Pastoral Counseling Research Articles

Eco Trends, Counseling and Applied Ecology in Community Using Sophia.

The study investigates the current trends that manifest themselves in two areas that have common origins in antiquity, found in the Hellenistic concept of Sophia: present in philosophy, where it expresses the love of wisdom, but also in theology where it represents divine love. Looking at this approach, the Sophia has manifested various orientations, either toward the field of ecology and the environment through the emergence of new concepts, such as ecophilosophy and ecotheology, but also toward the practice applied to the person, through the philosophical counseling or spiritual or pastoral counseling. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the applied trends, ecophilosophy and ecotheology, through their comparative analysis, along with a bibliometric study on papers published on these topics in indexed databases in the last 45 years. The paper presents the openness to innovation, through the emergence of the two concepts analyzed which created methods and tools specific to philosophical or spiritual counseling, and adaptations of these practices to the needs of contemporary society. Therefore, the innovation is sustained by creating a new specialization in community counseling practice, called eco-counseling for community (EC4com), with the new ecological trend, which can be included in the philosophical and spiritual practices applied in communities through individual counseling, for groups or community.

Kajian Teologis Tentang Pastoral Konseling dalam Alkitab

Pastoral Counseling crisis is felt by everyone, lack of trust in counsellors. Based on this, it is necessary to contribute to Pastoral Counseling in guiding based on the Bible. Theological Study of Pastoral Counseling in the Bible. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Theological Study of Pastoral Counseling in the Theological Bible. Qualitative research using the descriptive biblical literature method by analyzing primary and secondary sources from books according to the topic of discussion. The result of the research is that Pastoral Counseling lays the foundation of the Bible, namely the word of God to everyone. Theological studies of pastoral counselling in the Bible consist of First. In the Old Testament, the word of God came to the prophets as people called by God personally to tell the word of God, a prophet did not deduct a word from what he had said. Spiritual guidance was given by Moses for the Israelites, not to grumble. Second. New Testament, Meeting with Jesus is to make someone honest, and there is a change, everyone when there is a conversation with Jesus his life will change, who used to sin now don't. Third. Bible analysis, God's Absolute Sovereignty and His wise revelation not only determine but also inspire and move people to worship Him. With His own initiative, God gives inspiration based on His sovereignty to reveal God's wisdom to humans, so that humans do His will, which is to come to worship and stay away from evil.

Children who Became ‘Stars’: Child Abuse and Christian Pastoral Counseling

사랑의 매로서의 체벌이나 부모 자식 간에 일어나는 사적인 일이라는 잘못된 신화들에 가려져, 오랫동안 한국 사회에서 아동학대의 문제는 어디까지가 부모의 교육이고, 어디서부터 학대인지 그 경계선이 불분명한 채로 은폐되어 있었다. 아동학대는 성인에 의하여 아동의 정상적 발달을 저해할 수 있는 신체적·정신적·성적 폭력 또는 가혹행위 및 유기와 방임을 말한다. 아동학대가 일어나는 주요 공간은 어린이집이 아닌 바로 가정이며, 많은 아동들은 자신의 친부모에 의해 학대를 경험한다. 이 연구는 매년 증가하는 아동학대라는 어두운 주제에 대해 기독(목회)상담적 성찰을 시도하려고 한다. 은폐되고 잊힌 죽음의 대상이 되는 아동학대의 현상을 타자의 해석학으로 설명하면서 이 사회의 약자 중의 약자를 돌보라는 기독교의 가르침과 피해아동을 회복시키는 기독(목회)상담가의 돌봄지침을 제시할 것이다. 사회적 지원과 제도적 뒷받침, 예산과 전문인력 확보라는 시급한 방법에 대한 논의를 포함해서 사랑과 존중으로 아이를 대하라는 성서의 가르침을 소개하고, 상처받은 어린 마음을 지지해 줄 수 있는 공감적인 자기대상 기능을 제공하는 것이 기독(목회)상담가의 중요한 역할이라고 제언한다.

