Pea Varieties Research Articles

Results of breeding work to create genotypes of winter peas with basic economically valuable traits in the conditions of Adygea

The work shows the historical stages of breeding work to create adapted varieties of wintering peas to the soil and climatic conditions of the southern foothill zone of the North-Western Caucasus (Republic of Adygea). In the course of these studies, it was necessary to solve the problem of increasing the winter hardiness of the crop, grain resistance, resistance to viral and fungal diseases, and new varieties should show high yields of green mass and grain of good quality and be more early ripening. The first stages of research were aimed at collecting and studying the source material. In order to increase winter hardiness, winter-hardy pellets and white-flowered, weakly winter-hardy forms were used during hybridization. To increase seed resistance, multi-flowered samples and forms were used; increasing resistance to fungal and viral diseases was achieved by involving the most resistant samples in crosses. The use of highly productive samples in hybridization as the maternal form, and the earliest ripening ones as the paternal form, made it possible to solve the problem of creating varieties of wintering peas that combine early ripening with high yields of green mass and seeds. High-protein samples were involved in crossings to increase the protein content in green mass and grain. Mutant forms were obtained using chemical mutagens and pulsed concentrated solar and laser light. The volume of crosses carried out over the entire period amounted to 600 different combinations.As a result of breeding work on the creation and isolation of new genotypes of wintering peas, possessing a complex of positive economically valuable traits, a collection of 1950 samples was formed, including highly productive forms. A wintering pea variety ADS 85 adapted to local soil and climatic conditions has been created and released.

Response of Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) Varieties to Application of Blended NPS Fertilizer in Bore, Southern Ethiopia

Low soil fertility influences plant establishment, growth, seed yield and the profitability of a field pea production in the study area. A field experiment was conducted in Bore on station of Bore Agricultural Research Centre with five levels of NPS (0, 50, 100 and 150) with three varieties of field pea (Arjo-1 and Bilalo) in randomized complete block design with three replications. The aim of the study were to evaluate the effect of blended NPS rates on the yield and yield components of field pea varieties and to identify economically feasible rates of blended NPS that increase the productivity of the field pea. Growth, Yield and yield components of field pea were significantly influenced by different rates of blended fertilizer treatments. Results showed significant effect of various levels of blended fertilizer on all tested parameters except on days to flowering, days to maturity and number of seed per pod. Variety Arjo-1 showed the highest plant height (182.1 cm), highest grain yield (5023 kg ha-1) and highest net benefit (152299.5 Birr ha-1) with application of 150 kg NPS ha-1. Likewise, variety Bilalo with application of 150 kg blended NPS ha-1 fertilizer scored significantly the highest hundred seed weight (271.3 g). The highest number of total pods per plant (89.67) was recorded at application rate of 100 kg NPS ha-1 variety Arjo-1 and same application of fertilizer gave the highest agronomic efficiency (1282 %) for Bilalo variety. Although, minimum value of those traits were obtained with 0 kg ha-1. Similarly, application of 50 kg NPS gave net benefit (132111.0 Birr ha-1) with the highest marginal rate of return (129686 Birr ha-1) with Arjo-1 variety. Therefore, production of field pea with the application of 50 kg NPS ha-1 was most productive for economical production.

ДЕЙСТВИЕ АГРОХИМИКАТОВ НА ЗАСОРЕННОСТЬ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ГОРОХА И НУТА

The article presents data on the contamination and development of the territory and chickpeas in 2022-2023 in the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. The climate of the Tyumen region is continental, with a cold long-lasting environment and a short warm summer. The annual rainfall is 374 mm, of which 232 mm comes out during the growing season of farmed crops. The sum of temperatures above 5 oC varies between 1900-2050 OC, above 10 oC-1860-1940 0C. The average long-term magnificent GTC is 1.1-1.3, which char-acterizes the territory as moderately moist. The postal derivative of the field is the overlying chernozem pull-ing granulometric composition, humus horizon up to 38 cm, straw layer up to 27 cm. The rate of dried 1.3 million /ha, chickpeas 0.5 million/ha of all seeds; the introduction of mineral deposits (ammonium nitrate) with a ban on the planned territory and chickpeas (1.18 and 1.35 t/ha) – 70 kg/ha, effective in this article; according to the search, the cultivation of KRN-4.2, because there is no application herbicides; spraying of herbicides ONSH-600 on peas in the 3-5 leaf infusion phase (at plant heights of 10-15 cm). The Yamal pea variety and the Vector chickpea variety were sown. The general plan is described with protected fields of 0.05 ha. Scalable sequential, returnable threefold. When cultivating peas on bolshay urojainost, Basagran (3.0 l/ha) + Corum with surfactant DASH (2.0 l/ha) + Quantum (2.0 l/ha) was rejected according to the option with the applied Tank shift of herbicides, when cultivating chickpeas with the use of a biological preparation from La (3.0 ha).

