Patterns Of Conflict Research Articles

An approach for evaluating traffic safety of expressway weaving segments: Investigating risk patterns of lane-changing conflicts

Weaving segments, integral to expressway systems, face safety challenges due to frequent lane changes. While previous research has leveraged pre– and post–lane-changing (LC) data for risk estimation, few efforts have assessed time-series characteristics of LC conflict risks. This study proposes an approach to evaluate safety performance of weaving segments by investigating conflict risk patterns during the LC process using vehicle trajectory data. First, risk profiles are generated based on driving safety field theory for detected LC conflicts. These profiles are then categorized into distinct time-series patterns using k-shape clustering. Finally, determinants of these patterns are identified by enhanced random forest, which provides valuable insights into their relationship with risk severity. Analysis of trajectory data from 12 weaving segments in China reveals three main risk patterns (ascent, descent, and stabilization with a peak) for both rear-end and sideswipe conflicts. Ascending risk patterns signify more severe conflicts compared to descending ones. Increasing auxiliary lanes at weaving segments results in a more evenly distributed acceleration, potentially leading to a more severe LC conflict. The lowest risk is observed at the weaving segments with two auxiliary lanes. This study offers a novel perspective for mitigating LC crashes and enhancing traffic safety in weaving segments.

The federal project in Pakistan: beyond fixing the design

ABSTRACT Federalism remains a contested matter in Pakistan. This article analyses the issues of representation, territoriality, ethnicity and asymmetry of the federating units in the federal theory and practice in Pakistan. It focuses on the pattern of conflict between the federation and the provinces following the implementation of the 2010 18th Amendment. While the mainstream and ethnic parties in general welcomed the amendment, un-elected institutions such as the military establishment, the civilian bureaucracy, and the judiciary implicitly, and sometimes explicitly, expressed reservations. Periodic conflict about the relocation of officers, the fiscal transfer regime, the operational aspects of the joint ownership of mineral resources by the federation and provinces, and distribution of water resources continued to make intergovernmental relations controversial. An unintended consequence of the empowerment of provincial governments was the demand for creation of new provinces from minority communities of the provinces.

An Analysis of Conflict Patterns between Headquarters and Foreign Subsidiaries: Focusing on the Case of a South Korean Company's German Subsidiary

An Analysis of Conflict Patterns between Headquarters and Foreign Subsidiaries: Focusing on the Case of a South Korean Company's German Subsidiary

An integrated model chain for diagnosing and predicting conflicts between production-living-ecological space in lake network regions: A case of the Dongting Lake region, China

The disorderly expansion of human production-living construction activities into aquatic ecological sensitive areas has triggered severe production-living-ecological space (PLES) conflicts. However, research on the risk-triggering mechanisms of PLES conflicts in lake network regions and multidimensional scenario simulation techniques is relatively lacking. To address these issues, this study constructs an integrated model chain by coupling the Markov-GMOP-PLUS model to achieve a quantified diagnosis and simulated regulation of spatial conflict strength index (SCSI) under sustainable development goals. Applying it to the Dongting Lake region reveals that: (1) The overall PLES exhibited a distribution pattern where “ecological space encompasses production space, with living space interspersed within”. The category conversion mainly reflected the encroachment of agricultural production space on the plain water ecological space, with a conversion area of up to 899.48 km2. (2) The distinctive “high in the north, low in the south” PLES conflict pattern was closely aligned with the land use structure and water system distribution, with conflict hotspots persistently clustering in the core lake network regions amid rapid urbanization. Among these, the growth rate of severe conflicts in the last ten years was 3.86 times that of the previous ten years. (3) The sustainable development scenario showcased the most effective conflict mitigation by curtailing production-living space expansion and ecological space encroachment. This scenario reversed the growth trend in conflict high-value zones and the reduction trend in low-value zones, with change rates of −3.30 % and 7.05 %, respectively, compared to 2020. This study provides a scientific basis for formulating sustainable land-use policies in lake network regions.

