Emission Paths Research Articles

Tuning Electron–Phonon Coupling Interaction for the Efficient Wide Blue Emission of Pb2+‐Doped Cs2InCl5·H2O

AbstractLead‐free perovskites exhibit unique crystal structures and optical properties due to their low‐dimensional structure. However, the 0D structure of Cs2InCl5·H2O usually demonstrates poor optical properties at room temperature due to their extremely strong electron–phonon coupling interaction. In this study, a doping strategy is employed by introducing Pb2+ into Cs2InCl5·H2O, resulting in the achievement of an efficient broadband blue emission, with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 58%. The temperature‐dependent PL spectra reveal that the efficient emission is attributed to the weakening of the electron–phonon coupling strength in the lattice and the inhibition of the phonon‐assisted non‐radiative recombination process through Pb2+ doping. The validity of this deduction is further corroborated by the results of the Raman spectra. The results of the first‐principle calculation demonstrate that the broadband emission originates from multiple emission paths in In3+ and Pb2+ polyhedrons. In addition, Pb2+‐doped Cs2InCl5·H2O can realize the transformation from sky‐blue emission to deep‐blue emission by absorbing water in the air. Remarkably, this change is reversible during the heating–cooling cycles, demonstrating excellent optical stability with repeatable recyclability.

Transfer payments and carbon reduction in China: The effect of the national comprehensive demonstration city of energy saving and emission reduction fiscal policy

To address climate change and achieve high-quality economic development, China began implementing the Comprehensive Demonstration City of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Fiscal Policy (ESERFP) in 2011. This policy relies on special transfer payments to increase the integration of various energy conservation and emission reduction fiscal policies, thereby accelerating institutional and mechanism innovation, actively promoting economic structure adjustment and development mode transformation, and achieving energy conservation and emission reduction goals in various regions. This study uses a multi-period difference-in-difference (DID) model to estimate the ESERFP's CO2 emission reduction effect and paths. The findings demonstrate the following: (1) The ESERFP has lessened the CO2 emission intensity of the demonstration city and effectively played a role in reducing CO2 emissions. (2) Mechanism analysis demonstrates that the ESERFP has significantly improved the green travel level of residents in pilot cities and can also reduce cities' total energy consumption. Therefore, the ESERFP can effectively suppress CO2 emissions by improving transportation systems and optimizing energy consumption structures. (3) Further analysis shows that the ESERFP can reduce the CO2 emission scale of the demonstration cities and effectively promote the increase of actual per capita gross domestic product in pilot cities, bringing economic dividends and thus achieving a “win-win” situation of environmental protection and economic growth. (4) Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the CO2 emission reduction effect is more significant in non-old industrial-based cities, non-resource-based cities, and urban agglomerations. This study not only evaluates the CO2 reduction effect of the demonstration city but also provides reference significance for the improvement of subsequent environmental regulations. In addition, clarifying the implementation effect of the ESERFP can help alleviate ecological and environmental problems in the process of urban economic development in China and achieve the sustainable development goal of green transformation.

Emission Prediction, Global Stocktake, and NDC Update: CO-STIRPAT Dynamic System

This analysis proposes a prediction framework for estimating the probability of fulfilling nationally determined contributions (NDC). The framework using conventional empirical methodology (CO-STIRPAT, bootstrapping sampling, and system dynamics) is employed to project the paths of carbon emissions up to 2030. When the approach is applied to data in the Republic of Korea (ROK) presents that the effect of increasing the share of green energy alone may not be enough to achieve the NDC target by 2030. Additional efforts are required to adopt advanced climate technologies related to carbon intensity and energy efficiency, given the predicted economic conditions until 2030. Alternatively, it may be appropriate for the ROK to slow down the pace at which it raises its NDC. Our prediction framework can provide information that can motivate countries to reevaluate whether the ambition level of its target is compatible with the projected economic conditions and to set more reasonable goals in their subsequent NDCs.