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Kik Type Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Varieties in Selected Highland Districts of Guji Zone, Southern, Oromia, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, many varieties were released to improve field pea yield at different locations. However, field pea’s productivity is low because the released and improved varieties were not demonstrated at farms. Therefore, demonstrating improved field pea varieties is an entry point to large extension production. Hence, this study was conducted in three highland districts of the Guji zone to evaluate the yield and profitability of kik type field pea varieties on farmer’s land. An improved variety named Burkitu and local varieties were demonstrated on 12 experimental farmers in 2022. Yield data and production costs were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics, and the profitability of varieties were estimated by cost benefit analysis. The results showed that kik type Burkitu variety generated a yield of 23.58 qt/ha compared to 18.33 qt/ha of local variety. The result of cost benefit analysis also indicated that Burkitu (97005 birr/ha) variety gave better returns than the local variety (54022 birr/ha). Based on higher yield, disease tolerant and market demand Burkitu variety was preferred by farmers. Using improved field pea varieties was important for higher yield and return. Hence, farmers should use Burkitu for kik type field pea production. Further research is needed to promote Burkitu as scaling up varieties in the highland areas of the Guji zone.

The effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas. Field trials were carried out during 2019–2021. The objects of research were the wintering pea variety ‘Fokus’, ‘Faeton’ and ‘Zimus’. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. Sowing dates and seeding rates have influenced the elements of the yield structure and grain productivity of wintering peas. The weight of seeds per plant of the variety ‘Fokus’ ranged from 2.53 to 4.02 g; for the variety ‘Faeton’ it was 2.31–2.67 g, and 2.62–4.49 g for the variety ‘Zimus’. 1000-seed weight was in the range of 125.6–154.1 g for the variety ‘Fokus’, 130.1–157.6 g for the variety ‘Faeton’, 146.2–155.9 g for the variety ‘Zimus’. The maximum productivity of the variety ‘Fokus’ was established at a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha, in the second and third terms of sowing it was 2.24 and 2.23 t/ha, respectively. In the first sowing period, the maximum productivity was established at a seeding rate of 1.8 million germ. seeds per ha. In the first sowing period the variety ‘Faeton’ demonstrated the maximum productivity (1.97 t/ha) at a seeding rate of 1.2 million germ. seeds per ha; in the second sowing period the yield was 1.93 t/haat a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha; in the third sowing period the largest productivity (1.81 t/ha) was established at a seeding rate of 1.2 million germ. seeds per ha. The variety ‘Zimus’ gave the maximum productivity of 1.86 t/ha at a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha in the first sowing period, 2.18 t/ha in the second sowing period, 1.96 t/ha in the third sowing period.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF VARIETIES OF VEGETABLE PEAS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST STEPPE OF THE RIGHT BANK