북한이탈주민의 건강한 자기애 이해의 발달을 위한 목회상담적 돌봄

본 논문의 목적은 북한이탈주민들의 심리적 어려움을 코헛의 자기심리학적 관점에 서 이해하고 그들을 위한 목회상담적 돌봄의 방법을 모색하는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 북한이탈주민들을 대상으로 그들의 특성과 관련하여 일반적인 이해와 관계적, 심리정 서적 측면을 고찰하고, 건강한 자기구조형성과 자기애의 발달을 위한 목회상담적 방 법을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 북한이탈주민들이 한국사회에 적응하면서 겪는 심 리정서적, 관계적 어려움을 자기대상과 관계속에서의 결핍과 그로 인한 자기구조의 관점에서 살펴보았다. 북한은 사회주의이자 공산주의 국가로서 주체사상과 감시체제 등을 통해 집단의식 이 강화된 사회이다. 이러한 환경에 노출된 북한이탈주민들은 체제와 개인 간의 이중 적 심리구조를 만들었으며, 생애 초기와 아동기, 청소년기를 거치면서 끊임없이 환경으로부터 침범과 박탈을 경험 하였다. 특히, 탈북과정에서 겪은 그들의 아픔은 사선을 넘나드는 매우 큰 고통이다. 이러한 외상적 경험은 다양한 심리정서적 고통과 관계적 어려움으로 나타났다. 그리고 개인의 심리적 자기구조의 건강성과 응집성 뿐만 아니 라 자신의 경험과 해석으로 서로 다른 하나님 상을 만들어 내기 때문에 신앙적으로 하나님 상에 영향을 미친다. 그러므로 목회상담자는 북한이탈주민의 자기애의 발달을 위해 공감적인 반응과 내 담자의 이야기를 이해와 설명, 해석의 단계를 거쳐 상담과정에서 교정적 정서체험을 경험하도록 해주어야 한다. 목회상담이라는 안전한 환경에서 북한이탈주민들에게 공 감적 자기대상이 되어 심리적 산소를 공급함으로서 건강한 자기애와 하나님 상을 회 복할 수 있도록 이들의 상처와 아픔을 이해하고 돌볼 것을 제안한다. 이러한 목회상 담적 돌봄을 통해 한반도의 분단 상황에서 북한이탈주민들이 한국사회에서의 적응과 신앙적 성숙을 이룰 수 있는 실천적 적용점을 제공하고자 한다.

신학적 관점과 심리학적 관점이 구분되며, 공존하는 목회상담의 특성 - 몰트만, 코헛 및 캡스의 관점을 중심으로 -

목회상담은 신학적 차원과 심리학적 차원을 아우르는 특성을 보인다. 본 논의는 신학적 차원으로 위르겐 몰트만(Jürgen Moltmann)이 제시한 삼위일체 하나님이 독립 된 위격을 유지하면서, 상호 사귐과 교제의 방식으로 존재한다는 관점에 근거한다. 또 한 드보라 헌싱어(Devohra V. Hunsinger)는 칼게돈 공의회에 근거해서 예수 그리스 도의 신성과 인성이 각각 독립적으로 구분이 되면서도, 동시에 공존한다는 관점도 제 시하였다고 주장한다. 또한 본 논의는 심리학적 차원으로는 하인츠 코헛(Heinz Kohut)의 자기심리학에서 삶의 어려움을 견디기 위해서 개인의 내면에 자기대상이라는 필요하다는 관점에 근거 한다. 자기대상은 성장기에 주요 양육자의 반영과 공감을 통하여 건강하게 형성이 되 고, 유지가 될 수 있다. 따라서 상담자는 자기대상의 기능이 약해서 현실적 어려움을 겪을 때에 심리적 고통이 견디기 어려운 내담자에게 반영과 공감의 태도로 자기대상 을 강화하도록 돕는 역할을 감당해야 한다. 더 나아가서 본 논의는 도날드 캡스(Donald Capps)는 목회상담자와 내담자의 관계 에서 성령의 역사를 통하여, 얻게 되는 하나님 현존의 경험이 최상의 자기대상의 원 천이 될 수 있다고 주장한다. 또한 캡스에 따르면 하나님 현존 경험을 통하여 건강한 자기대상을 얻도록 돕는 목회상담은 내담자의 내면속에서 신학적 차원과 심리학적 차 원이 각각 구분되면서도 공존하며, 영혼의 구원과 성장이라는 신학적 차원과 내면의 안정이라는 심리적 차원의 건강을 모두 돕는 특성을 보인다. 그리고 복음서에 나온 예 수 그리스도의 치유는 이런 특성의 최상의 모범을 보여준다는 결론을 제시하려고 한다.

