, this book is an important book to read for both theology students and church members. Yewangoe in this book wants to invite every reader to understand the biblical principles regarding the role of church members in the political arena, the importance of peace efforts among religious adherents in Indonesia, the importance of literacy education in order to raise awareness to be wiser and more responsible in using social media so as to avoid influence. ideologies that are opposite to Pancasila, calls for anarchist demonstrations, or access to information that will arouse terrorist cells in Indonesia, the importance of reading and reflecting on Indonesian history so that we appreciate the struggles of our predecessors even more. And finally, the importance of maintaining Pancasila as the basis of the state as a common home for a pluralistic Indonesia.

Gender Perspectives in Contemporary Peacebuilding: Collaborative Approaches to Conflict Responses

This article argues the need to prioritize local co-development of peacebuilding approaches to ensure context-specific and culturally relevant peace efforts. With the recognition that local populations remain primary actors within conflicts, it is argued that international peacebuilders must work with locals to ensure effective peacebuilding efforts. By applying a gender and humanitarian approach to peacebuilding analysis, in both theory and practice, this article offers an alternative, complementary approach to the ‘local-turn’ theory in contemporary peacebuilding. The application of international peace and security frameworks – such as Women, Peace and Security resolutions – informs this piece and offers proven successes for collaborative and local partnerships in building effective peace.

Peace Powers: Could the President End the Korean War Without Congress?

The Korean War never actually ended.  Although largescale hostilities have been suspended for decades under an armistice agreement, a peace agreement was never signed, and there remains a tense posture in which the United States, North Korea, and South Korea continue to prepare themselves for resumed hostilities at any time.  The Trump administration indicated a willingness to enter into a peace agreement with North Korea to formally end the war and but did not follow through, and other prior American presidents had also failed to secure normalized relations with North Korea.  South Korean President Moon Jae-in continues to advocate fiercely for a formal peace agreement between the warring parties, and given the recent change of political leadership within the United States, the issue is sure to arise again.But if a U.S. president were to one day succeed in concluding a binding international peace agreement to formally end the Korean War, what should be the role of Congress?  Just as the proper division of war powers between the executive and legislative branches of government are hotly contested, so too do the powers to end war and declare peace remain a subject of debate.  As a matter of policy, it may be preferable to utilize the most solemn procedure available under U.S. law, the Article II treaty process, for a peace agreement to end the Korean War.  Short of that, a congressional-executive agreement could also be used to signal that each of these branches of the American government are committed to forging a new relationship with North Korea and recognizing an end of the war.  Nonetheless, there are many reasons that a President may determine that it is more strategic, expedient, or otherwise preferable to act unilaterally.  For example, there may be complex political dynamics in Congress that threaten to slow, hamper, or outright impede peace efforts.  If that is the case, this Article argues that there is nothing in the text, case law, or past practice under the Constitution that would prohibit the President from ending the Korean War through a sole executive agreement.

Churches in solidarity with the divided Korean Peninsula

AbstractThis article explores God’s mission of reconciliation through the ecumenical efforts for peace, reconciliation, and reunification on the Korean Peninsula. It consists of three parts. The first section explores reconciliation as a means of overcoming the division system in Korea. The second section offers reconciliation as a peace process in the Korean context. The third section highlights the engagement in the reconciliation as a spiritual journey from the World Council of Churches’ global prayer campaign, which is a Christian pathway toward a peace system in the Korean Peninsula. In particular, this article demonstrates that prayer is not a strategy in our work of advocacy but a spiritual mandate and movement toward peace and justice cultivating reconciliation.

Psychological Casualties as a Source of Friction During War and a Mediator of Coerced Peace Efforts

The United States homeland does not enjoy sanctuary in the twenty-first century geopolitical environment. Near-peer rivals, such as China and Russia, have capabilities that can impact the United States homeland during a high-end war. Adversaries’ aerospace capabilities have the potential to cause large volumes of psychological casualties among the United States population. Psychological casualties during a high-end war could serve as the basis for a mass call to end a war due to the altered information processing seen among traumatized people. Such a call to end a war could result in unfavorable peace settlements. The United States homeland must improve its ability to prevent cognitive hacking and it must insulate its population from epistemologies unfavorable to the United States.