First-principles study on barrier height of silicon emission from interface into oxide during silicon thermal oxidation

Employing first-principles calculation, the detailed energy landscape of the path for Si emission from the interface into the oxide is studied. It is found that the barrier height almost reproduces the experimental values, indicating that Si emission surely corresponds to the diffusion of SiO interstitials. It is also found that the barrier height is microscopically rate-limited by the oxygen-vacancy transfer process, which temporarily and inevitably proceeds under a large local tensile strain induced by the diffusion of SiO interstitials.

Identification on the common supply chain paths of CO2 and NOx emissions from the manufacturing industry in China

ABSTRACT Since the ‘Made in China 2025’ initiative was proposed, the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry towards a high-end, intelligent, and green status has been accelerated, and the climate change and air pollution issues draw immediate attention. This paper investigated the simultaneous control paths of CO2 and NOx emissions throughout the manufacturing transition in China. Based on environmental input-output analysis, the production- and consumption-based CO2 and NOx emissions in 2015 and 2020 were evaluated, indicating that over 70% of production-side emissions were caused by medium-technology manufacturing, and over 50% of consumption-side emissions came from high-technology manufacturing. Then, the structural path analysis was introduced to extract the synergistic emission pathways of CO2 and NOx. The ‘smelting and pressing of metal sector → construction → investment’ pathway, which produced emissions of 347.71 Mt CO2 and 639.9 Kt NOx in 2015, was identified as the most critical path to achieve manufacturing synergistic reduction. Additionally, investment demand in the construction sector seriously affected the collaborative reduction of CO2 and NOx emissions in supply chains of medium-technology manufacturing. The critical supply chain of high-technology manufacturing for achieving coordinated emission reduction was mainly driven by export demand for chemical products.

Quantifying the minimum localization uncertainty of image scanning localization microscopy

Modulation enhanced single-molecule localization microscopy (meSMLM), where emitters are sparsely activated with sequentially applied patterned illumination, increases the localization precision over single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). The precision improvement of modulation enhanced SMLM is derived from retrieving the position of an emitter relative to individual illumination patterns, which adds to existing point spread function information from SMLM. Here, we introduce SpinFlux: modulation enhanced localization for spinning disk confocal microscopy. SpinFlux uses a spinning disk with pinholes in its illumination and emission paths, to sequentially illuminate regions in the sample during each measurement. The resulting intensity-modulated emission signal is analyzed for each individual pattern to localize emitters with improved precision. We derive a statistical image formation model for SpinFlux and we quantify the theoretical minimum localization uncertainty in terms of the Cramér-Rao lower bound. Using the theoretical minimum uncertainty, we compare SpinFlux to localization on Fourier reweighted image scanning microscopy reconstructions. We find that localization on image scanning microscopy reconstructions with Fourier reweighting ideally results in a global precision improvement of 2.1 over SMLM. When SpinFlux is used for sequential illumination with three patterns around the emitter position, the localization precision improvement over SMLM is twofold when patterns are focused around the emitter position. If four donut-shaped illumination patterns are used for SpinFlux, the maximum local precision improvement over SMLM is increased to 3.5. Localization of image scanning microscopy reconstructions thus has the largest potential for global improvements of the localization precision, where SpinFlux is the method of choice for local refinements.

A first-principles investigation of excitation and emission processes of CsI(Tl) under near-UV radiation

Based on the analyses of excitation paths in CsI(Tl) under near-UV light ( λmin = 220 nm), all possible excited states are modeled. The emission paths are revealed by the first-principles calculations performed for each excited state. Based on the analyses of band structure, density of states (DOS), and transition dipole moment (TDM), the theoretical range of central emission wavelength is proposed as 517 ∼ 538 nm for the Tl-center luminescence and 375 ∼ 405 nm for the intrinsic luminescence. This prediction agrees well with the experimental emission spectra, which have a peak at 514.2 nm and a shoulder at 410.6 nm. This method can be applied to CsI(Tl) under higher-energy radiation and other halide scintillator materials.

Image scanning microscopy: a vectorial physical optics analysis.

