Peace Efforts Research Articles

When the Cemetery Becomes Political: Dealing with the Religious Heritage in Multi-Ethnic Regions

When the Cemetery Becomes Political: Dealing with the Religious Heritage in Multi-Ethnic Regions

Türkiye’s policy on Russia-Ukraine war: Geopolitical legsplit in action

On 16 March 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey (or rather Türkiye) issued another press release on the anniversary of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation [1] to decry the eight-year-old illegitimate referendum in Ukraine’s Autonomous Republic. Beyond doubt, official Ankara has been consistent in supporting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its strategic partner, including on the international political fora (its UN General Assembly voting patterns are another eloquent example of this). Yet, the stance of President Erdoğan’s administration on Russia’s “special military operation” (reads as war), which unfolded on Ukrainian territory on 24 February 2022, has been rather controversial. In its immediate formal response to this unjust and unlawful act of the Kremlin, the Turkish MFA labelled the attack launched by the Russian armed forces against Ukraine as unacceptable and the one posing a serious threat to the security of the region and the world, having condemned the very idea of “changing of borders by use of arms” [2]. Of particular importance have been Türkiye’s strong criticism of Russia’s days-before decision to recognize the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics, key military capabilities including drones provided to Ukraine, blocked access to the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits for non-Turkish warships, and peace efforts of President Erdoğan to resuscitate top-level communication between Moscow and Kyiv. It is official Ankara, however, to refuse from joining other NATO allies and EU partners in their sanctions policy against President Putin’s regime, to keep Turkish air space open for Russian aircraft, and to denounce discriminatory attitude towards Russians and Russian culture in some Western countries. This article looks at whether the above refers to occasional double standards or is part of systemic trading-off policy of President Erdoğan’s Türkiye in-between Russia and the West.

A Critical Commentary on the SDGs and the Role of Tourism

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework provides a set of 17 goals aiming to enhance global well-being by reducing poverty, enhancing health outcomes, responding to gender equality, and mobilizing social justice and peace efforts. Tourism has been centered as playing a key role in marshaling the SDGs, mainly due to its economic impact as a leading global sector. With the onset of the pandemic, it is incumbent upon scholars to take the pulse and consider the broader backdrop inhibiting SDG progress, with the intention of considering how tourism may be a vehicle for progressing the goals. As such, our analysis may serve to be useful for national and local governments, policy advisors, tourism establishments, and enterprises, as well as visitors and host communities. Specifically, we need to attend to some of the challenges inhibiting progress, scrutinize the use of language, which may lead to misinterpretation, and attend to the lack of clarity for building policies supporting decision making. Thus, the aim of this commentary is to examine some of the critiques and challenges inhibiting the realization of the goals, including a lack of awareness, and understanding of the SDGs, including what each goal entails, the division of power, the role of governance, stakeholders, and financial support required for policy and decision making, along with addressing the misconceptions surrounding the implementation of sustainable approaches. Understanding some of the critiques and challenges of the SDGs may improve our understanding of the potential role the tourism sector may play in progressing the goals.

The Roles of Black Folk? W. E. B. Du Bois’s Peace Advocacy and Its Legacy

This essay highlights W. E. B. Du Bois’s peace advocacy, encouraging readers to consider “the roles of Black folk” in affecting U.S. foreign policy. It contextualizes the U.S. Department of Justice’s 1951 indictment of Du Bois, the occasion for his writing In Battle for Peace. The essay’s chief concern is the effects, both short and long term, of the anticommunist attacks on Du Bois and his contemporaries. Du Bois’s peace advocacy drew harsh attacks from those who supported U.S. Cold War policies or who worried about being associated with communism if they championed peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union. Moreover, his Cold War activism and writing have received less attention than his earlier contributions to American life and letters. Yet Du Bois linked his peace efforts to Black liberation and socialism, and the ideas he spoke and wrote about during the latter part of his life continue to have significant implications for our own time.

Strategic review of the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on Indonesian national economy

The tension between the two countries between Russia and Ukraine will have a detrimental impact on the global economy and disrupt the recovery process of the world economy, including Indonesia. Global economic growth will slow down if peace efforts between the two countries do not take place immediately, the impact of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine as well as European Union sanctions against Russia can occur through several transmissions including a spike in commodity prices, a spike in energy prices and a supply chain shock, this will have an impact on the economy. including the Indonesian economy, which is currently still experiencing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The main purpose of this research is to get answers about the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the Indonesian national economy. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods, namely research methods based on the philosophy of post positivism, data collection techniques are carried out by triangulation and summarizing various conditions, and situations from various data collected in the form of interviews, literature studies, and observations in the field. The results obtained are that in the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, global inflation can occur because the first target of the conflict is the obstruction of global supply chains, thus disrupting the ongoing global economic recovery. Global economic growth will be significantly contracted, the rest will result in sloping consumption and investment due to disruption of international flows of goods and services so that the export-import and economic commodity sectors experience declining performance and have a significant impact on the Indonesian economy.

