Passiflora Edulis Var Research Articles

Experimental assessment of biostimulants on mung bean growth on a soilless culture system using superabsorbent pectin based hydrogel

Sustainable agriculture initiatives are needed to ensure the food security of the people all over the world. Soilless cultivation methods using hydrogels may give a revolutionary response as well as a more ecological and productive alternative to conventional farming. This study attempted extraction of pectin from the rind of albedo yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener)and hydrogels from pectin and activated carbon was compared with pure pectin hydrogel; Pectin- Activated Carbon hydrogels (PAC) showed a microporous structure with excellent hydrophilicity and showed superior water holding capacity. Then the prepared hydrogels were examined with various instrumental techniques like FTIR, SEM, XRD, Raman, BET and rheological properties. In the BET analysis, PAC3 shows the highest surface area of 28.771 m2/g when compared to PAC0 at 15.063 m2/g. The germination experiments were performed using mung beans. This study provides an opportunity for the application of pectin hydrogels in agriculture field specifically for home garden or rooftop cultivation.

Scirpusin B isolated from Passiflora edulis Var. flavicarpa attenuates carbohydrate digestive enzymes, pathogenic bacteria and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03876-6.

Extracts and Scirpusin B from Recycled Seeds and Rinds of Passion Fruits (Passiflora edulis var. Tainung No. 1) Exhibit Improved Functions in Scopolamine-Induced Impaired-Memory ICR Mice.

In this paper, the seeds and rinds of passion fruit, which are the agricultural waste of juice processing, were recycled to investigate their biological activities for sustainable use. De-oiled seed powders (S) were successively extracted by refluxing 95% ethanol (95E), 50E, and hot water (HW), respectively, to obtain S-95EE, S-50EE, and S-HWE. Dried rind powders were successively extracted by refluxing HW and 95E to obtain rind-HWE and rind-95EE, respectively. S-50EE and S-95EE showed the most potent extracts, such as anti-amyloid-β1-42 aggregations and anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and they exhibited neuroprotective activities against amyloid-β25-35-treated or H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Scirpusin B and piceatannol were identified in S-95EE, S-50EE, and rind-HWE, and they showed anti-acetylcholinesterase activity at 50% inhibitory concentrations of 62.9 and 258.9 μM, respectively. Daily pretreatments of de-oiled seed powders and rind-HWE (600 mg/kg), S-95EE, and S-50EE (250 mg/kg) or scirpusin B (40 mg/kg) for 7 days resulted in improved learning behavior in passive avoidance tests and had significant differences (p < 0.05) compared with those of the control in scopolamine-induced ICR mice. The seeds and rinds of passion fruit will be recycled as materials for the development of functional foods, promoting neuroprotection and delaying the onset of cognitive dysfunctions.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MARKISA KUNING (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa degener) PADA BAKTERI Escherchia coli

Diarrhea is a condition in which the body loses most of its fluids and electrolytes caused by defecating three or more times a day with a thick, fluid consistency. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener) to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. The extraction method used maceration with 70% ethanol solvent and then continued with the antibacterial activity test at a concentration of 10%, 20%, and 30% using the disk diffusion method with 3x replication. The results of the antibacterial activity test were analyzed by the method of one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc test (Tukey). The results of data analysis showed that the ethanolic extract of yellow passion fruit leaves had activity to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria with the average diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 10% (3.85 mm), at a concentration of 20% (6.61 mm), at a concentration of 30% (11.69 mm), and in the data analysis test, a value (sig 0.05) was obtained, which means that there are differences in the antibacterial activity of each concentration and positive control.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Passiflora edulis Extract