A Study on Need of CNN based Prediction Model for Covid-19 using Image Data

The covid-19 pandemic has taken a vital role in the overall world. People are making efforts for sustainable peace and development. Thus the result is that the scope of research is also widening continually. In today’s media world, image data takes an essential place in daily lifestyle, so it cannot be neglected. For this particular pandemic scenario, a detecting model mechanism is required that detect accurately for covid-19 positive or negative. Image classification is a very crucial task in computer vision as it is part of image processing. Since it is a pandemic situation, so the need for a fast detecting model, is more. With the help of the image classification model, health workers can achieve good accuracy and immediate result to take action in the particular period, time. It is also an efficient feature because it requires only image data (x-ray images). In this paper, a study on an image classification model is depicted for detecting covid-19 with a fast mechanism, and high accuracy.

Soft Power Policy In Indonesia’s Overseas Politics for Peace in Afganistan

Indonesia's soft power policy in foreign policy for peace in Afghanistan is because at this time there are several similarities in religion which are the most easily accepted things in both countries. The problem under study is how to determine several criteria for the factors that encourage Indonesia to help bring peace in Afghanistan. The research method used is a combination method, a combination of qualitative and quantitative, with the process of collecting data through interviews and questionnaires to six experts in soft power efforts for peace in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, data analysis used the Delphi and Borda technique. The results show that seven reasons drive the need for Indonesia to use soft power for peace in Afghanistan, namely Indonesia's aspirations in realizing world peace (27%), Building the image of Indonesia as a peace bridge country (21%), Encouragement from Community Organizations (18 %), Studying Islam as the religion of Rahmatan lil Allamin (12%), Indonesia's proximity to Afghanistan and equality of identity (9%), Learning to handle conflict (8%) and Learning the values of Pancasila (5%).

Social Change and the Culture as the Basic of Wulandoni-Pantai Harapan Reconciliation

This study aims to explain social change of post-conflict of the Wulandoni - Pantai Harapan community and what kind of cultural communication space should be built for sustainable reconciliation and peace. The two focus studies above have become very central in reading and analysing the reality of the conflict between the two villages. By using ethnographic method, this study found three things. First, the conflict between Wulandoni and Pantai Harapan villages is not a religious conflict. Even so, it cannot be denied that the discourse on religious conflict was quite developed at that time because the cultural and religious realities of the two villages were quite different. Second, the Wulandoni-Pantai Harapan conflict caused social change and the loss of kinship between the people, especially the loss of the Wulandoni barter market. Third, post-conflict reconciliation and peace efforts are immediately carried out thanks to the cultural and economic relations between the people on the south coast of Lembata Island. These social, economic and cultural kinship relationships are important pillars in creating peace and harmony between communities. This study also opens the discourse of reconciliation and peace based on local culture and economy in the south of Lembata Island.

Challenges to Peacebuilding Approaches: Analysing Sri Lanka’s Peace Efforts During the First 10 Years Ending the Civil War

Challenges to Peacebuilding Approaches: Analysing Sri Lanka’s Peace Efforts During the First 10 Years Ending the Civil War

Indonesia's Involvement in the Afghanistan Peacebuilding Process

This article aims to understand and analyse Indonesia's involvement in ensuring peace, especially in peacebuilding efforts in Afghanistan. Indonesia’s commitment to improve its peace efforts in Afghanistan was expressed by President Joko Widodo during his visit to Kabul in 2018. This research used Lederach’s pyramid model of peacebuilding as the primary analysis tool. Lederach’s pyramid model identifies three approaches to peacebuilding, along with the main actors in the population affected by the conflict—namely top leadership, middle range leadership, and grass-root leadership. The results of the study show that Indonesia's involvement in Afghanistan in peace efforts has been carried out at all levels. Indonesia's peacebuilding efforts at the top level are focused on achieving Intra-Afghan Talks. At the middle range level, Indonesia runs capacity building programs and uses a religious approach through ulama. Furthermore, at the grassroots level, Indonesia focuses on empowering Afghan women as peace agents. The presence of Indonesia in all three approaches to Peacebuilding shows a positive mark for the overall Afghan peace process.