NEUROTICISM AND NEGATIVE RELIGIOUS COPING: THE MEDIATING AND MODERATING ROLES OF RELIGIOSITY AND THE IMAGE OF GOD

Several studies have found correlations between neuroticism as one of personality traits and used negative religious coping strategies in difficult life situations, which in turn has a negative impact on physical and mental health outcomes. Therefore, it is important to explore the explanatory factors for the association between neuroticism and negative religious coping. This study aims at investigating whether there is a mediator effect of the image of God and a moderator effect of religiosity on the relation between neuroticism and the use of negative religious coping strategies. The group of respondents consisted of 336 Latvian-speaking Roman Catholic adults aged 18 to 86 (M = 44.42; SD = 12.90, 74.9 % women). The data was collected by an online survey with the following instruments: the Brief RCOPE, the God Image Scale, the Latvian Personality Inventory LPAv-3, the Centrality of Religiosity Scale CRS-5 and the Socio-demographic Inventory. The results of this study revealed that the image of God has a partial mediating effect on the relation between neuroticism and negative religious coping. The study also indicated that religiosity is a moderator in relationship between neuroticism and negative religious coping – the higher the degree of religiosity the closer the relation between neuroticism and negative religious coping. The outcomes of the study can be used as basis for religious interventions in psychotherapy, as well as health-care consulting and pastoral counselling aimed at reducing the negative impact of negative religious coping on physical and psychological health.

GAMBARAN PELAKSANAAN PASTORAL CARE OLEH PERAWAT DI RUANGAN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT RUMAH SAKIT ELISABETH MEDAN TAHUN 2019

Introduction:Pastoral care activities to actualize the love of God in the life of the faith community. The problem in this case is the large number of pastoral care that has not been well implemented in the hospital, in this case it is important to be carried out as motivated, provide comfort, feel supportive, relax, calm and peaceful because it can reduce anxiety and anxiety in dealing with internal pain healing process. Aim: this study aim to determine the implementation of pastoral care by nurses in the trigger room of Elisabeth Medan Hospital in 2019. Method: the type of research used is descriptive research with the type of cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 30 nurses in the ICU room at Elisabeth Medan Hospital. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The results of this study in the implementation of pastoral care by nurses in the trigger room were both 80% (24 nurses), enough 16% (5 nurses) and less carried out were 4% (1 nusres). Conclusion: the implementation of pastoral care by nurses in the trigger room of Elisabeth Medan Hospital was well implemented, with activities carried out by nurses such as religious assistance, spiritual assistance, pastoral counseling, sick people's visits and mentoring. From the implementation of pastoral care, the role of health workers or nurses is very important in implementing pastoral care for healing, sustaining, guiding and reconciling.

풍류운동 국선도의 치유 메커니즘에 대한 목회(기독교)상담 관점에서의 이해

풍류운동 국선도는 한국 고유의 전통적 영성인 풍류도에 기초한 운동이다. 그런데 풍류운동은 흥미롭게도 몸뿐 아니라 마음과 영혼을 치유한다. 이에 이 글에서는 풍류운동이 어떻게 몸과 마음과 영혼을 치유할 수 있는지 그 치유 메커니즘을 규명했다. 먼저, 실증연구를 통해 풍류운동이 몸과 마음과 영혼 치유에 도움이 됨을 밝혔다. 다음으로 상담심리관점에서 풍류운동이 어머니-태아 관계 유비를 통한 창조주(어머니)와 창조주의 자녀 관계경험을 재현한 것으로 이해했다. 즉, 몸, 마음, 영혼이 하나였던 자궁 속 태아관계에 관심하기 때문에 몸뿐 아니라 마음과 영혼치유까지 이르게 하는 것으로 보았다. 다음으로 목회신학 관점에서 풍류운동을 한 멋진 삶의 삼위일체 하나님 형상을 자기에 맞게 체현하는 운동으로 이해했다. 또 풍류운동 행공 동작에 구체적으로 내포된 삼위일체 하나님 요소를 규명했다. 이를 통해 풍류운동을 삼위일체 하나님 형상을 내면화하고 체화하는 운동이기에 영혼치유에까지 도움이 된다 주장했다.