Studies on the study of biological features and technology of growing pea plants showed the dependence of these indicators on the features of the variety. During the research, the influence of vegetable pea varieties on the biometric parameters of the plants was revealed. The largest number of leaves was noted in the Asana variety – 12.7 pcs/plant, which is more than the control by 1.7 pcs/plant. Accordingly, plants of the Alpha variety formed the fewest leaves – 11.0 pcs/plant. The Asana variety had the highest plant height, where the increase compared to the control was 6.1 cm. In general, all studied variants had a higher plant height compared to the control. The following biometric parameters of pea plants were performed in the phase of flowering and grain filling. It is noted that in this phase, the regularity between the studied indicators did not change in terms of the height of the plants and the number of leaves on them. In the flowering and grain-filling phase of pea plants, plants of the Asana variety had the largest number of leaves and plant height, which provided an increase compared to the control: flowering phase – 2.6 pcs/plant and 12.0 cm, in the grain-filling phase – 1.2 pcs/ plant and 10.9 cm. The growing season of all varieties lasted 46-60 days. This hybrid is the most precocious among the studied hybrids. The longest growing season was observed in the Avola variety – 61 days, which is 6 days longer compared to the control. Plants of the Asana variety formed the most beans – 8.6 pcs./plant, which exceeded the control by 1.0 pcs./plant, which in percentage ratio was 13.2%. Asana and Avola varieties prevailed in terms of the number of seeds per plant, which formed an average of 58.1 and 55.9 seeds per plant. The largest mass of grain was noted in the Asana variety – 9.8 g, which is more than the control variant by 2.8 g (40%), which is quite a significant difference. The increase in grain mass of the Sherwood and Avola varieties relative to the control amounted to 1.0 and 2.3 g, which is 14.3 and 32.9% more, respectively. The weight of 1000 seeds is one of the main economic indicators. It is calculated in order to correctly determine the grain sowing rate. The weight of 1000 seeds in the experimental variants was at the level of 161-169 g. The largest weight of 1000 seeds was in the Asana variety – 169 g, which is 8.0 g more than the control variant. The highest yield was provided by the Asana variety – 6.5 t/ha, which is 1.9 t/ha more than the control variant. This significant yield increase was confirmed by the results of variance analysis. The variety factor had a 96% influence on the yield. Sherwood and Avola varieties were also characterized by significantly higher productivity compared to the control variant (Alfa variety), where the increase was at the level of 0.7 and 1.5 t/ha, respectively.

Effect of Meteorological Parameter on Growth and Yield of Different Varieties of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the Bundi District, Rajasthan, India

A field experiment was conducted in a farmer field of Bundi district, Rajasthan, Department of Environmental Science and Natural Resources Management College of Forestry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj, during Rabi 2020-2021. The experiment used a factorial randomized block design with three different planting dates: D115 October, D2–5 November, and D3– 25 November, as well as three different varieties: V1- Annapurna, V2-Azad -111, and V3- SS- 10. The findings discovered The maximum germination percentage (78.51%) and lowest germination percentage (66.78%) of seeds per plot were found in plots D1 and V1 (15th October + Annapurna). The maximum number of branches (4.00) were found in D1 and V3 (15th October + SS-10), while the lowest number of branches were found in D3 and V1 (25th November + Annapurna) (2.33). D1 and V1 (15th November + Annapurna) reported the highest plant height of 26.00, 91.38, and 124.15cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, whereas D3 and V3 (25th November + SS-10) recorded the minimum plant height of 19.00, 25.54, and 67.95cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAS. D3 and V3 (05th November + SS-10) had the highest blooming percentage (50.41), whereas D3 and V2 (25th November + Aazad-111) had the lowest flowering percentage (46.18). D1 and V3 (15th October + SS-10) had the highest seeds/pods (7.0), whereas D3 had the fewest (4.0).D2 and V3 (05th November + SS-10) had the highest grain yield (12.68), whereas D3 and V1 (25th November + Annapurna) had the lowest grain yield (11.01). Variety-1 plant height was shown to have a substantial positive relationship (Annapurna).

Influence of Pseudomonas and Biofertisol as Foliar Spray on Nodulation Attributes and Yield of Vegetable Pea under STCR Approach

A field experiment was carried out during the rabi season in the Experimental Field, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) under RBD design with four replications consisting of five treatments of two types of biofertilizers: Pseudomonas and Biofertisol, and scheduled combinations of inorganic fertilizers based on STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) to achieve the desired yield using the vegetable pea variety PSM-3. The response due to treatment of T4 (TY 100 q (58:110:47) + 5 t FYM+1 spray of Pseudomonas+1 spray of Biofertisol) was significantly effective in increasing nodulation attributes (nodulation enumeration, biomass and leghaemoglobin content) by 28.46, 47.15, and 35.29%; 78.33, 95.86, and 86.17%; and 21.70, 65.70, and 20.26%, respectively, relative to that of control. Yields of the crop were best harvested due to T4 by 85.97 % over that of control 56.70 kg ha-1. The continuous application of chemical fertilisers has decreased the fertility of the soil and degraded the soil. The reduction in the fertility of the soil has resulted in poor crop yields. The nutrient management of all the treatments involves the judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, along with microbes, to meet the nutrient needs of the crop while minimizing environmental impacts.