Biden Priorities and Possible Strategy for Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Settlement

Israeli-U.S. relations are an important factor in U.S. policy in the Middle East. USA maintain Israel as a strategic ally and Israel was granted American “major non-NATO ally” status. United States actively influenced the Israeli regional policy. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict settlement was always America’ the most priority area. Israelis and Americans share the view that the United States has a predominant role and responsibility in the Palestinians - Israeli dispute peace-making. The two-state outcome and critical issue over Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Jerusalem was a topic of American concerns for a long time relied on bipartisanship support of Democrats and Republicans. During Osama’s presidency D. Biden held post of deputy president and supported no new ideas for restarting negotiations between the sides of the conflict but its policies have failed, from Israel’s refusal to freeze settlement. The next Trump administration however was the “most pro-Israel ever”. Trump’s White House led a radical departure from the U.S.’s traditional role as the honest broker between Israelis and Palestinians. Biden’s victory in 2021 signals restructure Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts, rehabilitating a durable two-state formula that establishes political, territorial, and demographic separation between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA). But uunlike the Obama and Trump administrations, the Biden administration doesn't see the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a foreign policy priority. The question is: what really a Biden presidency might mean for the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?

Words and Deeds: Shaping Urban Politics from Below in Late Medieval Europe, ed. Ben Eersels and Jelle Haemers. Studies in European Urban History, 48. Turnhout: Brepols, 2020, 224 pp.

Abstract: This volume of essays continues the welcome trend in recent years to uncover the crucial role that popular politics played in late medieval societies. This scholarship has convincingly shown that non-elites were frequently engaged in peaceful efforts to participate in government and power relations, and not just in violent and extra-legal activities such as revolt. The volume covers urban communities, largely due to available sources and a focus on institutions such as assemblies and councils, and includes Southern France, Spain, the Low Countries, Germany, Sweden, and England. This expands the geographic range of the argument that non-elites were central players in political action, showing it was pervasive in urban areas throughout Western Europe and also highlights the variety of forms popular politics could take. This scholarship has been excellent in properly placing popular politics – and not just periodic revolts – at the center of the consideration of larger political history of the late Middle Ages, and with this volume of essays this story expands in its detail and specificity. Editors Ben Eersels and Jelle Haemers have been at the forefront of this recent trend in scholarship, and have chosen a series of essays for this volume that are remarkably consistent in quality.

ВАТИКАНСЬКА ДИПЛОМАТІЯ ТА КОНФЛІКТ БІГЛЬ (1978 – 1984 рр.)

The papal arbitration for the peaceful settlement of the confrontation between Argentina and Chile from 1978 to 1984 in the Beagle Strait on the islands of Picton, Lennox, Nueva is investigated in the article. Achieving this goal involves solving the following research tasks: to investigate the causes of the Argentine-Chilean conflict; to analyze the peculiarities of the Argentine-Chilean confrontation; to study the procedure of papal arbitration during the reconciliation of Argentina and Chile (1978–1984). Research methods: in the article used philosophical (metaphysics and dialectics), general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and modeling) and historical (ideographic, periodization, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty of the results of the study is in analyze the causes, features of the course and exacerbation of the conflict between Argentina and Chile in 1978 – 1984, and attempts to conduct a comprehensive study of the negotiations and peaceful settlement of the Argentine-Chilean conflict in the Beagle Strait through mediation of Vatican diplomats. The author concludes that the 1978 armed confrontation between Argentina and Chile was prevented by the timely intervention of Roman Pontiff John Paul II, who proposed to the leaders of Argentina and Chile personally arbitrate the conflict in the Beagle Strait. The Pope’s timely intervention helped preserve the fragile peace between the two neighboring countries, as well as the resumption of diplomatic negotiation between Argentina and Chile under Vatican mediation. As a result of lengthy negotiations, Vatican diplomats managed to persuade the governments of Argentina and Chile to conclude a peace agreement and reconcile the two Latin American countries. Also, in the article was noted that the Pope and the Catholic clergy in Chile and Argentina used public diplomacy to influence keep peace between two countries. The Catholic Church in Argentina and in Chile was aware of the importance of public opinion and used instruments of public pressure to reconcile Argentina and in Chile. For example, the Catholic clergy in Argentina and in Chile used the media (television, radio, and the press) to call for peace and reconciliation. The Church has also begun organizing peaceful rallies, pilgrimages, and special masses in both Argentina and Chile designed to form public support for peace efforts.

