Patronage Model Research Articles

Street food vendor patronage in an emerging economy: An empirical study of undergraduates

Street food vending is becoming increasingly important globally, however, most studies on dining outlet patronage focused on formal restaurants, especially in developed economies. Thus, this study developed a model of street food vendor patronage among undergraduates. 385 copies of the study questionnaire were distributed to street food customers in northwest Nigeria, and structural equation modeling (AMOS) was used to validate the model. Thus, value for money, food quality, and food familiarity were found as factors that influence the patronage of a street food vendor, while service quality and ambiance do not significantly influence students’ patronage. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

Mediating Role of Self Congruity on Retail Patronage Decisions among Supermarket Shoppers in Kenya

Self-congruity results when a consumer’s self-image matches their image of a typical store shopper with respect to how they would look like and behave. The objective of this study was to determine the mediating effect of self-congruity on the relationship between store image and retail patronage among supermarket customers in Nairobi, Kenya. The research was based on integrated theory of patronage preference and behavior, self-determination theory and integrative model of retail environment, self-congruity and retail patronage. The positivism research philosophy and exploratory research design were deployed. Supermarkets were selected from Nairobi County as a representative of the whole country with 30% of the supermarkets participating. Every 4th random customer was chosen from the 30 supermarkets for a desired sample size of 384. Primary data was collected from 311 customers using structured questionnaire and data was analysed using path analysis. The results of the study showed that self-congruity mediate the relationship between store image and retail patronage among supermarket customers in Nairobi, Kenya. This indicated that supermarkets in Kenya should consider updating their stores to match with the consumer’s self-image and image of a typical store shopper. This study concludes that self-congruity is an important predictor of retail patronage and that managers should be on the lookout for the self-concepts of their shoppers and try to provide environments that would maximize shopping experiences.

The Janus Face of Polish Cultural Diplomacy in Paris during the Khrushchev Thaw

The Khrushchev Thaw allowed Poland a slightly larger margin of freedom in its cultural exchange with Western Europe than it had since the end of the Second World War. In this newly relaxed political climate, two models of Polish cultural diplomacy emerged in the West. The first constituted the official foreign policy of Poland’s communist authorities, while the other remained unofficial, relying on a network of contacts with Poland’s government-in-exile. An examination of contemporary Polish art exhibited in Paris during the 1950s and 1960s reveals this dichotomy. The first type of cultural patronage was coordinated in Paris by communist representatives of the Polish Embassy. The second emerged in Paris within Polish political émigré circles. Its key proponents were the Literary Institute (Instytut Literacki), including the intellectual and artistic milieu of the monthly journal Kultura (“Polish-based Culture”) and the Lambert Gallery (Galeria Lambert). State foreign policy, funded by the state budget and anchored in agreements between Poland and France on cultural cooperation determined the former, while the latter constituted an oppositional stance against the Eastern Bloc, deriving its strength from the resolve of Polish political émigré circles, their extensive network of sympathetic foreign contacts, and an understanding of the mechanics of the art market. The communist model sought to build a friendly image of Polish culture despite the apparent ideological rift between Eastern and Western Europe. The émigré approach stemmed from a refusal to accept the political division of Europe and involved searching the world of art for evidence of forces in Poland that opposed the political status quo. Finally, the patronage model adopted by communist authorities followed the state-imposed policy of favoring figurative art over Polish abstract art, whereas the model championed by émigré circles pursued the opposite strategy. It showcased unrestrained, spontaneous, and mostly abstract art. It evidenced an affinity for international trends in the art of the time, including abstract expressionism and, in particular, Parisian Art Informel. How can these two strands of cultural diplomacy co-exist? Which resonated more with international audiences?