Influence of Pseudomonas and Biofertisol as a Foliar Spray on Soil Properties under STCR Approach

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season in the Experimental field, Department of Soil Science, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) under RBD design with four replications comprising five treatments of two types of biofertilizers: Pseudomonas and Biofertisol and scheduled combinations of inorganic fertilizers based on STCR (Soil Test Crop Response) for achieving targeted yield by using variety of vegetable pea, PSM-3. The best response was recorded from the application of treatment T5 (TY120 q(87:147:74) +5tFYM) for increasing the content of soil available nutrients (N, P and K) by 7.89, 29.95 and 8.25%, respectively over that from control. Effect due to T4 was significantly prominent on the proliferation of microorganisms viz., Rhizobium sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Lactobacillus sp. better by 6.79 log cfu (61.38 x 105 cfu g-1 soil), 6.44 log cfu (27.67 x 105 cfu g-1 soil) and 4.42 log cfu (26.18 x 103 cfu g-1 soil), respectively over control. The same treatment T4 induced the enzyme activity of dehydrogenase by 86.99% as compared to that of the control (5.23 µg TPF hr-1 g-1). Yields of the crop were best harvested due to T4 by 81.91% over that of control 56.93 kg ha-1. The vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.), a cool-season crop and an important pulse crop in India. One of the impediments to supporting vegetable pea production and productivity is low soil fertility. Anthropogenic causes such as heavy use of fertilizer exacerbated the problem. A combination of fertilizers, biofertilizers and FYM are the solution to the problem since it makes use of available organic and inorganic nutrients and microbes to create an environmentally sound and economically sustainable farming system.

Comparative assessment of yield and adaptive potential of pea and soybean varieties in the conditions of the northern foreststeppe zone of Northern Trans-Urals

The research aims to comprehensively assess pea and soybean varieties based on their ranking by yield and adaptive parameters in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region for the years 2019-2021. The authors identified the significant environmental variability during the years of variety testing. The best pea variety in terms of average yield and average yield in contrasting conditions was Ostinato (33.8 and 36.9 c/ha, respectively), while for soybean, it was the Siberiada variety (13.2 and 11.9 c/ha, respectively). The realisation of yield potential was low for all varieties and did not exceed 75%. Pea varieties outperformed soybean varieties regarding 1000 grain weight and plant height. The vegetation period for soybean varieties was 25-30 days longer than for pea varieties. All sorts exhibited high resistance to lodging. Stress resistance was low for all types, especially peas, ranging from -11.8 for the Siberian variety to -20.0 c/ha for the Ostinato pea. Yield variability among varieties ranged from 33.4% (Ostinato pea variety) to 53.4% (SibNIISK-315 soybean variety). The regression coefficient for all pea and soybean varieties was equal to or close to one, from bi = 0.96 (Siberiachka soybean variety) to bi = 1.04 (Ostinato pea variety and Siberiada soybean variety), indicating their plasticity. Soybean varieties exceeded pea varieties in terms of homeostasis. The best for peas in this indicator was the Ostinato variety (Hоm = 5.06), and for soybeans, it was the Siberiada variety (Hоm = 2.06). The pea variety Ostinato (2.4) and the soybean variety Siberiada (0.8) demonstrated the highest overall adaptive ability. Based on the sum of rankings for yield and adaptability parameters, the best pea variety was Ostinato (sum of orders 11). For soybeans, it was the Siberiada variety (sum of rankings 11).

