Passive Synthesis Research Articles

Stirred by Your Presence

Traces of you reach me through my senses. But without wondering in your presence, I cannot see you. For beings of sense and meaning such as ourselves, being stirred by another’s presence opens wondering. The implications of such claims are striking for what perception involves, for being in touch with another, and for good relationships. The paper proceeds as a series of “strobes,” from an ancient Greek word for whirling. Turning quickly about, words enact being stirred into wondering, interspersed with visual glimpses, a photographic series. Building on recent work by the author, the paper draws on Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenology; Daniel R. Scheinfeld, Karen M. Haigh, and Sandra J.P. Scheinfeld’s early childhood educational theory, and a phrase by Martha C. Nussbaum describing the intentionality of wondering. This is deepened by attention to what the phenomenological tradition calls “passive synthesis,” and what the author, following F.W.J. Schelling, has called “positive anxiety,” the soul’s excitement around the possibility of sense and meaning.

Categorial Representation Anew: What are the Categorial Representative Contents that Make Knowledge Possible?

In the present article, I address the issue of categorial representative contents, which, according to Husserl’s phenomenological theory, make knowledge possible by providing fullness to intuitive categorial acts. First, I discuss Husserl’s assertion that he no longer approves of his theory of categorial representation developed in Logical Investigations. I argue that the influential interpretation of Husserl’s self-criticism advanced by Dieter Lohmar is unfortunately misleading, as Husserl does not actually claim that categorial representatives are contents of reflection belonging to the realm of inner sensibility, as Lohmar contends. After offering an alternative view of Husserl’s authentic position in Logical Investigations, I examine other possible reasons for his later dissatisfaction. These reasons relate to Husserl’s changing views on the role of categorial representatives in empty thinking acts—necessarily involved in cognition—and the necessity of spontaneously repeating the passive synthesis between the intentional matters that function as categorial representatives in the predicative activity yielding knowledge.

Formation of radar images of radiating radioelectronic devices by passive aperture synthesis

Statement of the problem. Justification of the possibility of creation of radar station with passive synthesis of the aperture for detection of the radiating REM and forming their of the radar image (RI) with high resolution capacity. Purpose. Justification of the possibility of forming RI of the radiating REM with high resolution capacity. Results. It is shown that receiving RI REM in the passive mode is possible. Practical importance. Resolution capacity necessary for detection and forming of RI of the radiating REM is provided.

The Political Claim of Deleuzean Shame

The primary aim of this paper is to present the political implication of Deleuze’s idea of shame as the affect of resistance through masochistic withdrawal. Shame, for Deleuze, is clearly distinct from the feeling of guilt in that it does not concern with the pleasure of suffering and self-punishment caused by the breach of prohibition. Indeed, Deleuze makes lots of efforts to save the affect of shame from being co-opted by the psychoanalytic notion pairing off with the feeling of guilt and the pleasurable pain ensued from the Oedipal punishment. Deleuze’s separation of shame from guilt coincides with his lifelong struggle with the pleasure principle of psychoanalysis and its constant Oedipalization. Another crucial dimension of Deleuze’s deterritorialization of psychoanalysis in terms of shame is the break-up of the pathological bind between sadism and masochism. Especially, Deleuze unties the ontological affect of masochism and the literality of pain from sadistic, reactive, and sexualized aggressivity which is primarily dependent on the guilt and the pleasure of punishment. Masochistic shame is newly valorized by Deleuze as the powerful resistant weapon of the minorities whose act of withdrawal from the demand of capitalist discourse constitutes the very basis of political resistance. The political implication of Deleuze’s notion of masochistic shame becomes doubly significant when it is connected to the rhythm of pain in passive synthesis; masochist contraction, like Bartleby’s inaction, against ego, pleasure, and globalization helps us to secure and re-establish free, little, local differences in the overall micropolitical resistance to the global law of injunction to enjoyment.