Potret Ludruk Rukun Budaya sebagai Pusat Industri Kreatif Seni Pertunjukan di Kabupaten Probolinggo

This article investigates the dynamics of the Ludruk Rukun Budaya creative performing arts industry led by Harun. Since its formation on December 12, 2012, Ludruk Rukun Budaya has successfully established itself as a self-sustaining venture with a patronage model. The origin of Ludruk Rukun Budaya stems from Harun's experiences as a Ludruk performer in Madura and Situbondo, providing the foundation for establishing Ludruk in Probolinggo. The community's attraction to Ludruk Rukun Budaya lies in Harun's uniqueness, encompassing elements such as distinctive performances, daily life-reflecting dances, unique humor, and historically themed stories. This article details the captivating factors that attract audiences and explains why Ludruk Rukun Budaya has taken root in the hearts of the Probolinggo community. The research method employs a qualitative descriptive approach with Ludruk performers as the main informants, including Havin Suharon (42 years old), Untung Suropati (39 years old), Sareat (43 years old), and Dios (32 years old). Data analysis is conducted descriptively and interpretatively. Findings indicate that the success of Ludruk Rukun Budaya as a creative industry can be attributed to the cultural reproduction agent model of Harun, involving his experiences as an actor, ability to manage members, and a deep understanding of Ludruk audience preferences in Probolinggo.

From Civilisational Encounter to Microhistories: Putting Western Learning in Local Places

Abstract Western Learning has long been conceptualised as an intellectual encounter between Chinese and Western civilisations, an approach exemplified by Joseph Needham and Jacques Gernet’s classical works. Today, this framework is no longer satisfactory. As an alternative, we advocate a microhistorical approach, which historians of Catholicism have fruitfully used to reveal the plurality of local, regional and global networks that made Catholicism possible in particular places. Similar microanalysis allows the history of Western Learning to reconceptualise the Jesuits’ European traditions materially through the circulation of books, and to separate the Chinese reaction into the two geographically, chronologically, and socially distinct models of patronage, driven respectively by late Ming literati and by the early and mid-Qing court. We suggest further research on the circulation of Western Learning beyond Beijing and Jiangnan in the eighteenth century, particularly in the peripheral regions of the empire and in the rural textual culture of Catholic communities.

Sustainable funding for small businesses: An investigation into the dynamics of the recurring crowdfunding model

In an era of one-off funding, entrepreneurs and small businesses struggle to find sustainable funding sources. A novel solution – the crowd patronage model, has emerged in recent years. This model incorporates elements from traditional crowdfunding but is systematically different due to the lack of a fixed funding goal or duration. To capitalise on the long-term nature of crowd patronage, this article explores whether factors that have an impact in traditional crowdfunding will have a similar impact within an extended duration beyond what traditional crowdfunding typically offers. We posit that incentivising mechanisms will have a long-term impact on crowd patronage, whereas project characteristic measures will exhibit short-term effects. Using data from 3229 crowd patronage projects, we find that our results largely support our hypotheses. Given our findings, we propose using project characteristics to attract contributors before shifting focus to incentivising mechanisms as the project matures in order to maximise crowdfunding returns.

Behind the scenes: The role of writing guideline design in online charitable crowdfunding market

The online charitable crowdfunding platform has emerged as a powerful tool for raising funds from large crowds to support non-profit activities. Following a patronage model, fundraisers on the platform are forced to use compelling stories to capture the attention of individual donors. As such, conceptualizing a persuasive request narrative for projects posted on the platform becomes one of the most pressing issues. Project writing guidelines, as an important platform design, are widely adopted to help fundraisers. Unfortunately, their role in the market has not been well examined. To fill this research gap, we leverage a unique dataset from a leading donation-based crowdfunding platform in the United States and make full use of its policy change opportunity on writing guidelines to thoroughly investigate its impacts and the underlying mechanism on donors’ contributions. Our empirical results show that the more constraints the guidelines impose on writing, the more likely they are to weaken the persuasiveness of narratives. We specifically focus on three aspects of narrative complexity and find that writing guidelines have a negative impact on linguistic complexity, which in turn diminishes donors’ contribution behavior. Nevertheless, they have positive impacts on both content and structural complexity, with the difference being that increased content complexity weakens donors’ contributions, while higher structural complexity is more likely to attract donations. Moreover, we examine the heterogeneous effects of writing guidelines on fundraisers with varied involvements. These findings deepen our understanding of writing guidance design in online platforms and have implications for charitable crowdfunding platforms and fundraisers.