Effect of Potassic Fertilizer, FYM and Vermicompost on Growth Parameters, Yield Attributes and Yield of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Crop in Chitrakoot Area

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2022-2023 at Rajoula Agriculture farm, of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) to evaluate the effect of potassic fertilizer, FYM and vermicompost on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of pigeon pea. The present experiment having 11 treatment combinations replicated thrice in randomized block design. Pigeon pea variety Rajeshwari Phule-12 was grown with recommended agronomic practices. On the basis of the results emanated from present investigation, it could be concluded that application of T11 [100 % N & P, K- 0 % + 100 % K through Vermicompost] significantly recorded maximum growth parameters such as plant population plot-1 (138.42), plant height (211.38 cm), number of leaves (208.6) and number of branches plant-1 (32.8) and maximum yield attributing characters such as number of pod plant-1 (103.6), number of seed pod-1 (4.4) and seed index (9.68 g). The result showed highest grain yield (17.69 q ha-1) and straw yield (52.64 q ha-1), with 100% RDF + soil application of treatment T11 [100 % N & P, K- 0 % + 100 % K through Vermicompost] in comparison to all the treatments.

YOLOv8-Peas: a lightweight drought tolerance method for peas based on seed germination vigor.

Drought stress has become an important factor affecting global food production. Screening and breeding new varieties of peas (Pisum sativum L.) for drought-tolerant is of critical importance to ensure sustainable agricultural production and global food security. Germination rate and germination index are important indicators of seed germination vigor, and the level of germination vigor of pea seeds directly affects their yield and quality. The traditional manual germination detection can hardly meet the demand of full-time sequence nondestructive detection. We propose YOLOv8-Peas, an improved YOLOv8-n based method for the detection of pea germination vigor. We constructed a pea germination dataset and used multiple data augmentation methods to improve the robustness of the model in real-world scenarios. By introducing the C2f-Ghost structure and depth-separable convolution, the model computational complexity is reduced and the model size is compressed. In addition, the original detector head is replaced by the self-designed PDetect detector head, which significantly improves the computational efficiency of the model. The Coordinate Attention (CA) mechanism is added to the backbone network to enhance the model's ability to localize and extract features from critical regions. The neck used a lightweight Content-Aware ReAssembly of FEatures (CARAFE) upsampling operator to capture and retain detailed features at low levels. The Adam optimizer is used to improve the model's learning ability in complex parameter spaces, thus improving the model's detection performance. The experimental results showed that the Params, FLOPs, and Weight Size of YOLOv8-Peas were 1.17M, 3.2G, and 2.7MB, respectively, which decreased by 61.2%, 61%, and 56.5% compared with the original YOLOv8-n. The mAP of YOLOv8-Peas was on par with that of YOLOv8-n, reaching 98.7%, and achieved a detection speed of 116.2FPS. We used PEG6000 to simulate different drought environments and YOLOv8-Peas to analyze and quantify the germination vigor of different genotypes of peas, and screened for the best drought-resistant pea varieties. Our model effectively reduces deployment costs, improves detection efficiency, and provides a scientific theoretical basis for drought-resistant genotype screening in pea.

Advanced backcross QTL analysis and comparative mapping with RIL QTL studies and GWAS provide an overview of QTL and marker haplotype diversity for resistance to Aphanomyces root rot in pea (Pisum sativum).

Aphanomyces euteiches is the most damaging soilborne pea pathogen in France. Breeding of pea resistant varieties combining a diversity of quantitative trait loci (QTL) is a promising strategy considering previous research achievements in dissecting polygenic resistance to A. euteiches. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the diversity of QTL and marker haplotypes for resistance to A. euteiches, by integrating a novel QTL mapping study in advanced backcross (AB) populations with previous QTL analyses and genome-wide association study (GWAS) using common markers. QTL analysis was performed in two AB populations derived from the cross between the susceptible spring pea variety "Eden" and the two new sources of partial resistance "E11" and "LISA". The two AB populations were genotyped using 993 and 478 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, respectively, and phenotyped for resistance to A. euteiches in controlled conditions and in infested fields at two locations. GWAS and QTL mapping previously reported in the pea-Aphanomyces collection and from four recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, respectively, were updated using a total of 1,850 additional markers, including the markers used in the Eden x E11 and Eden x LISA populations analysis. A total of 29 resistance-associated SNPs and 171 resistance QTL were identified by GWAS and RIL or AB QTL analyses, respectively, which highlighted 10 consistent genetic regions confirming the previously reported QTL. No new consistent resistance QTL was detected from both Eden x E11 and Eden x LISA AB populations. However, a high diversity of resistance haplotypes was identified at 11 linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks underlying consistent genetic regions, especially in 14 new sources of resistance from the pea-Aphanomyces collection. An accumulation of favorable haplotypes at these 11 blocks was confirmed in the most resistant pea lines of the collection. This study provides new SNP markers and rare haplotypes associated with the diversity of Aphanomyces root rot resistance QTL investigated, which will be useful for QTL pyramiding strategies to increase resistance levels in future pea varieties.