Continuities of Consciousness, Life-Worlds, and Numinous Experience: Cognitive-Phenomenological Foundations for an Empirical Neo-Shamanism

Numinous experience—as the felt sense of the sacred—evokes feelings of allone unity, communality, humility, and healing. Its schematization in the absolutes of traditional religion can also be seen as all-encompassing symbolic unifications of an otherwise fragmented human life-world—as more analytically depicted in the life-world phenomenologies of Husserl and Heidegger. In both feeling and concept the numinous would be the semantic amplification of the more concrete organism-surround nonduality of non symbolic organisms—as reflected in a primary consciousness shared across Uexkuell’s sentient animal umwelten and Gibson’s “envelopes of flow.” H usserl’s phenomenology of passive synthesis and James on pure experience can be understood as intuiting the implicit forms underlying such a primary transspecies consciousness, as both differentiated into these concrete lifeworlds, to the level of the inferably sentient protozoa, and abstractly amplified as the human numinous. The latter, with its original social template in an ethically responsible shamanism, becomes similarly responsible in the contemporary context of a human caused global climate crisis for the care and conservation of that Spirit it both develops as such and accurately intuits as a universal is-like shared with all sentient beings.

Passive Synthesis of Fractional Order Immittance of Three-Element-Kind

For the actual circuit with fractional order characteristics, the fractional order circuit model is more concise and precise than the classical circuit model. So studying the synthesis of fractional order immittance is of great significance. This paper investigates the passive synthesis method of the three-element-kind fractional order immittance function. It means designing a network with three kinds of passive fractional-order elements that exhibit a specific impedance function. This paper proposes a variable substitution method to solve this problem. The method consists of three steps: The first step of the process is to establish the correspondence between the fractional order and lossy reactance. This way, the fractional order immittance function is transformed into an integer order immittance function. Then the Brune procedure realizes the immittance function as a network with lossy reactance. Finally, a fractional order network is obtained by replacing the lossy reactance with the corresponding fractional reactance. A simulation example and an experiment are also given for verification. This method applies to all three-element-kind network impedance functions that meet the passive condition.

The role of sensous flow and sensing the ground in movement skill experiences-a reflection using the practice of yoga as an example.

This contribution takes a phenomenological approach to explore the sensuous flow and perceived experiences in practicing movement skills, using the practice of yoga as a case study. The article focuses on the role of perception and the anonymous aspect of the body's responses in practicing skills and capabilities to move, with yoga as an example. The author uses a phenomenological framework, highlighting how passivity and sensuous flow is available in the practice of yoga. Edmund Husserl's concepts of passive synthesis and Thomas Fuch & Sabine Koch interpretation of bodily resonance and Kym Maclaren's "letting be" are used as analytic frames to illuminate how movement experiences are dependent on bodily awareness towards the ground, without demanding conscious willpower or focus on force, but listening and sensing with and from the body. The article aims to illuminate the ambiguous character of how movement experienced from a first-person perspective gains importance by understanding oneself, others, and the world as reciprocal and intertwined phenomena.

DETECTION OF THE SIGNALS OF THE TERRESTRIAL RADAR STATIONS BY SPACECRAFT WITH A PASSIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE ANTENNA APERTURE

Context is due to the need to analyze the electromagnetic accessibility of terrestrial radio radiation sources at long distances, which is typical for the operation of a spacecraft of radio technical intelligence with a passive synthesis of the antenna aperture.
 Objective is to calculate the probability indicators of detecting the fact of signal emission of ground-based radar stations using radio-technical intelligence installed on a space carrier.
 Method. Analytical calculation of the correct detection probability of the signal of the radio radiation sources by the spacecraft of radio technical intelligence based on the determination of the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the detection device. The analysis of the technical characteristics of the group of ground radars made it possible to calculate the probability of correct detection only for the virtual radar, which generates the minimum number of pulses with the minimum energy during reconnaissance among all the analyzed radars.
 Results. The fulfillment of the conditions of electromagnetic accessibility is checked and the correct detection probability of the signals of modern radar stations by the space radio-technical intelligence system with a passive synthesis of the antenna aperture was calculated.
 Conclusion. Proposed use of the correct detection probability of the signal as the resulting indicator of electromagnetic accessibility of the radio radiation source. In the example radar stations of the air defense proved, that the proposed parameters of the space radio technical intelligence system with a passive synthesis of the antenna aperture provide the values of the correct detection probability of the signal, which are quite acceptable for modern monitoring systems.