Image scanning microscopy (ISM) achieves resolution beyond the diffraction limit by a factor of 2. However, prior ISM research predominantly employs scalar diffraction theory, neglecting critical physical effects such as polarization, aberrations, and Stokes shift. This paper presents a comprehensive vectorial ISM point spread function (PSF) model that accounts for these phenomena. By considering the effect of polarization in emission and excitation paths, as well as aberrations and Stokes shift, our model provides a more accurate representation of ISM. We analyze the differences between scalar and vectorial theories in ISM and investigate the impact of pinhole size and aberration strength on resolution. At a numerical aperture of 1.2, the full width half maximum (FWHM) discrepancy between scalar and vectorial ISM PSFs can reach 45 nm, representing a 30% deviation from the vectorial model. Additionally, we explore multiphoton excitation in ISM and observe increased FWHM for 2-photon and 3-photon excitation compared to 1-photon excitation. The FWHM of the 2-photon excitation ISM PSF increases by 20% and the FWHM of the 3-photon excitation ISM PSF increases by 28% compared to the 1-photon excitation ISM. In addition, we found that the optimal sweep factor for 2-photon ISM is 1.22, and the optimal sweep factor of 3-photon ISM is 1.12 instead of the 2 predicted by the one-photon scalar ISM theory. Our work improves the understanding of ISM and contributes to its advancement as a high-resolution imaging technique.

Synergy among finance, energy and CO2 emissions in a dynamic setting: Measures to optimize the carbon peaking path

Financial development and energy consumption are expected to exert a significant effect on CO2 emission changes. However, there remains a research gap in optimizing pathways to carbon peaking under financial and energy drivers. This paper constructs a novel model covering finance and energy consumption using the generalized Divisia Index (GDI) method. The GDI allows to quantify the drivers behind the CO2 emission change in China during 2005–2020. Furthermore, it combines a Monte Carlo simulation with scenario analysis to forecast the path of CO2 emissions during 2021–2030. The results demonstrate that energy structure and carbon factor remain the principal drivers for CO2 emission growth in China. Thus, it is still pivotal to optimize energy saving and carbon reduction policies. Financial energy saving has enormous potential for reducing CO2 emissions over time, even though the immediate influence on CO2 emission is not significant. China has a substantial probability of reaching the peaking target in 2026 under the technology breakthrough scenario, whereas in the other two scenarios the target cannot be achieved.

The impact of technological innovation for emission reduction on decision-making for intertemporal carbon trading

Trading carbon emissions is a common strategy for reducing emissions around the world. But its flawless and methodical parameter adjustments and coping strategies nonetheless lack a theoretical grounding when faced with the prospect of uncertainty. To analyze how the enterprise emission path might be made compatible with the social emission path by policy adjustment, this study illustrates the impact of the uncertainty of technical innovation for emission reduction on the decision to engage in intertemporal carbon trading. The findings demonstrate that the decision to engage in intertemporal carbon trading is significantly impacted by the uncertainty of technological innovation for emission reduction. Enterprise productivity is directly correlated with technological innovation for emission reduction. When a policy instrument is used for adjustment, the probability of technological innovation for emission reduction is inversely related to the intertemporal trading banking rate and the price of carbon tax per unit product, whereas it is proportional to the intertemporal trading borrowing rate. This is taking the goal of maximizing social welfare as the constraint. The results serve as a guide for creating more logical parameters for intertemporal carbon trading legislation.

Assessing carbon neutrality pathways: Prerequisites and mitigation potential of power-to-X in the chemical sector of South Korea

Achieving carbon neutrality without innovative mitigation measures can be challenging. Power-to-X (P2X), a technology for capturing and utilizing carbon, has become an emerging solution for offsetting CO2 emissions. However, the mitigation potential of P2X is dependent on various factors, and P2X cannot perform a mitigation role with the national electric grid in our scenario analysis. This study aims to examine the requirements for P2X to achieve carbon neutrality. We establish a mathematical mechanism to assess the mitigation potential of P2X and examine the role of various factors in reducing GHG emissions. We found that energy share in electricity production decides the pace of emission reduction; the cleaner the energy share, the faster the emissions reach the inflection point of the mitigation pathways. Adoption rate also plays a key role to amplify inclination of emission paths. As a result, P2X could immensely reduce CO2 emissions regardless of adoption rates, if the clean energy share is above 80% without coal. The relationship between these factors and mitigation potential of P2X concludes that this emerging technology is a double-edged sword and requires meticulous planning for its adoption.