Patterns of Ethnic Conflict and Challenges of Rural Integration in Gombe South Senatorial District, Gombe State

Ethnic conflicts have dotted the historical landscape of the peoples of Gombe South Senatorial Districts as well as contemporary issues are central to these prolonged ethnic conflicts and violence. This study therefore examines the patterns of ethnic conflicts and challenges of rural integration in Gombe South Senatorial District. The study adopted the mixed-method in data collection. A total 365 sample were drawn from 384 populations as well as 24 key informants for the interviews. The study found out among others that; the immediate cause of the crises was the long-standing issue of boundary and land disputes between these communities, lack of economic opportunities also serves to cause crises, the failure to accurately demarcate the boundaries has eventually deteriorated the strong bound relationship and that these communities shares together, the conflicts have negatively affected the economic, social, and political sectors of the areas. During such conflicts, many lives -were lost and properties running into millions of naira were also lost, the conflicts succeeded in limiting social interaction and harmony amongst the people. The crises have also resulted in the sharp increase in the number of widows and orphans leading to prostitution, unemployment, school dropout etc. The conflicts have affected the voting. and campaign patterns, democratic values and norms. The conflicts also delay viable political transition and consequently the aspiration of producing a Governor of Gombe State despite being the most literate region in the state. The study concludes that sincere governmental schemes and efforts must be established by government to achieve social and distributive justice for all people in the country. For where there is justice there will be peace and where is peace, there will be no conflicts.

Harmony and Discord: Unravelling Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Human-bear (Ursus thibetanus) Conflict in Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary, Sikkim Himalaya

Background: The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is a federally protected species facing conservation concerns due to habitat depletion, food and environment driven altitude migration and its conflicting domain with humans. This study, conducted in the Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary, Sikkim Himalaya, emphasizes the need to understand seasonal variations in bear ecology and human interactions. Methods: Field surveys for four seasons viz. Spring (April-June), Summer (July-September), Autumn (October-December) and Winter (January-March) and interviews in the fringe villages (2021-2023), human-bear conflict secondary data (2019-2022) and camera trap data (2016-2017) were analysed using the GIS and statistical tools, revealing specific spatial distribution and seasonal patterns of human-bear conflicts. Result: Bears in Sikkim’s Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary, flourish mostly at 2200-2400 meter above mean sea level, in mixed temperate forests, exhibits bimodal activity and non-hibernating behaviour. Conflicts peak in summer and autumn, with 98.4% crop raiding on maize and livestock depredation peaking in autumn (p = less than 0.0001). Settlement proximity peaks in June-September (41%) and decreases in winter (59.9%). Locals rank bears as the primary threat (40.77%, rank 1). Understanding these dynamics informs conservation strategies for harmonious coexistence in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem.

A Quantitative Comparison of Patterns of Play and Conflict in Nature Preschool and Traditional Preschool Children in Norway

A Quantitative Comparison of Patterns of Play and Conflict in Nature Preschool and Traditional Preschool Children in Norway

Conflict management in garment manufacturing company

Conflict is an imperative issue- even considered as burning issue in many industries- that is inevitably needed to dissolve or minimize in order to operate the organization successfully. Many researches and studies of conflict management have been conducted on several industries, but this researcher eagerly recognized to present an exclusive literature review on garment manufacturing industry not only from theoretical perspective but also based on his valuable long work-experience in this garment industry. It is hypothetically deemed by the garment factory owners and top management in Bangladesh that, somebody should research on this real-world issue in light of his/her acquaintance pertinent to this industry. The main purpose of this literature review is to present the practical and pervasive state of conflict management in garment manufacturing companies, and to find the techniques of resolution according to this researcher’s practical experience. This study provides an extensive literature review on conflict management in the context of Bangladesh garment manufacturing industry. It described meticulously about conflict zones, conflict types, conflict process, and some treasured techniques of conflict control- especially applicable for garment factories. It is amplified that, to control or minimize conflict in garment factory, conflict resolution skills and attributes should be taken into consideration, and top management’s positive intention is required to establish an effective conflict management system. Furthermore, along with the literature review, this study recommends some pragmatic solutions incorporating to different perspectives of conflict patterns and styles, and the guidelines of this study will lead the garment organizations to formulate defacto conflict management strategies for their employees.