Passion fruit is a type of wild exotic plant in Malaysia. Common passion fruits planted in Malaysia are Passiflora edulis Sims (purple) and Passiflora edulis var flavicarpa (yellow). These fruits contain a high amount of antioxidants, polyphenols and vitamin C and are widely used as fruit juice, jam, and syrup product. However, there is a lack of information about the nutritional composition of the juice and seed of P. edulis (purple) cultivated in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content of P. edulis (purple) using two different solvent extraction, 70% of ethanol and 70% of methanol. The total phenolic content (TPC) was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method, while the antioxidant activity was analysed using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to determine the IC50 value of extracted samples. Ascorbic acid content from fresh juice and seeds samples was analysed by using Indophenol (DCPIP) method. The result showed that the extraction using ethanol produced the highest TPC with 9.249±0.04 mg GAE/g in seeds and 0.0139±0.02 mg GAE/g in juice, respectively. The lowest IC50 value was obtained by sample extracted with ethanol, which was 83.85±4.66 mg/L in seed and 305.47±5.28 mg/L in juice. The seed sample (53.68±4.95 mg/100mg) exhibited a high ascorbic acid content compared to the juice sample (46.66±3.28 mg/100mg). In conclusion, seeds of P. edulis possessed the strongest antioxidant activity and vitamin C content. This study could contribute to information regarding the phytochemical constituents and suitable solvent for extraction of phenolic compounds that can act as antioxidants and thus promote health effects on the human body.

Assessment of Different Substrates used for Seedling Production in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa)

Research has been conducted with the yellow passion fruit crop, with emphasis on different formulations of substrates for seedling production, with good results. The appropriate substrate should present good physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, enabling, thus, the rapid growth of the seedling, a good dry matter content in the aerial and root parts, among other characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different substrates on the viability and vigor of passion fruit seeds. Brs Giant yellow passion fruit seeds were used to this end (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) directly from the fruits, which were collected in a property located in the municipality of Peixe in the southern region of the state of the Tocantins in Brazil. After the installation of the experiment, the process of evaluation and data collection was initiated. The highest values of root length and aerial part of seedlings were obtained when the seeds were sown in the moss substrate of Earthworm Humus, intermediate values in substrates 50% Wood Sawdust + 50% Washed Sand and 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. It was also observed that the highest dry mass values of the root and shoot were obtained in the Earthworm Humus, intermediate values in substrates 50% Wood Sawdust + 50% Washed Sand, and 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. The first emergency and emergence count of seedlings, due to the different substrates once again the substrate of Earthworm Humus stood out. Intermediate results were obtained in the substrates Washed Sand and 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. The Earthworm Humus substrate of worm provided the highest values of viability and vigor in passion fruit seeds, followed by the mixture 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. For the experiment, five types of substrates were evaluated: Washed Sand, Black soil, Wood Sawdust + Washed Sans + Black Soil + Cattle Manure, and substrate Earthworm Humus.

Effects of chitosan coatings fused with medicinal plant extracts on postharvest quality and storage stability of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulisvar. Ester)

AbstractChitosan edible coating (Ch; 2%, mass concentration) enriched with 2% of 0.1 mg/L Bidens pilosa (Ch+B), Lippia javanica (Ch+L), Syzygium cordatum (Ch+S), or Ximenia caffra (Ch+X) was applied as a composite edible coating in alleviating shrivel and maintaining the quality of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. Ester). Treated fruit was dipped for 3 min in the coating solution, and control fruit was dipped in distilled water. The fruit were stored at (8±2) °C and 90%±5% relative humidity (RH) for 32 d. Sampling was done every 8 d plus 3 d ((20±2) °C and (50%±5%) RH) to simulate retail conditions. Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in the chitosan matrix varied; lower ethylene production (82.42 µL C2H4/(kg·h)) was seen in fruit coated with Ch+S, and the lowest respiration rate (75 mL CO2/(kg·h)) was observed in fruit coated with Ch+B. The control fruit showed the highest ethylene production (84.90 µL C2H4/(kg·h)) and respiration rate (117.98 mL CO2/(kg·h)). Fruit coated with Ch+B had the lowest weight loss (41.67%), higher juice content (60.13%) and BrimA (3.31); while the control fruit had the highest weight loss (88.03%), lowest juice content (21.90%), and BrimA (2.49). Shrivel incidence was lowest (23.70%) on fruit coated with Ch+L and highest (83.30%) on the control fruit. Fruit coated with Ch+X had the lowest electrolyte leakage (71.40%), while the control fruit had the highest (91.97%). Fruit coated with chitosan alone performed better than the control fruit but did not exceed the quality of composite chitosan-coated fruit. Based on the principal component analysis, it can be concluded that passion fruit coated with Ch+B was more effective in alleviating shrivel incidence, better maintained the quality of passion fruit during storage, and shows potential for commercial applications.