Impacts of cross-regional population migration and agglomeration on carbon emissions in China

Urbanisation and population agglomeration have significantly increased China's CO2 emissions. Migration has altered the quantity and spatial distribution of CO2 emissions, yet these changes have not been quantified. This study used a counterfactual analysis to determine the impact of migration on CO2 emissions. Specifically, we used a multi-scale geographically weighted regression to estimate the marginal effects of net immigration on CO2 emissions, an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model to determine how migration impacts the CO2 emissions of inflow and outflow regions as well as the regional transfer of CO2 emissions, and structural path analysis to identify key sectors and their emission paths. The results indicate that population emigration from less-developed regions was primarily responsible for reducing CO2 emissions. Upon migration to urban agglomeration areas, individuals chose cleaner fuels and used public services more frequently, which resulted in a significant reduction in the intensity of local emissions. Furthermore, migration led to a narrowing of spatial disparities in indirect emission reductions. Provinces in eastern and north-eastern China were less affected by indirect CO2 emissions caused by immigration. Additionally, the eastern and central regions exhibited ‘regional agglomeration’ and ‘self-circulation’ in the emission paths of key sectors.

Climate models underestimate the sensitivity of Arctic sea ice to carbon emissions

Arctic sea ice has steadily diminished as atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have increased. Using observed data from 1979 to 2019, we estimate a close contemporaneous linear relationship between Arctic sea ice area and cumulative carbon dioxide emissions. For comparison, we provide analogous regression estimates using simulated data from global climate models (drawn from the CMIP5 and CMIP6 model comparison exercises). The carbon sensitivity of Arctic sea ice area is considerably stronger in the observed data than in the climate models. Thus, for a given future emissions path, an ice-free Arctic is likely to occur much earlier than the climate models project. Furthermore, little progress has been made in recent global climate modeling (from CMIP5 to CMIP6) to more accurately match the observed carbon-climate response of Arctic sea ice.

Occurrence and distribution of emerging micropollutants in the central part of the German Bight

Micropollutants (MPs) are transported via rivers from industrial and urban areas to the German Bight (G.B.). In contrast to the mounting rivers less information is available on the occurrence of MPs and their transformation products (TPs) in the marine environment of the G.B. In this study 83 compounds, including 26 metabolites of pharmaceuticals and environmental TPs were measured in water at 46 sampling sites in estuaries of Ems, Weser, Elbe, and the G.B. 36 MPs were even detected in the open sea areas (salinity > 34 psu) at 0.07–5.1 ng/L and to the best of our knowledge 10 MPs were detected in the marine environment for the first time. Concentrations of 8 MPs exceeded PNEC values suggesting a potential risk for sea life. Spatial distribution and relation of MPs with salinity allowed identifying emission paths for certain compounds and revealed the emissions from the River Elbe and Rhine.

Exploring the carbon inequality embodied in China’s interregional trade based on a human well-being equity perspective

China’s interregional trade leads to interregional carbon inequality and impacts the flow and distribution of interregional human well-being. Few studies have been conducted that construct human well-being from a multidimensional perspective and explore the inequality of carbon emissions in interregional trade based on a human well-being equity perspective. This study applies a multiregional input‒output (MRIO) model to analyze the flow of carbon emissions and human well-being and capital between regions, explores the carbon inequality embodied in interregional trade based on the regional environmental inequality (REI) index, and finally proposes a shared responsibility scheme for carbon emissions and policy implications based on a human well-being equity perspective. The results demonstrate that the transfer of carbon emissions and human well-being through regional trade is realized through consumption. Different transfer paths of carbon emissions and human well-being lead to significant carbon inequality in interregional trade. Regions such as the West and North, which suffer more significant inequality in trade, receive carbon emissions mainly from carbon-intensive industries; regions such as the East coast and South coast, which benefit more from trade, transfer large amounts of carbon emissions by importing products from industrial sectors with a high carbon emission intensity and relatively low value and by acquiring more human well-being and capital. This study provides evidence regarding the current status of carbon inequality based on human well-being equity in China; fills the gap in existing research; and provides a reference for addressing the inequality of carbon emissions and human well-being and each type of capital between regions and formulating a fair and effective carbon reduction policy. This study provides an overall solution for sustainable development in China.