Blatant, not Latent: Patronage in Top-Level Appointments in Serbia

Abstract This paper examines the model of party patronage in Serbia and its impact on the professionalisation of public administration. Drawing on case studies of the appointment and subsequent performance of heads of three prominent public organisations‐the National Bank of Serbia, the Anti‐Corruption Agency, and the Electro Industry of Serbia‐we demonstrate that, despite efforts to implement the Weberian principle of (neutral competence which involves the prevalence of meritocracy over partisan affiliation, patronage in Serbia has not only persisted but has become more overt and invasive. The given model of patronage involves the pursuit of multiple functions of partisan patronage‐resource extraction, partisan campaigning (including through clientelism), and policy control. We suggest that this model results in the appointment of unqualified individuals to top positions, leading to poor governance and low efficiency of public institutions. The findings point to a (reform reversal” scenario, which departs from the trajectory of mild progress or stagnation usually observed in other cases across post‐communist Europe that follow the adoption ofWeberian standards. As a conceptual contribution, the paper develops a typology, centered around the question of perniciousness of various patronage models, that captures patronage models and trajectories of anti‐patronage developments in a more nuanced manner than the existing frameworks that compare patronage patterns.

Giving Back the Gift: Predicaments of Patronage and an Offering from Włodzimierz Borowski

At a 1966 Symposium hosted by a nitrogen plant in socialist Poland, artist Włodzimierz Borowski staged a performance. He declared the plant's urea furnaces to be works of art and returned them to plant management. With this “gift,” he reversed the Symposium's patronage model, which had put the plant's resources at his disposal: he gave back the gift of patronage. This article uses the device of returning the gift of state support to explore ambivalent engagements with the official art system. This formula is applied to two later actions giving back (or away) resources granted to artists by public patrons. The discussed artists—Borowski, Zofia Kulik and Łukasz Surowiec—use this device to contend with their complicity as beneficiaries of compromised funding arrangements. However, the article assesses their counter-gifts not as dissident acts against repressive regimes but as constructive efforts to arbitrate with authorities and gain purchase as working artists.

The Theory of Generations Importance for Implementing Medical and Social Needs of Children and Their Families in Russia

Fundamental principles of the theory of generations and its Russian version, which have been widely distributed in the last three decades especially in psychological science have been analyzed. The author’s opinion on the real possibility of its implementation in the practice for protecting the health of younger generation of the country considering the degree of formation in family and in, educational organization of the child’s life values, behavior and his own health attitude, is presented. The application perspectiveness of the Theory in the medical and organizational, psychological, ethical, and deontological, legal plan on the model of social patronage in the family, medical and social work, especially in the pediatric primary care, acquaintance with the living conditions specialty, education, development and growing up, intrafamilial relations, “problems of fathers and children” are presented.

Trust and Informal Power in Central Asia

How have Central Asians built livelihoods amidst economic hardship and political dysfunction during three decades of post-Soviet independence? Local leaders are mobilizing people, resources—and, importantly, trust—to enable entire communities to prosper. These nonstate figures are increasingly consequential, but their model of paternalistic patronage may not represent what all Central Asians want.

Social work in Russia in the context of paradigm changes

The article determines the main trends in the development of theory and practice of social work and the education system in the conditions of modern Russia. The specific characteristics of the transition of practice from social patronage to individual work are revealed, the problem areas in Russian social work in the context of further development of the profession, theory, and the multilevel model of education are identified. The article examines approaches to the problems that are taking shape within the paradigm of social work and appear to be characteristic of the new stage of its institutionalization. The authors focus on the main contradictions within the Russian model of social work associated with the crisis of the social patronage model, the postmodern challenges of cognition theory, and new trends in the educational system.