Урожайность и адаптивность сортов гороха в условиях подтайги Северного Зауралья

Abstract. The purpose of the study is a comparative characteristic of the yield of peas in the production and state variety testing of the Tyumen region, as well as a comprehensive assessment of pea varieties by yield and adaptability parameters in the conditions of a subtaiga of the region. Methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of statistical data of the pea yield in the production and state variety testing of the Tyumen region for 2017–2021, as well as data on the results of state variety testing of the varieties admitted to use for 2019–2021 under the conditions of a subtaiga (Nizhne-Tavdinskiy and Aromashevskiy STP). Coefficient of index of environmental conditions (Ij), stress tolerance (Y2 – Y1), yield variability (v, %), plasticity (bi), stability (Si2) and general adaptive ability (GAA) were calculated. Results. The variety Bagu (30.5 and 33.0 c/ha, respectively) was the best in terms of average yield and average yield in contrast conditions, and in terms of realizing the yield potential the variety Kumir was the best (74.7 %). Stress tolerance is low in all varieties, from –19.7 (Yamal) to –27.3 (Tomas), and yield variability is significant, from 30.5 % (Bagu) to 42.7 % (Agrointel). Strong responsiveness to changes in conditions was noted in the variety Salamanca (bi = 1.13), which makes it possible to attribute it to intensive. The varieties Yamal (Si2 = 3.30) and Salamanka (Si2 = 4.36) were the best stability. The varieties Bagu (GAA = 3.3) and Salamanka (GAA = 2.5) were the largest general adaptive ability. The varieties Bagu (sum of ranks 19), Salamanca (sum of ranks 24), Yamal (sum of ranks 31) and Thomas (sum of ranks 33) were recognized as the best by the sum of the ranks of the parameters of yield and adaptability. Scientific novelty. The yield and adaptive potential of admitted to use of pea varieties was revealed based on the results of their testing in 6 environments using a number of methodological approaches. Practical significance. The ranking of varieties according to the parameters of yield and adaptability made it possible to identify the best varieties according to the complex of signs and properties in the conditions of the subtaiga of the Tyumen region.

Promising pea varieties for use in the cereal industry in the south of Western Siberia

The current study was carried out on 20 pea varieties and lines of various origins with a leafless type in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia in 2019–2022. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of varieties and breeding lines of domestic and foreign breeding and identify those suitable for processing into cereals. The trial was laid in the nursery of ecological variety testing according to the generally accepted methodology. The technological quality of grain was estimated according to the method of the State Commission for Variety Testing. Weather conditions were contrasting with periods of severe drought. The most favorable years for the formation of a large productivity of pea seeds (5.11 and 5.01 t/ha, respectively) were 2019 (HTC = 0.99) and 2020 (HTC = 0.60). In 2022 (HTC = 1.04), the lowest yield was obtained on average for the trial (2.22 t/ha, environmental index was 1.78), but with an increased proportion of protein (23.86 %, environmental index was +1,07). The variety ‘Yamalsky’ (2.79–5.61 t/ha) was the best in productivity, yielding to foreign varieties in the formation of protein in seeds (21.7 %). High-protein varieties were ‘Bonus 2’ and ‘L 36/18’ (22.7–26.8 %). There has been established that the highest protein percentage is synthesized at a yield level of 3.8 to 4.3 t/ha. There has been clarified correlation between protein yield per unit of area and productivity (r = 0.92) and protein percentage in seeds (r = 0.50). The correlation between 1000- seed weight and their uniformity was close to functional (r = 0.93), and with the total yield of cereals it was medium negative (r = –0.45), with the yield of shelled peas with undivided cotyledons it was strong negative (r = –0.76). The smallest yield of cereals was obtained from peas with a high percentage of coarse fraction (7.0–6.5 mm). In order to produce cereals with a standardized yield and quality, there have been recommended the variety ‘Blagovest’ and the line ‘L 182/15’. There has been established that among high-yielding varieties (4.27–4.63 t/ha) for the cereal industry there can be used such varieties as ‘Yamalsky’, ‘Krasnoufimsky 11’, ‘Aksaysky usatiy 55’, ‘Salamanka’ with a lower yield of shelled peas with undivided cotyledons (49.9–61, 1 %).