Unveiling the past, shaping the future: Analyzing three centuries of data to explore China's trajectory towards carbon neutrality

China is under enormous pressure - at home and abroad - to mitigate its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which threaten its carbon neutrality target by 2060. The historical emissions growth and the factors affecting this growth can be instrumental in designing China's carbon neutrality target by 2060. However, a study focusing on China's historical emissions is rare, creating a substantial gap in the literature. As such, this study aims to analyze China's historical emissions path and how China's carbon neutrality is affected by economic growth, education, population growth, and political regimes. These variables have been chosen based on theory and empirical literature. We employ extensive time-series data from 1850 to 2021 and deploy the novel Dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) simulation model. Carbon neutrality has been measured using greenhouse gas emissions per capita. The study finding reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP and GHG emissions, proving that Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid for China when participatory form of governance is considered. But the study fails to validate the EKC hypothesis when the liberal form of governance is employed. Population growth and education boost GHG emissions in the long run in the model with participatory form of governance. Contrarily, in the model with liberal form of governance, the population increases GHG emissions in the short and long run, while education increases GHG emissions only in the long run. Participatory form of governance decreases GHG emissions in the long run, but liberal one decreases GHG emissions only in the short run. Overall, the variations in the political system can have heterogenous effects on China's environmental integrity. As such, Beijing's policy should focus more on the development of a political sphere that is pro-environmental and that stresses on the implementation of environmental governance to tackle China's environmental dilemma. Our findings provide numerous policy suggestions to achieve China's carbon neutrality target by 2060.

LMAP-21 PRELIMINARY CLINICAL DATA IN THE PHASE 1/2A DOSE ESCALATION TRIAL OF RHENIUM (186RE) OBISBEMEDA (186RNL) IN LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES (LM): THE RESPECT-LM TRIAL

Abstract OBJECTIVES Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) are an increasing complication of metastatic cancer with limited treatment options and poor survival. 186RNL is BMEDA-chelated 186Re encapsulated in nanoliposomes. 186Re’s ~2 mm beta emission path length provides direct delivery of radiation therapy while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. A Phase I dose escalation safety and efficacy study (ReSPECT-LM, NCT05034497) is current enrolling. METHODS ReSPECT-LM is a multi-center, sequential cohort, open-label, dose-escalation, Phase 1/2a clinical trial in adults evaluating the safety, tolerability, and activity of a single dose of 186RNL given via Ommaya reservoir. The primary objectives are maximum tolerated dose, safety, progression, and survival. Using a modified 3x3 Fibonacci design, increasing doses were administered in 5 mL followed by whole body planar and SPECT/CT imaging for dosimetry and distribution. CSF tumor cell count/mL using microfluidic chamber assay was assessed up to 56 days. RESULTS A total of 7 LM patients have been treated (3 male, 4 female) with metastatic oropharyngeal, breast, and lung cancer. One patient was treated twice (retreatment). 186RNL showed prompt, complete distribution throughout the CSF with durable retention in the subarachnoid space and leptomeninges. Absorbed doses ≥20 Gy to the ventricles and cranial subarachnoid spaces were measured. In patients positive for CSF tumor cells, a decrease in counts ranging from 50-92% was observed. Six patients remain alive, while 1 patient has died due to primary tumor progression. No patients had treatment related adverse events (AEs) greater than Grade 1, and the most common AE was headache. CONCLUSION Preliminary, interim results of this ongoing study showed that a single treatment with 186RNL delivered by an intraventricular catheter is well tolerated, without dose limiting toxicity and with decreased CSF tumor cell counts durable through at least 30 days. Enrollment and dose escalation is continuing, and repeated dosing will be further explored.