Intrapersonal Conflict of the Main Character “Draupadi” in Yaagyasenee

The focus of this research is in the area of intrapersonal conflict faced by the main character in Pratibha Ray's Yaagyasenee. It has presented how Draupadi, the most misunderstood character of epic Mahabharat suffers from intrapersonal conflict due to various reasons in the novel. This study is important in order to discover how an individual fall in the trap of intrapersonal conflict in a normal life, when own goals, values or roles diverge with others. The research approach adopted in this research article includes qualitative method. It links literature to the society and the context. The article concentrates on intrapersonal conflict in Draupadi which has been studied using different patterns of conflict identified by Kurt Lewin. This research article explains that while fulfilling their responsibilities or utilizing their rights, people have to continuously pass through intrapersonal conflict which makes different impacts in their lives. It is useful for the researchers who want to study any art from intrapersonal perspectives.

Predictions & perceptions: A social-ecological analysis of human-carnivore conflict in Botswana

Human-carnivore conflict in agrarian landscapes poses a significant threat to both large carnivore populations and human livelihoods. Conservation strategies aimed at mitigating conflict often rely primarily on ecological, landscape-scale factors. However, assessing the influence of microhabitat, as well as local variation in human perceptions, can offer valuable insights into the spatial patterns of human-carnivore conflict. The objectives of this study were to identify landscape predictors of livestock depredation risk, characterize microhabitat vegetation patterns at kill sites, and assess the spatial alignment between ecologically-predicted and human-perceived depredation risk. Through use of predation risk modeling, microhabitat pattern analysis, and participatory mapping exercises, we provide insight into the spatial patterns of livestock depredation risk from a multi-carnivore guild in an agrarian landscape located in the Makgadikgadi region of Botswana. We identified 170 depredation events and conducted 63 participatory mapping exercises across community lands situated between two wildlife protected areas. Results indicated anthropogenic landscape variables as the primary drivers of general depredation risk. Notably, distinct spatial patterns emerged between African lion (Panthera leo) and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) depredation, underscoring the need for species-specific conservation strategies. Microhabitat analysis indicated a preference for lower vegetation cover within the multi-predator guild, suggesting livestock microhabitat risk-mitigation behaviors outweigh predator hunting strategies. While human perceptions generally aligned with ecologically predicted risk, identified divergences emphasize the importance of tailored conflict mitigation strategies to accommodate varying influences. Overall, the findings advocate for species-specific depredation risk analyses and the inclusion of human perceptions for a comprehensive spatial understanding of livestock depredation risk.

Conservation and mitigation approaches for human–gray wolf (Canis lupus) conflicts in Shigar Valley, Northern Pakistan

AbstractHuman‐gray wolf conflict over livestock depredation and absence of mitigation measures is a key threat leading to the decline of wolf populations in Pakistan, where gray wolves are endangered. In this study, we collected data from January 2019 to September 2021, and human–wolf conflict and mitigation measures were investigated by interviews with 200 shepherds that were randomly selected from 43 different human settlements. We used binary logistic GLM models to predict landscape features related to gray wolf conflict patterns. Over the 3 years of the study, the gray wolf was responsible for 963 livestock losses and 244.50 million rupees (1,381,388.14 USD) in economic loss in summer, and 798 livestock losses along with 169.31 million rupees (956,608.1356 USD) economic loss in winter for the same 200 shepherds in Shigar valley. Our questionnaires revealed that shepherds hold negative attitudes toward the species when there is inadequate compensation by the several government department.

Columbia plateau socio-political organization as seen through an anarchist framework: Conflict as resistence to centralization

The Columbia-Fraser Plateau of Northwestern North America was inhabited by complex hunter-gatherer populations throughout the Late Holocene. Archaeological studies have typically characterized these peoples as having corporate households and wealth inequality. Ethnographic accounts emphasize the societies of this region as egalitarian communities and pacifist. In this paper we compare radiocarbon dates for semi-subterranean houses with legacy data for skeletal remains with trauma, mesa-top and island habitations, and storage caves to identify patterns in semi-sedentary settlement and conflict. Additionally, analysis of wealth inequality is conducted using legacy data of burials from throughout the Columbia Plateau. The radiocarbon dataset and legacy data can be reconciled with ethnographic patterns using an anarchist theoretical framework, to provide a potential explanation of the historical changes in socio-economic systems.