Beyond fans: The relational labor and communication practices of creators on Patreon

The digital patronage model provides content creators the opportunity to receive sustained financial support directly from their fans. Patreon is a popular digital patronage platform that represents a prime site for the study of creators’ relational labor with their fans. Through in-depth interviews with 21 Patreon creators, this study investigated different types of creator–patron relationships and the perceived benefits and challenges of carrying out relational labor. We found that creators construct a variety of relationships with patrons, ranging from purely transactional to intimately familial. Creators benefit from relational labor in that it encourages patrons to treat the creator as a person rather than a product, resulting in both financial and emotional support. However, creators face difficulties in maintaining appropriate relational boundaries with patrons, some of whom control a substantial part of a creator’s income.

Staging France Between the World Wars: Performance, Politics, and the Transformation of the Theatrical Canon by Susan McCready

Reviewed by: Staging France Between the World Wars: Performance, Politics, and the Transformation of the Theatrical Canon by Susan McCready Meaghan Emery McCready, Susan. Staging France Between the World Wars: Performance, Politics, and the Transformation of the Theatrical Canon. Lexington, 2016. ISBN 978-1-4985-2280-9. Pp. xviii + 157. Carefully researched, this work explores the radical changes in theater set design and direction that took place in between-the-wars France. Primarily focused on influential director Jacques Copeau and his fellow modernist directors Gaston Baty, Charles Dullin, Louis Jouvet, and Georges Pitoëff, signers of a solidarity pact termed the Cartel, McCready uncovers the evolution of tastes through an examination of critical reviews and theater receipts. Her argument that the performance of classic works reveals more clearly contemporary influences and sources, as distinct from the literary, than would plays written during the time period in question, appears well founded. It allows her to examine directorial innovations that began in smaller independent theaters and gradually took hold of the theater world until they succeeded in establishing an aesthetic in France's national theater, the Comédie-Française. She begins with the premise that these directors and their political backers were invested in maintaining France's cultural heritage and its international preeminence, with playwrights such as Molière, Corneille, and Musset as hallmarks of French literature. Beginning with the Great War, McCready details how Copeau, like Sarah Bernhardt, toured abroad, notably in North America, in order to stage well-received performances of French theater and poetry and to disseminate French national values in an effort to activate international alliances. Copeau's Vieux-Colombier Theater, whose troupe included [End Page 239] Dullin and Jouvet, was for a time based in New York, and these directors, therefore, very much took their role as national ambassadors seriously. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the modernist aesthetic of visual abstractionism increasingly displaced naturalism in the theater-going audience's tastes, preparing for the accession of these directors to the national theater following the 1936 elections that led to the Popular Front government and the hiring of Édouard Bourdet as the director of the Comédie-Française. There Copeau and the Cartel directors—with the exception of Pitoëff due to his status as a "foreigner"—gained a wide audience for their work, which furthermore expanded the theater's repertory. In what is the most compelling aspect of her research, partly designed to dissipate notions that these changes grew from the same impetus that propelled the Popular Front's electoral success, McCready uncovers the disparate nature of the sources that led to the gradual evolution of popular modern theater. She links the objects of her study to the Romantic movement in the nineteenth century and dedicates half of the first chapter to the legacy of director André Antoine, founder of the Théâtre Libre in 1887 based on a patronage model that eschewed commercialism. Antoine had emphasized the defining role of the metteur-en-scène and envisioned the theater as a club, much in the same way that Copeau and Dullin would cultivate a public for their later theater productions. Many of the successive chapters elucidate directors' careers and artistic choices, marked by their different sensibilities and ambitions for the theater. It is an instructive comparison, which highlights the diversity that was at the heart of the twentieth-century French theater's transformation. Meaghan Emery University of Vermont Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French

Социально-экономическое развитие Сучанского каменноугольного рудника в 1920-е гг. в документах Государственного архива Хабаровского края