Evaluation of the utilisation of energy and phosphorus in field peas fed to broiler chickens

ABSTRACT 1. The regression method was used to estimate the utilisation of energy (Experiment 1) and phosphorus (Experiments 2 and 3) in two field peas (FP) cultivars fed to broiler chickens. 2. On d 17 post hatching, 240 birds were assigned to one of five experimental diets in a randomised complete block design with body weight (BW) as a blocking factor in Experiment 1. Whereas, 192 birds were allotted to one of three experimental diets on d 19 post-hatching in Experiments 2 and 3. There were eight replicate cages per diet, with six birds per cage in Experiment 1 and eight birds per cage in Experiments 2 and 3. 3. Field pea cultivars Hampton (FPH) or 4010 (FP4) was incorporated at either 150 or 300 g/kg into a maize-soybean meal-based reference diet in Experiment 1. Using semi-purified diets, FPH was included at 200, 400, or 600 g/kg in Experiment 2, whereas FP4 was included at 215, 430 or 645 g/kg in Experiment 3. 4. In Experiment 1 a linear decrease (P < 0.01) was observed in metabolisable energy (ME) and nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) with inclusion of FPH in the diets, whereas both linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.05) were observed with inclusion of FP4. The regression-determined ileal digestible energy, ME and MEn were 13.70, 12.69 and 11.93 MJ/kg DM in FPH and 12.63, 13.20 and 12.52 MJ/kg DM in FP4, respectively. The ileal digestible and retainable P intakes were linearly increased (P < 0.01) with higher inclusion of FPH and FP4 in Experiments 2 and 3, respectively. The respective true ileal digestibility and true total tract utilisation of P in FPH were 74.6% and 68.3% and for FP4 were 74.3% and 61.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated energy and P utilisation values could be used in diet formulations.

Differential accumulation pattern of cadmium in plant parts of pea varieties in response to varying cadmium levels

Differential accumulation pattern of cadmium in plant parts of pea varieties in response to varying cadmium levels

Determination of the effects of organic and chemical fertilization on grain yield and some agricultural characteristics of pea

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) plant, a legume species, is used as a vegetable for fresh consumption and frozen, canned or dried and processed and consumed as dry grain. The effects of organic fertilization, which is important for plant nutrition and soil fertility in pea cultivation, on grain yield and some agricultural characteristics were investigated. The experiment was carried out in the experiment field belonging to Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Prof. Dr. Abdülkadir AKÇİN Research and Application Station in 2021 according to the "Split Plots Experiment in Randomized Blocks" design with 3 replications. In the research, fertilizers were randomly placed in the main plots and varieties were randomly placed in the sub-plots. In the experiment, high yielding 16002, 16011, 16018, 16022 and Ultrello x Rondo genotypes suitable for fresh consumption and registered Betagreen pea variety were used as materials. Grain yield, some agronomic traits, protein yield and protein ratio were analyzed in the study. It was determined that the effects of chemical fertilizer and some organic fertilizer applications on all other traits examined in peas were statistically significant. According to the results of the research, the number of branches in pea plants was 3.18 pieces/plant (control) and 4.13 pieces/plant (chemical fertilizer), plant height was 45.89 cm (sheep manure) and 49.51 cm (chemical fertilizer), the number of pods was 14.31 pieces/plant (control) and 25.90 pieces/plant (chemical fertilizer), the number of grains in pods was 4.90 pieces (control) and 6.64 pieces (chemical fertilizer), the number of grains per plant was 70. 03 (control) to 172.20 (chemical fertilizer), hundred seed weight 29.30 g (control) to 33.22 g (chemical fertilizer), grain yield 128.75 kg da-1 (control) to 300.38 kg da-1 (chemical fertilizer), protein content 22.49% (control) to 23.12% (sheep manure) and protein yield 28.96 kg da-1 (control) to 67.91 kg da-1 (chemical fertilizer). The responses of genotypes to organic fertilizer applications showed differences. As a result, it was determined that organic fertilization in peas gave less grain yield than those grown with chemical fertilization, but protein content had higher values. This showed that organic fertilization is a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for pea cultivation.