Central Europe in the Fifteenth Century: Patterns of Conflict and Negotiation

Abstract The nine articles in this collection are the product of two workshops hosted at the University of Chicago in 2022 and 2023 in affiliation with the University of Vienna. They build on recent work that has called attention to the extraordinary political and religious diversity in the fifteenth-century Holy Roman Empire, and Central Europe more broadly. Pushing back against older historiography, in which this period was frequently overlooked or framed by uncritical use of such broad categories as the “state,” the “territory,” the “estates,” and the “feud,” this collection recognizes the polycentric nature of the fifteenth century's structures and institutions. Specifically, these articles return to the sources, especially documents of practice rather than normative texts, to open the door to a new understanding of conflicts and negotiations. They illuminate the patterns of conflict and negotiation evident in specific historical contexts by examining actors, networks, and practices of community building—as well as the processes through which conflicts emerged, evolved, and were negotiated and settled. Rather than relying on time-honored categories and meta-narratives, the contributors embrace the messiness of social and political relations and of the extant source material to shine new light on key themes in the fifteenth century's history.

Building a New Understanding of Changing Patterns of Community Interaction, Social Behavior, and Conflicts of Interest: A Theoretical Study

Building a New Understanding of Changing Patterns of Community Interaction, Social Behavior, and Conflicts of Interest: A Theoretical Study

뉴스 빅데이터 분석을 통해 본 지역사회 갈등과 갈등 해소를 위한 민원배심제 운영

In this study, we reviewed the literature on community conflict and conflict mediation and performed empirical study with LDA-based topic modeling to understand conflict patterns in Suseong-gu, Daegu, and then analyzed cases of conflict mediation through the civil jury system. It was conducted based on analysis of civil complaint jury minutes for about 10 years (April 28, 2011 - July 3, 2019) and news data from the same period. From this, the implications of the civil jury system as a community conflict management mechanism were presented through an understanding of complex and multidimensional conflicts in the community. The main concepts of the Citizens' Jury System identified in the study consist of three components. Firstly, there are conflicting parties seeking understanding, followed by the forum of communication, which could be referred to as the “public sphere,” created through complaints arbitration meetings to facilitate dialogue. Lastly, there is the neutral third-party group who mediate to induce agreement among conflicting parties and thereby reduce or resolve conflicts. The process of the Citizens' Jury meetings not only prevents the polarization of conflicting groups but also holds significant implications beyond the institutional aspect of conflict resolution, including rational mediation by a third party well-versed in local community affairs, overcoming/solving rational ignorance through information sharing in the conflict public sphere, voluntary participation by complaints arbitrators, and compliance with arbitration decisions, contributing to the augmentation of social capital and effective conflict resolution.

Crusade, Culture, and Conflict: The Evidence of Monastic Miscellanies

Abstract“Later” crusading has become a vibrant field in recent years, with a concern for our core theme, “patterns of conflict and negotiation,” at its center. Often, and rightly enough, those patterns have been focused on matters of high politics and diplomacy, military affairs, papal propaganda, and more. The approach adopted here complements these efforts by modulating their perspectives. This article explores patterns of conflict and negotiation as they played out in the realms of crusading experience, culture, and memory in the wake of the fall of Constantinople (1453) and the siege of Belgrade (1456). It does so through the lens of those particularly rich, but also challenging, fifteenth-century manuscript sources known as “miscellanies.”

Contemporary Sunni-Shia Dynamics: Conflict or Competition?