Natralization without associationist reduction: a brief rebuttal to Yoshimi

AbstractYoshimi has attempted to defuse my argument concerning the identification of network abstraction with empiricist abstraction - thus entailing psychologism - by claiming that the argument does not generalize from the example of simple feed-forward networks. I show that such details of networks are logically irrelevant to the nature of the abstractive process they employ. This is ultimately because deep artificial neural networks (ANNs) and dynamical systems theory applied to the mind (DST) are both associationisms - that is, empiricist theories that derive the principles of thought from the causal history of the organism/system. On this basis, I put forward a new aspect of the old argument by noting that ANNs & DST are the causal bases of the phenomena of passive synthesis, whereas the language of thought hypothesis (LOT) and the symbolic computational theory of mind (CTM) are the causal bases of the phenomena of active synthesis. If the phenomena of active synthesis are not distinct in kind from and are thus reducible to those of passive synthesis, psychologism results. Yoshimi’s program, insofar as it denies this fundamental phenomenological distinction, is revealed to be the true anti-pluralist program, by essentially denying the causal efficacy of the mechanistic foundations of active synthesis by referring phenomenology exclusively to associationism for its causal foundation.

Back to the technologies themselves: phenomenological turn within postphenomenology

Abstract This paper revives phenomenological elements to have a better framework for addressing the implications of technologies on society. For this reason, we introduce the motto “back to the technologies themselves” to show how some phenomenological elements, which have not been highlighted in the philosophy of technology so far, can be fruitfully integrated within the postphenomenological analysis. In particular, we introduce the notion of technological intentionality in relation to the passive synthesis in Husserl’s phenomenology. Although the notion of technological intentionality has already been coined in postphenomenology, it is “in tension” with the notion of technological mediation since there are still no clear differences between these two concepts and studies on how they relate one to another. The tension between mediation and intentionality arises because it seems intuitively reasonable to suggest that intentionality differs from mediation in a number of ways; however, these elements have not been clearly clarified in postphenomenology so far. To highlight what technological intentionality is and how it differs from mediation, we turn the motto “back to the things themselves” into “back to the technologies themselves,” showing how the technologies have to be taken into consideration by themselves. More specifically, we use the concept of passive synthesis developed by Husserl, and we apply it to technologies to show their inner passive activity. The notion of the passive synthesis enables to demonstrate how technologies are able to connect to a wider (technological) environment without the subjects’ activity. Consequently, we claim that technologies have their pole of action, and they passively act by themselves.

Le Praecox Feeling : présentation historique du concept et aspects épistémologiques

ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to explore the multiple aspects of the « Praecox Feeling » as introduced and developed by the Dutch Psychiatrist H.C Rümke in 1941 and re-assessed over the following years by its peers. MethodsWe present a historical review of this subject from the first description to the most recent research and proposed related notions like typification processes and gut feeling. ResultsThe Praecox Feeling, as presented by Rümke, may be considered as the most sensible tool in order to diagnose schizophrenia. This phenomenon appears in the in-between of the clinical encounter (i.e. the intersubjective space). It may be felt by the clinician as an experience of bizarreness during the interaction with a patient suffering from schizophrenia. Those feelings suggest fundamental aspects of schizophrenia that can be recognized as a peculiar form of embodiment. Rümke finally concludes that schizophrenia is not diagnosed by strictly examining patients’ symptoms, but psychiatrists’ own feelings. The recognition of such feelings remains hard to describe explicitly, since it takes place in a very basic (« pre reflexive ») state. However, numbers of researchers tried to explore praecox feeling more accurately. A phenomenological approach, with Minkowski, Binswanger or Tellenbach among others, developed several related terms: “Diagnostic by intuition”, “Diagnostic by penetration” or “Atmospheric diagnosis”. Although the precocity of the diagnosis is mentioned in Rümke's original paper, it does not precisely define the Praecox Feeling, contributing to the misunderstanding of the Rümke's original formulation. The very notion of Praecox Feeling in terms of psychiatric diagnoses fell into disuse with the development and the widespread diffusion of criteriological approaches, with the risk of an impoverishment of the clinical diagnosis. However, the study of specific subjective perspectives showed a renewed interest over the last decade, especially with the contribution of cognitive and social neurosciences. Furthermore, studies on psychiatrists’ daily-practice suggest that the Praecox Feeling is still relevant. Moreover, “the subjective tool” represented by the Praecox Feeling remains as used today as it was fifty years ago, in a pre-DSM III era. Temporal aspects have, nevertheless, lead to several studies suggesting that many clinical indices are identified during the first minutes of a clinical interview, especially for schizophrenia. In order to specify this very intuitive pathway, authors developed and worked on the typifications processes that lead to such feelings, involving diagnosis through prototypes. The passive synthesis of such subtle clinical clues may induce for the clinician a “pattern recognition” phenomenon that reminds a “gestaltic” diagnosis. This specific aspect of typification may not be specific of psychiatry. The “Guts Feeling” is a notion first developed by Dutchs physicians, particularly in General medicine but also among other medicals disciplines, theoretically very close from the notion of intuitive typification. It may allow benefits in term of diagnoses, reassurance or alarm sense. It suggests that clinical experience added to criteriology provides risks reductions. The crucial role of clinical experience in the diagnosis decision making tends to be underexplored, but still represents a crucial aspect of the evidence-based medicine as firstly described.

PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE OU STRUCTURALISME. FOUCAULT, DERRIDA ET LA SYNTHÈSE PASSIVE

Foucault and Derrida react in two different ways to the new paradigm imposed by structuralism. Foucault uses structuralism to overcome phenomenology, in fact structuralism shows the naivety of phenomenology, in its claim to rely on conscience to constitute meaning. Instead, Derrida on the contrary immediately nurtures a certain distrust of structuralism, especially in its philosophical ambitions and uses the resources of phenomenology to criticize it, showing the metaphysical implications operating in it. We want to show how this opposing position is generated by the specific way in which the two philosophers have responded to the open problems and bequeathed by Husserlian phenomenology. In particular, the theme of “passive genesis,” which was raised in the French debate by Tran-Duc-Thao and Merleau-Ponty, is central. In the first writings it emerges how Foucault has received Merleau-Ponty’s theses and it is precisely to overcome them that he inaugurates an archaeological analysis to try to distance himself from the normalizing anthropological discourse present in the passive synthesis. Derrida reads passive genesis in a radically different way from Merleau-Ponty (and therefore Foucault): the radical nature of Husserl’s phenomenology has opened a space to question the transcendental genesis of philosophical discourse and its possibility of transcending its historical, social and psychological genesis and therefore the sciences that preside over these dimensions. Consequently, showing the naivety of structuralism, Derrida’s research of the sixties is configured as post-structuralist.

The affective allure – a phenomenological dialogue with David Miall’s studies of foregrounding and feeling

Abstract This paper attempts to rescue the notion of foregrounding from the prevailing focus on defamiliarization. It does so by engaging in a phenomenological dialogue with David Miall’s account of foregrounding and feeling and Viktor Shklovsky’s discussion of literary device and aesthetic function. In particular, it contextualizes Miall’s proposal of the response to foregrounding as a feeling-guided process involving boundary crossings, a defamiliarization-refamiliarization cycle, and self-transformative feelings within Husserl’s philosophical analysis of sense constitution. Miall’s feeling explorations and explications find their counterpart in Husserl’s active egoic turning toward the affective allure and enticement of affective resonances. Using Miall’s work as a touchstone, some frequently overlooked aspects of Shklovsky’s conception of ostranenie are clarified by drawing on Husserl’s notions of the natural attitude, active and passive synthesis, affective allure, expressive explication, and awakenings.