The study addresses the socio-economic development of the Suchan coal mine, the oldest coal-mining enterprise in the Russian Far East; it draws on archival sources in order to highlight the pages of history of the coal industry in the region. Taking into account the results of their predecessors’ work, the authors study the characteristic features of the coal industry development in the Far East under the conditions of the New Economic Policy of the Soviet state. There was a lack of diversified assistance from the Center, while the attention of the party elite to the resources of extractive industries increased: these were traditionally redirected for the needs of the Western regions or exported. The novelty consists in a comprehensive study of the development of the Suchan mine in the 1920s in the context of political and socio-economic situation in the country and the region. The study shows the role of central and local authorities at the stage of reconstruction of the coal industry, the participation of trade union organizations in the formation of labor collectives in the Suchan. It considers the mechanism of regulation of ‘collective agreement relations, the participants of which were the miner trade union and the Suchan mines. Analysis of the socio-economic development of the coal mining enterprise in the era of transformation contributes to formation of ideas about the material and living condition of the miners. The causes of unstable social situation in the Suchan mines are revealed in the context of social policy of the Soviet state. There were problems with wages and unsettled system of coal mining prices, which repeatedly became a cause for conflict between the coal hewers and the administration, attempting to avoid strikes. The social image of the Suchan workers has been reconstructed: they were mostly from rural areas and kept a close connection with the village. The unsolved housing problem had an impact on the miners’ way of life. It is concluded that with completion of the restoration of the industrial sector of the Soviet Far East economy, the model of state patronage over the region had been established; alongside with military and strategic tasks, it focused on the coal industry. However, the complex of social and household problems of the Suchan miners remained unsolved.

The impact of personal, market- and product-relevant factors on patronage behaviour in the automobile tyre replacement market

Using a qualitative and quantitative approaches, we investigate the choice behaviour of car owners regarding tyre replacement. In the first part of this study, focus groups are used to draw important insights about sources of tyre replacement and achieve an in-depth understanding of motivations and determinants of consumers’ auto workshop choice. Based on the outcome of the focus groups, we develop and test a conceptual model for car tyre replacement patronage. The behaviour observed with regards to tyre replacement indicates that consumers prefer a one-stop solution for their tyre replacement needs in terms of purchase and affixing of the tyre. Additionally, the mechanic plays a key role in providing information and influencing tyre brand choice of the consumer. Overall, the perceived importance of factors such as price, age, proximity (to tyre shop) and professionalism of service (i.e. service quality) had a direct effect on consumers’ willingness to travel to a tyre shop; while dealer reputation, personal contact (i.e. interpersonal service quality), quick service and gender were found to have mediated effects via dealer trust or brand involvement.

The Musée d’Art Contemporain Africain Al Maaden in Marrakech: a case study in collecting and place-making

ABSTRACT This case study examines the Musée d’Art Contemporain Africain Al Maaden (MACAAL), a private museum in Marrakech, Morocco, within the cultural, political and economic contexts of private philanthropy. It analyses the development of the collection of the owners of the museum within the specific context of support for the arts in the Muslim kingdom in North Africa and examines the function of the private museum which opened in 2018. In order to answer the question of the motivations for the foundation of the museum, the article describes the transition from a more traditional model of philanthropy and patronage to a new entrepreneurial model of giving in line with a generational shift in the management of the collection and opens up some possible explanations for this shift. The complex relationship between the State and the collecting family that touches not only on cultural but also political and economic domains is explored. Furthermore, a shift of alignment from the MENASA region to a Pan African context in line with state policy is discussed. This serves to situate the private museum within a broader context and to make a contribution to the study of private patronage and museums in emerging economies.

The role of self-congruity in the retail store patronage model: The case of Islamic retail stores in Indonesia and Malaysia

The role of self-congruity in the retail store patronage model: The case of Islamic retail stores in Indonesia and Malaysia