Rapid systematic review of systematic reviews: what befriending, social support and low intensity psychosocial interventions, delivered remotely, may reduce social isolation and loneliness among older adults and how?

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic ‘social distancing’ has highlighted the need to minimise loneliness and isolation among older adults (aged 50+). We wanted to know what remotely delivered befriending, social support and low intensity psychosocial interventions may help to alleviate social isolation and loneliness and how they work. Methods: We followed a systematic ‘review of reviews’ approach. Searches of 11 databases from the fields of health, social care, psychology and social science were undertaken during April 2020. Reviews meeting our PICOS criteria were included if they focussed on the evaluation of remote interventions to reduce levels of social isolation or loneliness in adults aged 50+ and were critically appraised using AMSTAR2. Narrative synthesis was used at a review and study level to develop a typology of intervention types and their effectiveness. Intervention Component Analysis (ICA) and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) were used at a study level to explore the characteristics of successful interventions. Results: We synthesised evidence from five systematic reviews and 18 primary studies. Remote befriending, social support and low intensity psychosocial interventions took the form of: (i) supported video-communication; (ii) online discussion groups and forums; (iii) telephone befriending; (iv) social networking sites; and (v) multi-tool interventions. The majority of studies utilised the first two approaches, and were generally regarded positively by older adults, although with mixed evidence around effectiveness. Focussing on processes and mechanisms, using ICA and QCA, we found that the interventions that were most successful in improving social support: (i) enabled participants to speak freely and to form close relationships; (ii) ensured participants have shared experiences/characteristics; (iii) included some form of pastoral guidance. Conclusions: The findings highlight a set of intervention processes that should be incorporated into interventions, although they do not lead us to recommend specific modes of support, due to the heterogeneity of interventions.

A more comprehensive comprehension and appropriate application: An answer to dwindling faith commitment from the book of Hebrews

Closely linked to the phenomenon of the decline in church member numbers in the Western church, is the phenomenon of dwindling their faith commitment. This is the phenomenon in which church members do not show the same vitality and zeal as before and are in danger of abandoning their faith. The current article contributed to the arsenal of studies, aimed at addressing the phenomenon by presenting the solutions deduced from a single biblical book, namely the book of Hebrews. The book of Hebrews is arguably one of the most fitting biblical books to shed light on how the phenomenon can be addressed, as Hebrews was written to a church that experienced a decline in faith commitment. The primary aim of the article was to determine what solutions the writer of Hebrews proposes for addressing his addressees’ dwindling in their faith commitment, while the secondary aim was to reflect on how the writer’s solutions can be applied in the 21st century church. In order to achieve these aims, reconstruction by means of exegesis and a detailed literature study is used in the article. It begins with the reconstruction of the context of the addressees, specifically to determine the reason(s) why they dwindled in their faith commitment. This was followed by reconstructing the writer’s solution for his addressees’ dwindling faith commitment. Next, the writer’s solution was fleshed out in the light of the whole of Hebrews by tracing the major themes and broad lines found in the book. It is noted that the writer addresses the issue by guiding and exhorting his addressees to come to a more comprehensive comprehension and appropriate application of their confessed faith. This he does by shaming, frightening, reminding, guiding and assuring them. By means of reflection, it is suggested in the conclusion that the same strategy can be applied in the church today to address the phenomenon of dwindling faith commitment.Contribution: The article indicated the relevancy of the book of Hebrews for the church in the 21st century, especially in terms of addressing the issue of dwindling faith commitment. As such, the article gives practical suggestions on how the issue can be addressed from the book of Hebrews by pastors, ministers, pastoral counsellors, Bible students, and church members.