The growth and nutrient uptakes of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. Flavicarpa) seedlings in response to organic fertiliser application under tropical conditions

Passion fruit is valued for its intense flavoured juice used in juice mixes. Though cultivation is prominent in many tropical regions, it is a new crop in southwest Nigeria regardless of the favourable ecology. New crop establishment depends on meeting the nutrient requirements, among other growth resources. Two experiments were conducted at Abeokuta to evaluate the optimum rate(s) of Sunshine Organic Fertilizer? (SOF) required for the growth of the seedlings. The SOF was applied at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 t/ha in experiments arranged in Completely Randomised Design (CRD) replicated thrice. The application of SOF improved the growth of seedlings, but a rate above 2.0 t/ha resulted in depressed growth. In experiment 1, the application of 0.5 t/ha SOF gave the highest values of 152.7 cm, 19 mm and 19.0 for vine length, vine diameter and the number of leaves. In experiment 2, the number of leaves was the highest at 1.0 t/ha though similar to 1.5 and 2.0 t/ha. The application of SOF had a significant influence on the seedling leaf area (LA) in the experiments. The largest LA occurred in seedlings treated with SOF at 2.0 and 2.5 t/ha. Dry weight and foliar nutrient uptakes in both experiments were significantly influenced by SOF application. The application of SOF at 0.5 t/ha in experiment 1 resulted in higher N uptake, but the reverse was the trend in experiment 2, with higher nutrient uptakes at 1.5-2.5 t/ha SOF. Conclusively, an optimal rate of 2.0 t/ha had positive effects on seedling response.

Determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit mix from Malino, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi

This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of single fruit extracts and mixtures of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. Sims), and strawberries (Fragaria sp.). Tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries were extracted using 96% ethanol as solvent using the maceration method. Determination of total phenolic content using the Folin-ciocalteu method, measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method (1.1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) spectrophotometrically and measuring the degree of acidity (pH) using a pH meter. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s further test. The results showed that the total phenolic content of tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries before and after mixing were tomato extract (1,731 mg GAE/g), purple passion fruit extract (1,577 mg GAE/g), strawberry extract (1,917 mg GAE)./g), tomato and purple passion fruit extract (1,758 mg GAE/g), tomato and strawberry extract (2,020 mg GAE/g), strawberry and purple passion fruit extract (1,924 mg GAE/g) and tomato, purple passion fruit extract and strawberries (2.107 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity showed that there was a significant difference between the purple passion fruit treatments (78.695%), tomatoes and strawberries (86.160%) and tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries (88.328%), but not significantly different from the tomatoes (80.683 %), tomatoes and purple passion fruit (82,059 %) as well as the treatment of strawberries (83.690 %), strawberries and purple passion fruit (84.097 %), but significantly different from the BHA control (93.526 %). It can be concluded that the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the mixed extracts of the three fruits, namely tomatoes, purple passion fruit and strawberries, were higher than those of the single fruit extracts without mixing.

Taxonomic Notes on Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Deg.

The taxonomic study of a plant is an important aspect of plant research, as it allows the most complete view of the natural habitat of any plant species. The main purpose of the present work is to provide a detail investigation of the Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Deg. carried out from the month of April, 2020, growing in the area of Nakachari , Jorhat District, Assam, India. A complete workout on the different parts of the plant belongs to the family Passifloraceae is done to understand the significance of these features in systematic . Paper also reflects the various phytochemical constituents present in the Passiflora fruit also commonly known as Passion fruit which is utilized in pharmacology and by other ways in different ethnic groups of North Eastern India as a vital source of medicinal treatment. The findings clearly express that Passiflora species exhibits all advanced morphological characteristics of present day Angiospermae land plants and also reported that tendrils perform the role of physical support. Towards the end the study it is also concludes with the beneficial outputs of Passiflora edulis from the agronomical point of view that can be easily achievable if the input through cultivation would be uniform as well as dynamic. Based on the various literature surveys, it was found that such detail taxonomic works on the species were not studied and recorded from the study area earlier. Such comprehensive work on Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa provides an empirical basis for the identification of the species.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification of Emollient Nanoemulsions of Seed Oil of Passiflora edulis var. edulis