СИНТЕЗУВАННЯ АПЕРТУРИ АНТЕНИ ЗА СИГНАЛАМИ НАЗЕМНИХ РАДІОЛОКАЦІЙНИХ СТАНЦІЙ З КОСМІЧНОГО НОСІЯ

Today, one of the priority directions of the aerospace industry of Ukraine is the creation of effective aerospace intelligence. Remote sensing of the Earth in the optical range provides the opportunity to obtain images of the Earth's surface for use in the military sphere and the national economy. For this, various sensors are used, which, as a rule, register radiation reflected from the surface of the Earth and objects located on it. Surveying the Earth's surface from space vehicles in the radio range allows solving a wide range of tasks. At the same time, the antenna irradiates the earth's surface with a radio signal with known parameters and receives the signal reflected from the surface over a relatively large area of the carrier's trajectory. When using a side view of the earth's surface to increase the angular separation by the path range, the artificial synthesis of the antenna aperture has become widely used. Artificially synthesizing the antenna aperture is carried out at the stage of coherent or incoherent processing of the reflected signal on a certain section of the carrier's trajectory. At the same time, the parameters of the reference trajectory signal are considered to be known with accuracy to the random phase. In contrast to the classical active methods of antenna aperture synthesis, which require the availability of information about the parameters of the radiated signal, with the passive method of antenna aperture synthesis, the parameters of the received signal are determined by the type of radio radiation source and are a priori unknown. When passively synthesizing the antenna aperture based on ground radar signals, both the maximum possible size of the synthesized aperture and the conditions for determining the azimuthal direction to the source of radio radiation depend on the parameters of the signal emitted by the radar. The paper analyzes the orbit parameters of the spacecraft, which ensure the fulfillment of the condition of the unambiguity of the determination of the azimuthal direction to the source of radio radiation and determine the resolution in terms of the path range during the passive synthesis of the antenna aperture based on the signals of typical radars operating in the pulse mode. Keywords: spacecraft; source of radio emission; resolution; antenna synthesized aperture.

The Exigency of Ethics: Interpolating Lévinasian Proximity into Kant’s Approximation

ABSTRACT Kant perceives moral theology as the real, foundational theology (1788, 1817), and Lévinas nominates ethics as the first philosophy (1961, 1982)—or the first foundational theology (Purcell 2006). They emphasize the primacy of ethics over theoretical-speculative theology and ontological reasoning for different reasons. After Lévinas’s critical appraisal of Kant’s revolutionary proposal (1971), scholars have considered some resolutions to the remaining discrepancies related to their disposition toward ontology and reasoning method (Atterton 1999; Steinbock 2009; Truwant 2014). On a larger scale, Llewelyn (2000), Chalier (2002), and Basterra (2015) develop constructive approaches to overlapping themes. This study focuses on Lévinas’s less-discussed idea, i.e., proximity as the signification of infinite responsibility. The author argues that Lévinas’s notion of proximity amounts to Kant’s constant moral approximation—which provides the basis for the exigency of ethics. However, Levinasian proximity promotes radical passivity and does not borrow the premises of Kantian nomistic coherence. Lévinas construes moral approximation as a passive synthesis because infinite responsibility does not stem from the egological free being. Instead, proximity signifies that infinite responsibility arises from the Infinite that encompasses a subject, irrespective of their rationality and experience.