THE CONTENT OF PASTORAL COUNCELING AS PRECONDITION OF PROFESSIONALIZATION OF CARITATIVE SOCIAL WORK

Pastoral counseling has long history; its roots are found deep in the concept of “shepherding” (or care for the soul, poimenics) which originates in Christ’s approach to men. However, interest about various counseling methods today beyond the Church setting is called by expanding of the identity question of the social work profession. Currently social work is done in circles where meaning of religious issues rises above the average in society and clients express their wish to cooperate with social workers who care for their faith and religion. Also it should be noted that more attention is paid to the Church as an institution which is an important provider of social services for the needy, rejected, for orphans, risk families etc. Consequently, the task of the present article is to shed light on pastoral counseling content taking place in professional setting. KEY WORDS: counseling, structure of human consciousness, imago Dei, Eastern Church fathers, professional qualities of counselor, caritative social work. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v67i2.852

A Pastoral Counseling View and Application of King David’s Dysfunctional Family

A Pastoral Counseling View and Application of King David’s Dysfunctional Family

Christianity and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pastoral and Theological Reflection from the Ghanaian Context

ABSTRACT Ghana has since March 2020 experienced the COVID-19 pandemic with its diverse effects the lives of the populace. In spite of various attempts by religious leaders to explain the origin of the pandemic and its remedy, there is still an urgent need for a theological and pastoral guidance for Christians in Ghana. This brief literature-based study was therefore conducted based on historical and biblical data on the COVID-19 pandemic, the main argument being that the COVID-19 pandemic is neither a divine punishment to end the world nor a tool of the Antichrist to suppress Christianity. Though a serious crisis, the historical data available indicate that the current pandemic is not the worse the world has experienced. Therefore, like other pandemics that the world has experienced, the remedy to the present crisis involves primarily calling upon God as Christians and taking responsible actions as responsible citizens.

한국 교회 안에서 행해지는 목회상담의 한계와 지향점

This research explores the identity of pastoral counseling. The main concern of pastoral counseling has been related with counselors who have psychological backgrounds and have trained as specialists although many of them are pastors. This study asks a question of how pastoral counseling goes along in church. It points out that pastoral counseling seriously has to concern church and pastors.<BR> This article divides into four sections. Firstly, it deals with the identity of pastoral counseling. Scholars discern pastoral counseling from pastoral care. It is said that pastoral counseling is a more professional area while pastoral care is regarded as the ordinary caring of pastors. Whatever the classification is, pastoral counseling should differ from ordinary counseling and recover its identity. Furthermore, it argues that pastoral counseling should develop theories and skills for ordinary pastors.<BR> In the second section, it points out the limitation of theological education and pastoral counseling in contemporary Korean church. Contemporary pastoral counseling and ordinary counseling are alike. The counseling of pastors in church has not developed theoretical backgrounds and skills. Pastoral counseling includes religious elements and spiritual areas.<BR> In the next part, it claims that pastoral counseling includes Christian spirituality. Pastoral counseling should include the recovery of spiritual aspects, which is different from the purpose of the ordinary counseling. It also compares pastoral counseling with spiritual direction. In a sense, pastoral counseling must partly be the spiritual direction in that pastors should take care of the spiritual life of lay christians.<BR> Lastly, it will delineate the religious resources of church and the necessity of manual, which can be used for pastoral counseling. Pastoral counseling can use religious resources such as the Bible, prayer, church community, pastoral visiting and so on. It argues that pastoral counseling needs to make manuals for pastors in church. This research contributes to showing the developmental possibility of pastoral counseling that can be used in church.

Breed se bybelse pastorale model Skriftuurlik begrond in 2 Petrus 1:3–11: ’n Eksegetiese toeligting

Breed’s biblical pastoral model Scripturally grounded in 2 Peter 1:3–11: An exegetical elucidation: In his recent research, Gert Breed has formulated a biblical pastoral model. From his own publications as well as from publications of other researchers, it is clear that Breed’s model is of great value to pastoral counsellors. Although elements of the model are included in other people’s research publications, Breed has not yet published a complete description of his model. The purpose of this article is to provide Breed’s pastoral model with a biblical foundation from 2 Peter 1:3–11 within the context of the entire letter. The method used in this study was to do exegesis of 2 Peter 1:3–11 according to the grammatical-historical model, and to use the results of the exegesis to biblically ground the different elements of Breed’s pastoral model. The article found that seven important elements of Breed’s model can be Scripturally grounded in 2 Peter 1:3–11, namely: (1) the meta-theoretical starting point regarding the Bible as the Word of God; (2) the need for someone receiving counselling to be born again; (3) the importance of a counselee’s relationship with God; (4) change in the life of a counselee through insight; (5) external and internal motivation of a counselee; (6) perseverance in a new life; and (7) the counselee as diakonos of Jesus Christ. Breed’s pastoral model is already useful for pastoral counsellors. The exegetical grounding presented in this study increases the usefulness of the model.