It Was Only a Dream

It Was Only a Dream Drew Swanson (bio) Paul Musselwhite, Urban Dreams, Rural Commonwealth: The Rise of Plantation Society in the Chesapeake. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019. xii + 341 pp. Figures, maps, abbreviations, notes, and index. $50.00. Cities are nodal, geographers inform us. Within their sprawl, individuals and neighborhoods are connected one to another, while the sum of these communities is itself bound by intricate threads to the suburbs and hinterlands. Neither city nor countryside stands alone. Paul Musselwhite offers an intriguing study of the abortive roots of one set of these urban-rural relationships in Urban Dreams, Rural Commonwealth: The Rise of Plantation Society in the Chesapeake. He seeks new answers to an old question: why did the Chesapeake develop as such a rural, planter-dominated landscape by the eighteenth century? He concludes that “the absence of urban places was no mere coincidental product of Chesapeake plantation agriculture. In fact, the relationship between plantations and towns was quite the opposite. A century of failed urban development was instrumental in forging the contours of Chesapeake society” (p. 2). The end result of Musselwhite’s study is a book that intimately explores urban planning and civic ideology, but which sometimes ignores other contexts that were central to life in the Chesapeake before the American Revolution. The book is organized in a clear and logical fashion; it unfolds in chronological order from the years preceding Jamestown’s founding until the mid-eighteenth century, with each chapter focusing on English urban visions during a period of one or two decades. Musselwhite notes that city plans were central to the Virginia Colony’s foundations, thanks in part to investors who hoped that the English borough model of civic communities would foster a stable and diversified colonial economy. Jamestown was a planned community, as were the unsuccessful Bermuda City and Argall City. The coordinated Powhatan attack led by Opechancanough in 1622 destroyed many of the nascent boroughs, contributed to the revocation of the Virginia Company’s charter, and thus undermined these initial urban efforts. Fluctuating tobacco prices and Crown worries that a luxury crop was a poor foundation for a colonial economy prompted renewed efforts at town founding in the 1620s, led in Virginia by Governor John Harvey. Planters resisted Harvey’s plans, however, and worked [End Page 7] to install their own vision of proper governance and an economic structure rooted in county jurisdictions. The Calvert family—granted proprietorship of Maryland by King Charles I in 1632—also undertook colonization with grand visions of the St. Mary’s settlement as an urban hub, but the colony would ultimately adopt the county structure as well. Parliament’s victory in the English Civil War generated a new set of urban visions. Puritans questioned the emerging Chesapeake model of county governments and personal patronage that had developed under William Berkeley and the Calverts, renewing an imperial emphasis on town centers that might serve as social and religious models as well as economic engines. Musselwhite argues that the 1651 Navigation Act hoped in part to funnel trade through colonial towns, where it might be better regulated (and taxed), though this regulation was often framed in a language of civic virtue (pp. 101–2). This Parliamentary vision gained more traction in Maryland than in Virginia, where planters increasingly touted agrarian independence and clandestinely traded with Dutch ships in violation of the Navigation Act. As a consequence of this resistance to Parliament’s plans, Jamestown actually shrank during the 1650s, and then, in the 1660s, “proposals for urban development once again had the counter-intuitive effect of reinforcing planters’ faith in their own rural civic authority within the empire” (p. 129). Musselwhite also sees urban development as a root cause of Bacon’s Rebellion, the armed revolt beginning in 1676 that nearly toppled Governor Berkeley’s rule and also unsettled Maryland’s government. He portrays Chesapeake residents who were upset with the particular form town development had taken—especially Berkeley’s grand vision for an expanded Jamestown and the Calverts’ dream of a network of new port cities—as more crucial to colonial unrest than the Indian troubles on the frontier or resentment of corrupt county governments and...

Knowing the past, seeing the future - an exploratory study on the viability of retail patronage models based on revealed behaviour

ABSTRACT Understanding the viability and impact of out-of-town shopping centres is of equal importance for property developers, retailers, and city planners. In the current study, we aim to model and predict behavioural loyalty (operationalised as relative shopping frequencies, RSF) for an existing out-of-town shopping centre. Two separate sets of quantile regression models, one consisting of demographic independents and the other behavioural independents, were constructed. Two datasets, sampled in 2006 and 2011, enabled evaluation of the predictive power of our models and independents. To compare the performance of our explanatory variables over time, models with interaction were used. The results indicate that in the short-run (5–15 years), forecasts based on the current retail provision and consumer demographics together with information on proposed retail agglomerations in the area are likely to give sufficient information about the future viability of a shopping centre.