COVID-19 and Peace in Conflict-Affected Areas

The relationship between COVID-19 and peace has been considered from a variety of perspectives. In addition, different empirical studies on the link between the pandemic and peace in conflict-affected areas exist. However, little work has been performed on examining these studies to highlight key findings on the theme of COVID-19 and peace in conflict-affected areas. A conflict-affected area is a country, or part of a country, where widespread violence or armed conflict was present when COVID-19 emerged in December 2019, or that was transitioning from recent armed conflict to peace by the time the disease arose. What do we know, so far, about how peace has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in conflict-affected areas? To address this question, this paper begins by recognizing the multidimensionality of peace and clarifying that the main aspects of peace in conflict-affected areas being considered in the article are relations between conflict parties, peace efforts, and peace processes. Afterwards, the paper discusses existing evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 and state responses to it on these components of peace in conflict-affected areas. The conflict-affected areas considered include Afghanistan, Colombia, Iraq, Israel-Palestine, Libya, Myanmar, Nigeria, South Sudan, Syria, the Philippines, Yemen, and other zones. The central finding of the article is that the existing studies on COVID-19 and peace in conflict-affected areas present mixed findings. On the one hand, the virus generated opportunities for cooperation between conflict parties in some cases, such as in the West Bank and Gaza Strip of Israel-Palestine. However, on the other hand, it created conditions that enabled conflict and impeded peace efforts and processes in many or most conflict-affected areas. The paper explains that two factors that determined how the disease affected peace in conflict-affected and non-conflict-affected areas are the pre-COVID-19 political and socio-economic conditions in an area, and how state and non-state actors responded to the pandemic. The article closes with a summary of the discussion and identification of its major limitations.

From the Intersection of Food-Borne Zoonoses and EU Green Policies to an In-Embryo One Health Financial Model.

The European Union (EU) adopts the One Health (OH) approach, based on the relationships between human, animal, and environmental health. OH concerns a multitude of aspects, some of which are discussed here. OH overlaps the European Green Deal plan and its relaunched Farm to Fork Strategy, which aims at spreading organic farms adopting the circular economy, in order to improve human health through both better environmental conditions and healthier food. Nevertheless, zoonoses cause sanitary cost in terms of infected farm personnel, lower productivity, and lower fertility of infected farm animals. In such scenarios, the decreased breeding yield and the lower income induce higher cost of farm products, meaning that the market price rises, becoming uncompetitive when compared to the prices of industrial products. Consequently, lower revenues can hinder the farm growth expected in the framework of the EU Green Deal. Since zoonosis control is a key element in aligning EU policies aimed at achieving the EU Green Deal goal of “ZERO environmental impact” by 2050, the authors suggest the inclusion of the parameter economic health in the OH approach, in order to individuate EU Member States (MSs) economically unable to conduct eradication programmes and to finance them. Economic health is here considered as a starting point of the new ethical and science-based One Health Financial Model that the authors suggest as an in-embryo model, in which specific rules should regulate public funds, private investments, and trading, which should exclusively concern public services and private enterprises complying with most of the OH parameters. In this way, economic losses due to collateral negative effects deriving from human activities can be progressively decreased, and the entire planet will benefit from the process. Despite the considerable efforts being carried out in the context of the OH approach, war causes tragic and devastating effects on the physical and mental health of human beings, on their lives, on pandemic and zoonotic threats, on animals, on plants and, last but not least, on the environment. War is incompatible with OH. Enormous efforts for peace are therefore urgently needed.

Forging the Juba Peace Agreement: The Role of National, Regional, and International Actors

Apart from national contestations, there has been some form of third-party involvement in the conflict and peace process in Sudan. Actors in the immediate region and internationally played the role of mediators in the peace efforts in Sudan. The international community played a role in negotiating the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan and other agreements. The Sudan government and armed groups are key actors in conflict and peace but there was hardly any negotiated peace that was reached without the involvement of regional and international actors. IGAD, the AU, and the UN were among key actors in the Juba Peace Agreement. Through the analysis of existing material, this contribution looks critically at the roles played by different actors in the process and how regional and international actors brought the interlocutors around the table. A key argument in the article is that mediators succeed in having parties sign agreements but play no significant role beyond that.