TURKEY – NATO'S AMBASSADOR IN NAGORNO KARABAKH?

It was in full swing of the 2020 newly-blown Nagorno Karabakh war when during an online press conference following the meetings of NATO Defense Ministers its Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg openly denoted Turkey as the one expected to "use its considerable influence in the region to calm tensions". Amid Armenia's accusations of Ankara allegedly playing a negative role in the conflict, this was a living testament of Turkey being a "valued Ally" of NATO. Pushing a political solution to the conflict, in which NATO was though not part in and around, the Alliance apparently sought to "level the playing field" within the Minsk Process, whose activity was never effective. The peace efforts of the OSCE Minsk Group, co-chaired by Russia and two powerful NATO allies – France and the United States, proved to be obsolete and unhelpful in the long-standing territorial dispute between Yerevan and Baku. Somehow, inserting Turkey into this configuration of powers consequently managed to bring some stability to the region. This study aims at investigating how comes that Russia "sanctioned" having Turkey, another NATO member, as a "certified" player on the field and that Armenia-favoring France let engage the country which has even no diplomatic relations with Yerevan. It concludes consequently that self-positioning of Turkey as a non-conventional NATO ally pursuing an autonomous foreign and security policy has been a critical factor.

The 1962 Military Confrontation on Salvaging West Papua: An Analysis on War Theory

Based on the Round Table Conference between Indonesia and the Netherlands' representatives in 1949, West Papua will be delivered to Indonesia a year later. Nevertheless, the Dutch broke their promise to return West Papua to Indonesian sovereignty. The Dutch continued to insist on West Papua as their land and then increased their military presence in West Papua to prepare for defending the territory. Responding to this, initially, Indonesia made peaceful efforts, namely bilateral diplomacy within the Indonesian-Dutch Union ties, continued with trilateral diplomacy and diplomacy efforts using the Asian African Conference and United Nations organizations. However, Indonesian diplomatic efforts met with deadlock. Hence, another form of diplomacy, the military effort, has been displayed. This study's main aim is to review the 1962 military confrontation on salvaging West Papua in the analysis on war theory. Also, to prove that with sufficient military strength, the country will confidently step up to be the negotiating table winner. The Indonesian military strength at that time was playing a significant role as a deterrent effect. The research uses a qualitative descriptive phenomenology method, using data sources from several books and journals available. The result of the research shows that Indonesia absolutely needs a modern and more rigid military force to maintain its sovereignty, protect our Island and its natural resources. Without the deterrent effect of military power, Indonesia will be underestimated in international politics.

Stakeholder collaboration to build peace through public interest relations (PIR) (Study on the commemoration of Suran Agung conflict in Madiun)

Madiun Regency is one area that has a lot of active silat colleges, there are 14 (fourteen) silat colleges, mostly based in Madiun. In the dynamics of Madiun pencak silat development, there is Suran Agung tradition as a form of local wisdom in every pencak silat college at the suro month. The activity involved mass mobilization, the escalation of conflict between members of the martial arts college and communities also increased. The history of the conflict began when there was fanaticism of teachings from the Ki Ngabei Soerodiwiryo students. Conflicts that occurred in the Suran Agung involved between groups of fighters and community which often caused material losses such as throwing stones, destruction of public facilities also lead to violence resulting in casualties. Qualitative research here to analyze the efforts of the District Government of Madiun in preventing conflict that is an issue for the public, the Public Interest Relations (PIR) approach to the practice of Suran Agung in Madiun focuses on stakeholder collaboration in peace efforts. The result of PIR practice is the emergence of a new identity for Kampung Pesilat Indonesia as a milestone for peace in social change to realize the vision and mission of regional head.

Reconciliation and Peace Opportunity: A Peace Psychology Analysis on Venezuela Crisis

The Venezuela crisis is an intersection between political turmoil, economic crisis, mismanagement of natural resources, poverty, and health issues. The root causes of the crisis can be examined by using a peace psychology analysis, chiefly the concept of moral disengagement. This perspective is useful for looking at the Venezuelan crisis in a different approach and, at the same time, addressing peace efforts. One of the things that need to be pursued by domestic actors and humanitarian intervention is reconciliation. This reconciliation must meet the pre-conditions for the dialogue and peace agenda.