Passiflora edulis var. edulis is a plant of commercial interest because of it fruits. The seeds, a by-product in the food industry, can be a source of oil for cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The aims of this work were to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted emulsification conditions for o/w nanoemulsions and to evaluate the emollient activity of the seed oil. The optimum emulsification conditions were established, using the response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The emollient activity of seed oil of P. edulis var. edulis was evaluated with healthy volunteers using a cutometer for skin moisture and viscoelasticity measurements. The optimal formulation variables (85.34 W of ultrasonic power, 5.96 irradiation time, 70.65% water and a 5:4 oil:surfactant ratio), resulted in considerable improvement in the properties of the ultrasonically formulated nanoemulsions. Finally, the seed oil of P. edulis var. edulis and the nanoemulsion generated by ultrasound presented emollient activity.

Pengaruh Pemberian Sari Buah Markisa Ungu (Passiflora edulis Var. Edulis sims) terhadap Ketebalan Dinding Aorta Tikus (Rattus norvegicus ) Strain Wistar yang Diberi Diet Aterogenik

Coronary heart disease which still become a health problem in the world and included the main causes of death is a clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of cholesterol crystals on arteries wall. Purple passion fruit concentrate (Passiflora edulis var. edulis Sims) contains β-carotene, vitamine C and flavonoids compounds. Those are antioxidants that may inhibit atherosclerosis through hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of purple passion fruit concentrate (Passiflora edulis var.edulis Sims) to the thickness of aortic wall of rats (Rattus norvegicus wistar strain) that had been given atherogenic diet. This research was experimental, with posttest only control group design. The study was conducted for 60 days using 30 male wistar rats which was divided randomly into 5 groups: K (-) (normal diet), K (+) (atherogenic diet), P1 (atherogenic diet + passion fruit concentrate 17,5 ml/kgBW ), P2 (atherogenic diet + passion fruit concentrate 21,87 ml/kgBW ), and P3 (atherogenic diet + passion fruit juice 26,25 ml /kgBW). Dependent variable was the thickness of the aortic wall, which was measured by using a optical microscope completed with ocular micrometer at a magnification of 400 times. Analysis of data using One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Tuckey. The results showed that administration of the purple passion fruit concentrate (Passiflora edulis var. Edulis Sims) could reduce the thickness of aortic wall of rats (Rattus norvegicus wistar strain) which were exposed to atherogenic diet with an optimal dose was 17.5 ml / kgBW/day (p &lt;0.001). Suggestions of this study was to test the effectiveness of the purple passion fruit concentrate when applied to humans.

Bioinspired oxidation in cytochrome P450 of isomers orientin and isoorientin using Salen complexes.

Orientin and isoorientin are C-glycosidic flavonoids, considered as markers of some plant species such as Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener, and reported in the literature to have pharmacological properties. In order to evaluate and characterize the in vitro metabolism of these flavonoids, phase I biotransformation reactions were simulated using Salen complexes. These flavonoids were oxidized separately in biomimetic reactions in different proportions, using one oxidant, m-chloroperbenzoic acid or iodosylbenzene, and one catalyst, the Jacobsen catalyst or [Mn(3-MeOSalen)Cl]. The [Mn(3-MeOSalen)Cl] catalyst was synthesized and characterized using spectrometric techniques. The oxidation potentials of the catalysts were compared. All reactions were monitored and analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection (UHPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The analysis by UHPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS/MS showed that isoorientin produces more products than orientin and that [Mn(3-MeOSalen)Cl] produces more products than the Jacobsen catalyst. In addition, [Mn(3-MeOSalen)Cl], which has a higher oxidation potential, formed products with the addition of one or two atoms of oxygen, while the Jacobsen catalyst formed compounds with only one added oxygen atom. The products with the addition of one oxygen atom were mainly epoxides, while those with two added oxygens formed an epoxide in the C-ring and incorporated the other oxygen into the glycosidic moiety. The formation of epoxides is common in biomimetic reactions and they may represent a safety risk in medicinal products due to their high reactivity. This study may serve as a basis for subsequent pharmacological and toxicological studies that investigate the presence of these compounds as phase I metabolites, and ensure the safe use of plant products containing orientin as a chemical marker.