Time gated Fourier transform spectroscopy as a technique for disentangling short- and long-lived luminescence

Overlapping short- and long-lived luminescence signals are often encountered and are not trivial to disentangle in a single measurement. Here, we demonstrate for a broad range of emitters that time gated Fourier transform spectroscopy can be used as a technique to simultaneously capture and temporally disentangle overlapping spectral features of luminescence signals. This allows us to concurrently measure the fluorescence and phosphorescence bands of an organic fluorophore, retrieve the emission of a quantum dot that is overshadowed by an autofluorescent serum solution, and for removing residual laser scatter and ambient room light in an optical filter free configuration. Time gated Fourier transform spectroscopy only requires the introduction of a common-path interferometer to the emission path of a standard time-correlated single photon counting setup; it can function as a technique to both discriminate signals as well as characterize properties of new materials.

TIPS-23 SAFETY AND FEASIBILITY RESULTS FROM A PHASE 1/2 CLINICAL TRIAL OF RHENIUM (186RE) OBISBEMEDA (186RNL) IN RECURRENT GLIOMA: THE RESPECT-GBM TRIAL

Abstract OBJECTIVES 186RNL is BMEDA-chelated 186Re encapsulated in nanoliposomes. 186Re’s ~2 mm beta emission path length provides direct delivery of radiation therapy while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. 186RNL is delivered via convection enhanced delivery (CED) to achieve durable, localized tumor retention with high absorbed radiation doses. We present results from our ongoing ReSPECT-GBM trials (NCT01906385). METHODS ReSPECT-GBM is a multi-center, sequential cohort, open-label, dose escalation, Phase 1/2 clinical trial in adults with recurrent glioma to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and activity of a single dose of 186RNL administered by CED. Following computer-assisted MRI guidance treatment planning for CED catheter placement, patients received a single administration of 186RNL before whole body planar and SPECT/CT imaging for dosimetry and distribution. Patients were followed for safety, progression, and survival. RESULTS 25 patients across 8 dosing cohorts including 23 with recurrent GBM were treated with a single dose of 186RNL ranging from 1.0-41.5mCi. Average absorbed radiation dose (AARD) to the tumor was ~300 Gy over a wide range. Exposure outside the brain was negligible. A single dose of 186RNL was well-tolerated, with no dose limiting toxicities. No patient had treatment-related death or withdrawals and most AEs mild or moderate (Grade 1 or 2) and non-serious. 5 patients remain alive. mOS for all patients was >12 months, with an OS30 of 25% overall and 50% for those receiving >100Gy. Cox Proportional Hazards Ratio and Accelerated Failure Time modeling both demonstrate absorbed dose and percent tumor treated to significantly correlate with overall survival (p<0.003-0.0001). Five patients have subsequently enrolled in Phase 2 and all are alive. CONCLUSION A single dose of 186RNL in recurrent glioma patients achieves high absorbed doses without significant toxicity, is well tolerated, and shows favorable OS. Cohort 8 and Phase 2 continue enrolling. Development progress and data will be reported.

Anisotropic Purcell Effect and Quantum Interference in Fractal Aggregates of Nanoparticles

We study theoretically the emergence of an anisotropic Purcell factor in random two-dimensional fractal aggregates of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can either be metallic nanoparticles made of silver, which exhibit surface plasmon resonances, or high-index dielectric nanoparticles like silicon, which possess optical Mie resonances. To calculate the spontaneous emission rates of a quantum emitter, we utilize the electromagnetic Green’s tensor within the framework of the coupled-dipole method. Our findings reveal that the Purcell factor exhibits spatial variations, with certain regions, referred to as hot spots, displaying high values for dipoles oriented within the plane of the fractal aggregate, while dipoles oriented vertically to the aggregate have values close to unity. This anisotropy in the Purcell factor leads to significant quantum interference effects in the spontaneous emission paths of multi-level quantum emitters. As a consequence of this quantum interference, we demonstrate the occurrence of population trapping in a V-type quantum emitter embedded within a fractal aggregate of nanoparticles which cannot otherwise take place if the emitter is placed in vacuum.