Plague, Pentecostalism, and Pastoral Guidance

Abstract Plagues and pandemics are nothing new for the Christian church. Throughout its history, believers have been forced to grapple with outbreaks, the latest being the COVID-19 crisis of 2020. As a relatively young branch of the Christian faith, Pentecostalism itself does not have a great deal of experience with this subject compared to many older traditions. In addition, with its emphasis on divine healing, a triumphalist attitude has unfortunately hindered some segments of the movement from developing a robust response to sickness and suffering at all. Martin Luther’s sixteenth-century response to the Black Death outbreak in Germany, however, might offer a prime example for contemporary Pentecostals to emulate. His pastoral wisdom, approach to suffering, and distinctive theology of the cross together compose a prudent yet ultimately optimistic take on how Christians should behave in such instances, making his voice an invaluable one for the contemporary church to learn from.

Contextual pastoral counselling: Paradigm shifts in practical theological development since the middle 20th century

There have been many changes in pastoral care and counselling and pastoral theology since the middle 20th century. At first, the changes were viewed as an evolutionary process as the discipline evolved into an authoritative science. Although it seems as if pastoral care and counselling followed the footsteps of psychology, there were important paradigm shifts towards contextual pastoral counselling based on the Word of God. The major question of this article is, what important paradigm shifts in the development of practical theology since the middle 20th century can be distinguished that are in line with the requirements for contextual pastoral counselling? In an attempt to answer this question, a thorough subject-specific literature study was conducted by looking at prominent scholars’ view on the development of pastoral theology. The article is divided into five main parts. The first part focused on the development of practical (and the subdivision, pastoral) theology, with emphases on important paradigm shifts and the work of prominent scholars. The second part focused on the current challenges facing pastoral theology. The third part focused on paradigmatic positions, scientific research markers and approaches, and different layers of meaning unique to pastoral theology. The fourth part focused on diakonia with a religious consciousness of transformative moral or ethical orientation. The article concluded with a reflection on how the paradigm shifts are in line with the requirements of contextual pastoral counselling. The conclusion of the article is that together with the normative deductive aspects of pastoral theology, the inclusion of context-specific empirical experiences is an aspect that must be taken into consideration. Contribution: The primary contribution of this article is that a systematic description of the important paradigm shifts in the development of practical theology since the middle 20th century was given and brought in evaluation against the requirements for contextual pastoral counselling. The objective was to enhance appropriate theory formation with the aim to focus on the distinctive character of pastoral counselling, and its connectedness to the broader field of practical theological science. These insights link to the focus and scope of the journal, because it contributes to the epistemological dialogue of practical theology.

“생령”의 관점에서 본 인간 이해와 실천신학적 적용 : 기독교교육과 목회상담을 중심으로

“생령”의 관점에서 본 인간 이해와 실천신학적 적용 : 기독교교육과 목회상담을 중심으로

공공신학과 이야기치료의 문헌고찰을 통한 목회상담의 방향성 제언

공공신학과 이야기치료의 문헌고찰을 통한 목회상담의 방향성 제언

Attribution of faith as the secret to living a long and satisfying life

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the attribution of faith relative to patterns in life satisfaction among centenarians. Data for this investigation originated from N = 106 centenarians who participated in the Oklahoma 100 Year Life Project. Observation Oriented Modeling (OOM) was utilized to evaluate the patterns within life satisfaction data. Findings revealed no noticeable differences in life satisfaction of centenarians representing the two groups; those who attributed their longevity to faith and those who attributed their longevity to something other than faith. However, pattern change was evident over time. Those who attributed their longevity to faith reported an increase in life satisfaction over time. In comparison, those who attributed their longevity to something other than faith reported a decrease in life satisfaction. Interestingly, long-term survivors were exclusive to those who attributed their longevity to something other than faith. Results suggest that individual acknowledgment of faith as an attributed reason for living an exceptionally long time appears to have a connection to improved patterns of feeling satisfied with life. This may be particularly true among centenarians who are near the end-of-life. Implications for clergy, pastoral counselors, and faith-based ministers interacting with long-lived adults are highlighted.