Polyphenol Extracts from Three Colombian Passifloras (Passion Fruits) Prevent Inflammation-Induced Barrier Dysfunction of Caco-2 Cells.

Chronic intestinal inflammation is associated with pathophysiology of obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastrointestinal inflammation increases barrier dysfunction exacerbating the immune response and perpetuating chronic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory flavonoids may prevent this intestinal barrier dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polyphenol composition of Colombian Passiflora edulis var. Flavicarpa (Maracuyá), Passiflora edulis var. Sims (Gulupa), and Passiflora ligularis var. Juss (Granadilla) (passion fruits) and to evaluate their ability to inhibit disruption of intestinal barrier dysfunction of Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cells by an inflammatory cocktail (IC). Polyphenols (flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, flavonols), xanthenes, and a terpene were identified in passion fruits. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside, (+)-catechin and ferulic acid were the most abundant phenolics in P. edulis var. Flavicarpa, P. edulis var. Sims, and P. ligularis var. Juss, respectively. Fruit extracts prevented loss of transepithelial electrical resistance in Caco-2 cells treated with the IC. Among the extracts, P. ligularis var. Juss was most effective at maintaining Caco-2 transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) with ~73% relative to the IC-treated cells with about 43% of initial TEER values. This fruit had cyanidin-3-rutinoside, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and ferulic acid in its phenolic profile. Results of this work support the hypothesis that consumption of passion fruit extracts could benefit intestinal health.

Evaluation of phytochemicals and antioxidant properties in three varieties of Passiflora edulis L.

The physical, nutritional, antinutrional, antioxidant and phytochemical characteristics of three taxa of Passion fruit, Passiflora edulis L. viz., Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa, Passiflora edulis cv. panamared and Passiflora edulis var. edulis was studied. Nutritional factors such as carbohydrates, riboflavin, vitamin C and lipids were found to be high in P. edulis cv. panamared and proteins, reducing sugar, thiamine, niacin and carotenes were high in P. edulis var. flavicarpa. Further, all the antinutritional factors were found to be lower in P. edulis.cv. panamared. The phytochemical studies by GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of fruit juice of P. edulis varieties showed a total of 11 compounds. The antioxidant studies carried out using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays, revealed high antioxidant activity in P. edulis cv. panamared followed by P. edulis var. flavicarpa. The results of the study indicated P. edulis cv. panamared as a superior taxa as compared to P. edulis var. edulis and var. flavicarpa

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Profile of Three Varieties of Passion Fruit

The present study was undertaken to assess the anti-diabetic potential and antioxidant profile of three different varieties of passion fruit that are locally available in Kerala. Even though studies have been done on the chemical composition of passion fruit, very few studies have been reported on the nutrient composition and glycemic response of its locally available varieties. The samples selected were purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), yellow passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis var flavicarpa ) and sweet passion fruit ( Passiflora ligularis ). The nutrients vitamin C, total carotene as well as total fiber content were analysed. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in all three samples. Sweet passion fruit had the highest content of total phenol followed by yellow and purple varieties respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of the selected varieties of passion fruit was measured using the stable radical DPPH assay. Alpha amylase inhibition assay was done to assess the anti-diabetic activity. Yellow passion fruit had the highest content of vitamin C (36.34mg/100g) and total carotene (91μg/100g) as well as total antioxidant activity (IC 50 of 149.623) whereas sweet passion fruit exhibited highest fiber content (11.5mg/100g) and total phenol content (31.4mg GAE/g). The highest anti-diabetic property was shown by the purple passion fruit (146). Thus the present study revealed that the selected varieties of passion fruit have good antioxidant profile and significant anti-diabetic potential.