Nitrogen fixation among pea and lentil varieties in the Northern Great Plains

AbstractPulse crops, including lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.), can improve the sustainability of Northern Great Plains cropping systems, largely through biological N fixation. Greater N fixation amounts can help producers to increase yield while decreasing N fertilizer inputs for the following crop. There may be potential to breed greater N‐fixing pulse varieties, yet little is known about varietal differences in N fixation. Nitrogen fixation of pea and lentil varieties was quantified at two sites in Montana from 2019 to 2021 using an N difference approach and the 15N natural abundance method. Riveland and CDC Richlea were frequently high N‐fixing lentil varieties, both fixing ca. 130 kg N ha−1 in the site‐year with the most favorable growing conditions. No pea variety had consistently greater N fixation than others, despite N fixation ranging from 88 to 135 kg N ha−1 in one site‐year among varieties. Nitrogen fixation by lentil had an inverse relationship with days to flowering but was not correlated with days to maturity. Nitrogen fixation by pea was positively correlated with days to maturity but was not correlated with days to flowering. Breeding lentil and pea for high N fixation by selecting high N‐fixing varieties is likely difficult, as varieties performed differently under variable environmental conditions. Breeding efforts based on traits, such as days to flowering, could be more successful. There were more positive correlations between N fixation parameters and seed yield for pea than for lentil, suggesting that breeding for greater yields could increase N fixation for pea but not lentil.

Economic Impact of Wheat Sowing Through Zero Tillage Technique against Broadcasting under Hot Sub-humid (Moist) Eco-Region Uttar Pradesh, India

Aims: The production of cost of wheat is higher in farmers practice than the zero tillage sown of wheat due to non-adoption of recommended resource conservation technology, high-yielding varieties and advanced technologies by the farming community in the eastern plains of Uttar Pradesh. To replace this anomalous, we conducted 204 front-line demonstrations (FLDs) at farmers' fields in various adopted villages by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deoria.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malhana, Deoria, under the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, UP. A total of 90, 12 and 50 FLDs were conducted under raised bed sowing with three varieties of pigeon pea ( Narendra Arhar 1, Pusa Bahar and Narendra Arhar 2) from 2014-15 to 2018-19 respectively.&#x0D; Methodology: Prior findings were examined to identify any gaps and to enlist everyone's assistance in disseminating such a technology of global relevance. In the eight years from 2011–12 to 2018–19, a total of 204 FLDs were carried out at the 230 farmer’s fields in the 32 villages where wheat was sown by zero tillage&#x0D; Result: Rice-wheat cropping systems are the most often used agricultural method in Uttar Pradesh, India's hot, sub-humid (wet) eco-region. It provides farmers and agricultural labourers with a source of subsistence and revenue and is a crucial aspect of the region's infrastructure for food safety. In order to attain sustainable yield, it is always thought necessary to employ other alternatives of conserving essential inputs by adopting resources conservative techniques (RCT), such as zero tillage and broad bed furrow (BBF). According to the economic analysis of the data presented in the current study, zero tillage wheat farming is the most cost-effective and appealing alternative for the agricultural community of eastern Uttar Pradesh. When compared to the broadcasting method, the zero tillage technique yielded a higher return and a lower cost of cultivation per acre. Finally, the use of this strategy raises farmers' net returns, improves their social standing, living conditions, livelihood, and ultimately reduces poverty in the farming community.&#x0D; Conclusions: The new approach lowers production costs while producing equivalent wheat yields to other methods, which leads to higher net returns. Farmers in the area have begun to appreciate the technology's reduced tillage costs. Rice-wheat is the prevalent farming system practiced by the majority of farmers in the region. In the future, the prospect of extending the method to sow wheat after other crops should be investigated.