The Effectiveness of the Mediator's Role in the Reduction of Case Burdens at the Lubuk Pakam District Court during the Covid-19 Pandemic

As a public service institution, the court has political, juridical and sociological functions. The first one is to oblige all courts to carry and direct all court decisions towards the ideals of the proclamation. The second one is directed to administer justice, with the main task of receiving, examining and adjudicating and deciding cases that are brought to court, in order to enforce law and justice based on Pancasila ideology for the implementation of the constitutional state of the Republic of Indonesia. The third one refers to a dynamic role of the court in reorganizing the process of social life, especially for justice seekers. In the examination of civil cases in the district court, after the parties, both the plaintiff and the defendant, both in person and their attorneys are present at the trial, then the judge is obliged to examine the case and seek peace between the parties. One of the peace efforts carried out by the panel of judges who examine cases is by means of mediation. The effectiveness of the mediator's role in reducing the accumulation of cases during the pandemic has not been achieved. Efforts to overcome the obstacles faced by mediators in carrying out their role in reducing the accumulation of cases are to increase the number of human resources of mediators. Keywords: effectiveness, mediator’s roles, reduction, accumulation of legal cases

The Policy of the Prosecutor's Authority in Termination of Prosecutions based on Restorative Justice in Criminal Justice System In Indonesia

This study aims to determine the policy of the prosecutor's authority in terminating prosecution based on restorative justice in the criminal justice system, namely based on the principle of opportunity, namely the Prosecutor's Office is the only State Institution controlling cases or has the authority to continue or not file cases to the Court based on the provisions of the Act. This authority is implied in the form of the Attorney General's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice. The approach method used is normative juridical. Specifications are descriptive analytical. The type of data is secondary data, divided into legal materials derived from law and legal science. The method of data collection through literature study and interviews with the data analysis method is qualitative analysis. The Prosecutor's Law is included in attribution, namely the granting of government authority by lawmakers to government organs. In Islamic criminal theory, the authority to stop prosecution based on restorative justice is included as special prevention and according to the history of Islamic development, it is included in the rehabilitation of the criminal. In the research conducted by the researcher, it was found that there were obstacles in stopping prosecution based on restorative justice at the Banggai District Prosecutor's Office, namely based on the decree of the Banggai District Attorney Number B-748/P.2.11/Eoh.2/11/2021, namely the distance traveled by the parties involved. The case with the Banggai District Prosecutor's Office is quite far away, with the condition of the road infrastructure being unfavorable. The crime committed is domestic violence which makes it difficult for peaceful efforts to be carried out, so that the time allotted is very limited. If drawn from the theory of law enforcement, these obstacles are included in the legal culture and legal substance.

Mediators Optimization of Civil Disputes Mediation Process at Post-Perma Court No. 1 of 2016

This study aims to analyze the factors causing the unsuccessful mediation process carried out by the mediator in resolving civil disputes, as well as what steps are important for the existence of the mediator in conducting the mediation process for civil disputes in court in accordance with the mandate of Perma Number 1 of 2016. This research method uses empirical legal research, namely research that looks at the application of legislation in society. The research conducted by the researcher belongs to the type of field qualitative research, namely research that emphasizes the completeness of the data collected in the form of primary and secondary data. The results showed that factors that cause the unsuccessful mediation process carried out by the mediator in resolving civil disputes. First,Certified mediator,The first obstacle regulated by the Supreme Court is admitting an intermediary or third party in the mediation process with a certification issued by the Supreme Court. This is an obstacle, why is that? Because basically a third party or mediator in the mediation process is not required to have a mediator certificate. A logical consequence that arises in the courts is also the limited number of judges with the high quality of cases which do not maximize the mediation process. The effectiveness of the implementation of peace efforts is influenced by the number of cases charged to judges. This will actually affect the performance of a judge in seeking peace for the parties. Another obstacle is the facilities and infrastructure in carrying out mediation.

Civil Society and Peace

South Sudan is one of the countries that has been hit by internal conflict since its independence in 2011. This article basically describes the involvement of civil society in peace negotiations in South Sudan. Using the literature study method and through the concepts of civil society and peace, this article reviews and analyzes the extent to which local civil society is involved in the peace negotiation process in South Sudan. This article has a finding that civil society participation in peace efforts in South Sudan is quite high, but not significant. This is an implication of the conflict pattern which tends to be structural. On the other hand, limited resources, both technical and material, are a major obstacle in relation to the ability of civil society in South Sudan to engage in peace efforts. Thus, as far as civil society is involved in peace efforts in South Sudan, their presence is only a mere formality, while the main decision remains with the political elites in South Sudan.