This article delves into the power competition between Saudi Arabia (Sunni) and Iran (Contemporary Shia) by examining their involvement in shaping Middle Eastern influence expansion through fundamentally different ideological approaches, namely Sunni and Shia. The author takes the cases of Syria and Yemen as focal points to narrow down the scope and gauge the efforts of both countries as balancing forces in the Middle East region. The paper adopts an ideological approach to identify conflict patterns and strategies employed by both nations. The objective of this paper is to explore the background of the conflict between these two countries, utilizing ideological approaches to achieve their political goals. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this article aims to address the research issues at hand. It reveals that Saudi Arabia and Iran play significant roles in Middle Eastern conflicts, particularly in Syria and Yemen, through various means such as funding and providing military logistical support. The ideological approach is inseparable from the missions carried out by both nations. Iran has succeeded in building alliances with local governments, thus securing victories in Yemen. However, Saudi Arabia, despite employing various alliance-building strategies, has yet to achieve success.

The behaviours of different carnivore and livestock species shape spatial patterns of human–carnivore conflict

Abstract Understanding the ecological and human factors that shape the loss of livestock to wild carnivores can help target conservation efforts. We used 5 years of livestock depredation records (2009–2013, n = 1147) alongside Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, to investigate how spatial patterns vary by carnivore and livestock species. Dominant patterns across all species and seasons included an increased likelihood of depredation closer to protected areas (core carnivore habitat) and in more open areas closer to human settlements (where livestock are most abundant). Lions were less likely than spotted hyenas to attack livestock further from protected areas, while goat and donkey depredation was more concentrated around homesteads compared to cattle depredation. Leopards were more likely than other predators to attack livestock in areas of higher human density and nearer water sources, likely reflecting their preference for goats and sheep which generally remain near homesteads unless taken to watering holes. Carnivores make trade‐offs between attacking livestock where it is most available (near human settlements) and where the risk of detection and retaliation by humans is lower (nearer protected areas, in more wooded habitats, and further from human activity). These results have helped target local mitigation strategies. They may also inform human–wildlife conflict mitigation at other sites globally by highlighting the need to understand species‐specific differences in conflict patterns and tailor solutions accordingly. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Exploring Experiences of Conflict within Medical Teams in an Emergency Department: A Focus Group Approach during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The factors related to conflicts in emergency departments (EDs) have been studied for decades. The post-pandemic digital era may transform the medical landscape in EDs, potentially changing the patterns of conflict between healthcare professionals. This study used focus group interviews to explore conflicts in EDs. Four groups, each with 4-6 participants, took part in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using six research questions. Summative content analysis was used to analyze the data. The participant's average age was 37.82 years, and the average number of working years was 12.12. The following five themes emerged: multiple patterns of internal conflict; external conflicts arising from cross-departmental coordination; conflicts due to unclear job boundaries; adapting to conflicts in diverse ways; and seeking hospital arbitration. The results of this study suggest extending interdisciplinary collaborative practice from emergency departments to all coordinating departments. An inclusive environment for equality between professions and open communication should be promoted by hospitals.

A New Surrogate Safety Measure Considering Temporal–Spatial Proximity and Severity of Potential Collisions

Accurate identification and analysis of traffic conflicts through surrogate safety measures (SSMs) are crucial for safety evaluation in road systems. Existing SSMs for conflict identification and analysis mostly consider the temporal–spatial proximity of conflicts without taking into account the severity of potential collisions. This makes SSMs unsuitable for traffic safety evaluation in complex road environments. In order to address the shortcomings above, this study first introduces a new SSM called the Potential Conflict Risk Index (PCRI). To validate the effectiveness of PCRI, the inD dataset is adopted for conflict identification comparison between time-to-collision (TTC) and PCRI. Using PCRI, this study conducts a conflict analysis in the freeway merging areas based on the data from the Outer Ring Expressway Dataset (ORED), accounting for differences between cars and trucks. The comparative results between TTC and PCRI show that PCRI can provide a more comprehensive identification of conflicts and a more accurate identification of the moment with the highest conflict risk. The results of conflict analysis suggest that conflicts occur more frequently in situations involving trucks, and these conflicts commonly occur in closer proximity to the on-ramp at freeway merging areas. The findings from this study can improve the accuracy of conflict identification under different conflict patterns, enhancing the specificity of traffic safety measures and ultimately ensuring the safety of road systems.