Peel flour of Passiflora edulis Var. Flavicarpa supplementation prevents the insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis induced by low-fructose-diet in young rats

The increase in fructose consumption in the last decades has an important correlation with the growth of overweight population. Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits, vegetables and honey, however, it is widely used in processed food and beverages such as sweeteners. This monosaccharide is metabolized in the liver, so it can produce glucose, lactate, triglycerides, free fatty acids and uric acid, which are responsible for negative effects on the liver and extrahepatic tissues. One effect of the high consumption of fructose is the resistance to Insulin, which appears to be an important issue in the development of metabolic abnormalities observed in animals that were subjected to a high fructose diet. The population and, consequently, the market search for natural sources to manage metabolic abnormalities is increasing, but, adequate scientific proof still is necessary. The Passiflora edulis peel flour (PEPF) is a byproduct of the juice industry, and, represents an important source of fiber and bioactive compounds. The present study investigates the PEPF supplementation (30%) effects on insulin sensitivity, adiposity and metabolic parameters in young rats that were given beverages enriched with 10% of fructose for 8 weeks. Fructose intake induced insulin resistance, increased serum triglycerides levels, growth of fat deposits in the liver and widening of the diameter of adipocytes. In contrast, the group that received PEPF did not present such abnormalities, which could be related to the presence of fiber or bioactive compounds (phenolics compounds, e.g., caffeic acid and isoorientin) in its composition, as identified by analytical methods. Thus, for the first time, it has been demonstrated that PEPF supplementation prevents insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis induced by low-fructose-diet in young rats.

Effect of Extraction Process on Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Oil from Yellow Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Var. Flavicarpa) Seeds

In this study, the effect of different extraction methods including subcritical fluid extraction (SubFE) with compressed propane at 30 and 60 °C and pressures from 2 to 8 MPa, a solvent extraction using Soxhlet (SE) apparatus with two different solvents (n-hexane and ethanol) and the ultrassound-assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol as solvent on the extraction yield, physicochemical properties, fatty acids profile and tocopherol content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of organic yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa). Higher yields were obtained by SE with n-hexane (26.12%) and compressed propane at 30 °C and 8 MPa (24.68%). The physicochemical parameters were consistent with the requirements of Codex Alimentarius regarding the most popular plant oils. Higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (86.65%) and linoleic acid (68.99%) was obtained by compressed propane at 30 °C and 2 MPa. The oils obtained by Soxhlet with n-hexane and compressed propane at 60 °C and 2 MPa showed higher tocopherol content (8.22 and 5.98 mg/100 goil, respectively). All oil samples presented high antioxidant performance and showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. This study further confirms that organic yellow passion fruit seed oils represent a good source of essential unsaturated fatty acids and demonstrated that there is an opportunity to add value for this agroindustrial waste with the use of unconventional extraction methods such as compressed propane, a green recovery technology yet still unexplored for seed oil extraction.

Markisa fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) as a fixation material of natural colour of mangrove waste on batik

The process of natural colouring of batik using mangrove waste with the markisa fruit as a fixation material has been reported. In this experiment, the fixation material of markisa fruit has been compared with the commonly used fixation materials, such as CaCO3, AlK(SO4)2, and FeSO4 as material controls. Both grey scale and staining scale have been used as standard evaluations. Based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) it can be shown that batik with markisa fruit as a fixation material has a colour fastness value against average washing at good-excellent level (4-5) and colour fastness value to sunshine is moderate-excellent level (3-5). Thus, we conclude that Markisa fruit can be used as a fixation material in the colouring process of natural colour batik from mangrove waste.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanoic Extract of Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Seed on Selected Pathogens

The present situation of drug resistance in the world necessitates the need to intensify researches on the use of alternative strategies for effective control of infections using products obtained from plant extracts. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of ethanoic extracts of Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa seed by testing them against three clinically important pathogens namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Agar diffusion method was used in determining the susceptibility pattern of the different seed extracts concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) on the test organisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). The Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa seed extract was subjected to phytochemical screening for presence of bioactive compounds using standard procedures. From the results, the zone of inhibition of the ethanoic extract at varying concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) on Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 6mm to 18mm, Escherichia coli 5mm to 11mm and Candida albicans 5mm to 18mm. The growth of all the organisms was inhibited, through to varying degrees with Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans being more susceptible than Escherichia coli. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroid, glycosides, saponin glycoside, terpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The antimicrobial activity of this extract is possibly linked to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroid, saponins and/or tannins. The result obtained in the study is an indication that passion seed has the potential to be used as a source for new broad spectrum antimicrobials.