A Study of Technological Intentionality in C++ and Generative Adversarial Model: Phenomenological and Postphenomenological Perspectives

This paper aims to highlight the life of computer technologies to understand what kind of ‘technological intentionality’ is present in computers based upon the phenomenological elements constituting the objects in general. Such a study can better explain the effects of new digital technologies on our society and highlight the role of digital technologies by focusing on their activities. Even if Husserlian phenomenology rarely talks about technologies, some of its aspects can be used to address the actions performed by the digital technologies by focusing on the objects’ inner ‘life’ thanks to the analysis of passive synthesis and phenomenological horizons in the objects. These elements can be used in computer technologies to show how digital objects are ‘alive.’ This paper focuses on programs developed through high-order languages like C++ and unsupervised learning techniques like ‘Generative Adversarial Model.’ The phenomenological analysis reveals the computer’s autonomy within the programming stages. At the same time, the conceptual inquiry into the digital system’s learning ability shows the alive and changeable nature of the technological object itself.

Fragmentierte Zeitlichkeit Ein phänomenologisches Modell der Schizophrenie

The variety of symptoms associated with schizophrenia are not easily unified under one coherent concept. Nevertheless, under the gaze of phenomenology, a disturbance of pre-reflexive experience has become increasingly apparent as the basis of the condition, which has so far been understood in two different ways: on the one hand, as a disturbance of basal self-experience, of my-ness or ipseity (Louis Sass, Josef Parnas, Dan Zahavi) and on the other hand, as a disturbance of the passive synthesis of inner time consciousness (Aaron Mishara, Shaun Gallagher, Thomas Fuchs). The present work introduces a link between the two approaches by regarding the basal self-experience grounded in an inner time consciousness. Schizophrenia is thus described as a disturbance of the temporal constitution of self-experience, which on the one hand causes self-alienation and on the other impairs the pre-reflexive, embodied performance of thinking, perceiving and moving. These analyses are then applied to the social dimension of the disorder, which manifests itself, among other symptoms, in the loss of spontaneous attunement with others.

Персональная идентификация, нормативность и коммуникация в системе «Я - Другой»

The purpose of the study is to determine the normative foundations of personal identification and communication in the “Self - Other” system. The paper considers the basic concepts, namely individual, identification, active synthesis, passive synthesis. Scientific novelty of the work lies in admitting that personal identification in the “Self - Other” system can be achieved on the basis of the unity of active and passive syntheses, which open a possibility of preserving the foundations of intersubjective relations and implementing an effective communicative process. As a result, the unity of passive and active syntheses makes it possible to attain stability in the process of personal identification of an individual. The proposed idea creates an effective basis for achieving personal identification of an individual and implementing the communicative process in the “Self - Other” system.

Cascade Synthesis of a Class of Two-Element-Order Fractional Immittance Functions

The passive synthesis of the fractional-order driving-point immittance functions is of great significance for the modeling and design of fractional-order circuits. This paper studies the synthesis of a class of two-element-order fractional immittance functions based on variable substitution. First, the method of realizing the two-variable immittance functions corresponding to this kind of two-element-order fractional immittance functions is established; second, we perform the inverse substitution of variables to realize the two-element-order fractional immittance network; finally, the synthesis program of this kind of two-element-order fractional immittance functions is proposed, and specific examples are given for simulation verification. This synthesis method overcomes the disadvantages of using a multi-port transformer, and is more conducive to network analysis.

Topic relevance as the basic structuration of the field of consciousness

My aim is to depict Schutz's theory of topic relevance as his own distinctive phenomenology of consciousness. I will show that his conception of consciousness is elaborated from at least three types of elements. First, I will disclose Husserl's influence on Schutz in this matter. I will list a few Husserlian terms that Schutz takes into consideration such as noema, horizon, parts and wholes, attentional ray and passive synthesis. Second, I will show that Schutz turns to Gurwitsch's idea that consciousness is a field of experience where the previously listed elements are held together and find their relational meaning. Third, I will expose how all these elements taken from Husserl and Gurwitsch are reinterpreted by Schutz as being relative to relevance as a basic phenomenon of our mind's selective activity which puts at work different levels of our personality according to the schizophrenic ego hypothesis.