Implementation of the Prosecutor's Authority on the Restorative Justice Implementation in the Settlement of Minor Crimes

Restorative justice as a new discourse is a response to dissatisfaction with the applicable criminal law and criminal procedure law. This article addresses two issues: (1) the prosecutor's office's authority over the use of restorative justice in criminal cases based on Indonesian laws and regulations, and (2) the implementation of the settlement of minor offences through restorative justice. This thesis research employs normative legal research methods. The study's findings lead to the following conclusions: (1) The Attorney General's Regulation Number 5 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice has a clear and detailed explanation of the procedures and efforts for peace; and (2) The implementation of the settlement of minor crimes through restorative justice is adjusted to Article 5 paragraph (1) PERJA No. 15 of 2020.

Analisis Hukum Islam Terhadap Pelaksanaan Mediasi Perkara Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Gedong Tataan dan Pengadilan Agama Pringsewu Lampung

Mediation in Islam is known as Islâh and hakam. When a dispute or dispute occurs, the disputing parties make peace efforts by appointing a judge. In the case of divorce, the function and efforts to reconcile are the obligations of the judge as a mediator which must be carried out based on Supreme Court Regulation no. 01 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Courts. Therefore, peace efforts are sought through mediation in the Religious Courts so that couples who want to divorce cancel their intentions and reconcile. However, the reality is that the success rate of mediation in divorce cases is still relatively low. This is evidenced by the number of cases that end in the trial process, compared to the success of the Mediation process. The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of divorce case mediation based on Perma No. 1 of 2016. As well as analyzing Islamic law on the implementation of mediation in divorce cases at the Gedong Tataan Religious Court and the Pringsewu Religious Court. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with theological, juridical normative and sociological approaches, with the object of research being the Gedong Tataan Religious Court and the Pringsewu Religious Court in Lampung. The primary data in this study were obtained from interviews with the Mediator Judge. The secondary data used is the report on the success and failure of the mediation implementation recorded in the final report and the Case Investigation Information System (SIPP). The results obtained from the research that the implementation of mediation at the Gedong Tataan and Pringsewu Religious Courts, based on PERMA No. 1 of 2016, but the implementation of mediation cannot be said to be optimal or not effective, because the success of mediating divorce cases is still relatively low. Mediation or Islah in resolving domestic conflicts actually contains benefits, namely maintaining the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-syariah), namely maintaining religion, soul, mind, lineage, and property. Maqashid sharia in mediation is hifd al-nasl (keeping offspring)

MEDIATOR OF BHABINKAMTIBMAS MULYOSARI VILLAGE, WEST METRO SUBDISTRICT, METRO CITY IN RESOLVING HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS

This article analyzes the role of Bhabinkamtibmas in making problem solving efforts by prioritizing mediation. The purpose of writing this article is the problem solving techniques of the Habibinkamtibmas in mediating married couples who experience domestic conflicts. In addition, to reveal the obstacles faced when mediating, because when making efforts to assist there are challenges from the parties that are difficult to make peace. This type of research is fielresearch, which is a type of field research, conducted in Mulyosari Village, West Metro Subdistrict, Metro City. The fielresearch was analyzed qualitatively. This research approach was analyzed using a case study approach. The result of the research is the problem solving of the Habibinkamtibmas in mediating domestic problems taken by Aibda Ali Iqbal by taking several steps, namely dissecting the siting of the case that occurred then making observations and then implementing the best solution for the parties, the result of mediation is that both parties take the peaceful path. Meanwhile, the obstacle in conducting mediation is the unanimous determination of the married couple to divorce. In addition, the litigants feel reluctant to reconcile, due to the trauma factor of the events that occurred in their household. If peaceful efforts reach a dead end, then Bhabinkamtibmas' efforts are to take repressive measures both criminally and civilly.Keywords: Problem Solving, Bhabinkamtibmas, Media, Household Problems

Business against violence: assessing how business impacts peace

PurposeThis study aims to advance theory on business in conflict zones (often termed “business for peace”) so as to enable the categorization of empirical work testing the field’s assertions.Design/methodology/approachIn this conceptual paper, the authors present an assessment framework for categorizing research on the peace impacts of business entities, as suggested by Oetzel et al. (2009). This framework allows researchers to make comparisons across methodologies and fields on whether particular business actions contribute to peace.FindingsDrawing on peace and conflict research, this study proposes a three-stage process in response to the presence of violence and its level of intensity, identify applicable research methods to assess the impact of business actions on peace at each of the three stages and offer suggestions for future research.Social implicationsCategorizing research impacts in the business for peace field will allow societal actors to evaluate the efficacy of claimed business for peace efforts. This is particularly true for those in within international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who work with the private sector and for those in the private sector whose work attempts to enhance peace.Originality/valueAs a societal actor, business has a key role to play in peacemaking. The past decade has seen a proliferation of qualitative research work surrounding this theme. In a seminal work, Oetzel et al. (2009) suggested a research framework building on the theories of Fort and Schipani (2004) and suggested five actions that businesses could take to promote peace. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first one to respond to that suggestion by proposing a means of categorizing the impacts of business actions.

Beyond the Pedagogy: Indigenous Approaches for Peace Practices in Africa

Peace is the requisite for the world order, likewise is the conflict for the development of the world’s space. This indicates the positivism of conflict in the development of human and man’s space. However, the negativity of conflicts in human’s space brought about the ‘Peace Pedagogy’ in educational institutions in the world over. Better still and less well, the results compared in the conflict management and peace building strategies in most if not all countries revealed a rethink and review of the pedagogical peace efforts in Africa. The so far achievements in the field of conflicts resolution and peace building were still not commensurate compared to the numerous conflicts violence ravaging the continent of Africa. Nevertheless, the success of peace pedagogies in some countries of the world should be having noticed, ‘the out-put’ changes the narrative of their society. Africa, the continent blessed with natural and human resources, believed to have been the first civilized continent of the world, evolved in peace practiced on conflict resolution and peace-building strategies that are indigenous and well fixed into the various conflicts bedeviled the people of Sahel and sub-Sahara Africa before the emergence of western strategy of peace pedagogies. In this wise, this paper explored beyond the pedagogy the indigenous approaches for peace practices in Africa using a qualitative method of a desk base research report on indigenous approach of peace-practice strategies in order to strengthen the traditional and indigenous strategies’ peace efforts and peace building in Africa.

Gendered forms of authority and solidarity in the management of ethno-religious conflicts

ABSTRACT In both Ambon in Indonesia and Jos in Nigeria, existing communal ethno-religious tensions quickly spiraled into uncontrolled violence, and people organized to counteract conflict escalation through the development of conflict management mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms draw on gender as a resource in various intersectional ways. Micro-analytical literature on conflict tends to remain gender blind, ignoring a potent social force in conflict dynamics, while feminist literature on conflict focuses either on norms, symbols, discourse, and representations, or on women's efforts for peace. This article thus seeks to address an existing gap in the literature by exploring the intersectional relationships between gender dynamics and conflict management at the local level in Ambon and Jos. Our analysis draws on more than 110 interviews and focus group discussions. Engaging in a paired comparison between the two cities, we identify inductively two intersectionally gendered logics of ethno-religious conflict management present in both settings: deployments of gendered authority (in women's practices of “checkmating” and men's efforts of rumor control) and of gendered cross-community solidarity (in interfaith markets, rituals, and dialogues). This article ultimately contributes to expanding, deepening, and challenging existing research on conflict, suggesting that adopting a feminist, constructivist micro-level lens allows for the excavation of important and often invisibilized gendered logics of conflict management.

The Termination of Middle Criminal Prosecutions based on Restorative Justice

The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze how the form and policy of stopping the prosecution of minor crimes through a restorative justice approach and the obstacles faced in implementing the policy of stopping the prosecution of minor crimes through a restorative justice approach. This study used an empirical legal method by relying on primary data sources. Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice is a breakthrough made by the prosecutor's office to answer legal problems that exist in society, so that punishments that have been considered by the public no longer provide a sense of justice are lost and public trust in the prosecutor's office as part of the public prosecutor's office. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that of the 80 cases whose prosecution was terminated based on restorative justice referred to above, one of them was carried out by the Demak District Attorney. Although in the implementation of diversion there are obstacles in the form of peace efforts carried out by the Public Prosecutor from the Demak District Prosecutor's Office, the Suspects and Victims have not received a response, but after involving community leaders as mandated in this Perja, peace can be carried out so that a policy is taken to stop the prosecution of the case outside court (before the case is transferred to the Court).

Hang Thi Thu Le-Tormala Postwar Journeys: American and Vietnamese Transnational Peace Efforts since 1975

Hang Thi Thu Le-Tormala Postwar Journeys: American and Vietnamese Transnational Peace Efforts since 1975