Air Passenger Transport Research Articles

Ecosystem dynamics of air transport business development in the digital age

Aim. The presented study aims to analyze the dynamics of air transport business development in the era of digital transformation from the perspective of the implementation of the ecosystem paradigm as a relevant modern business model organization concept.Tasks. The authors investigate approaches to defining the concept of “ecosystem” in the field of economic relations; reveal the essence of approaches to defining the structure of the economic ecosystem; describe key trends in the development of air transport within the paradigm of the ecosystem concept.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition in various aspects to analyze scientific approaches to defining the concept of “ecosystem” in the field of economic relations and defining the structure of the economic ecosystem, and to identify trends in the development of air transport within the paradigm of the ecosystem concept.Results. The introduction of the ecosystem concept into business processes leads to changes in the attitude to the concept of “competition”. The theory of rivalry is replaced by the practice of convergence — the alignment and unification of different technologies into new types of technologies. Technological convergence changes the nature of familiar things. The authors identify and analyze three essential characteristics of the concept of “ecosystem”, the joint implementation of which makes it possible to entertain the possibility of implementing the ecosystem concept of business development in practice. The digital basis of ecosystem organization ensures its modular structure, which, in turn, determines the ease and flexibility of both connecting participants to the system and exiting it. By forming new consumer preferences, the ecosystem allows participants to work with consumers successfully. In the context of the assessed advantages of the ecosystem, the authors identify and investigate its 13 disadvantages. Seven key development trends are identified from the perspective of assessing the prospects for the ecosystemization of professional activity in the passenger air transport market.Conclusions. The tourism market is the most popular sector for ecosystem development in the air transport industry at the current stage of market development. Tourism ecosystems are a definite trend of inter-product cooperation, including those using the services of airlines, airports, and aggregator sites. The authors believe that the issues of theoretical understanding and practical analysis of the ecosystem dynamics of air transport business development in the digital age remain not fully investigated and need to be studied in detail. In further studies, the authors will analyze the organizational and legal nature of ecosystems, the essential characteristics of the structural elements of the ecosystem, the types of ecosystems in air transport, and the practice of their implementation.

Beyond Litigation: The Use of ADR in Resolving Disputes Between Air Carriers and Passengers: China’s Perspective

In 2019, the Transportation Department of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), the Consumer Affairs Center and the China Air Transport Association have received 30,462 complaints from consumers. Meanwhile, the Consumers Association had accepted 9,010 complaints about disputes on air passenger transport in 2020. Traditionally, such disputes are usually resolved through litigation if the two parties could not reach consensus concerning the compensation. However, litigation is time-consuming and not consumer-friendly, therefore, the alternative dispute resolution (ADR), including arbitration and mediation, may be more appropriate, since most of those disputes are simple in terms of the fact and the amount of compensation involved. This article analyses the advantages of ADR in resolving the disputes compared with litigation based on the Chinese judicial practices. It then points out that the application of ADR in this area is not fully recognized and developed in China, and suggests that measures should be adopted to promote the application of ADR in the future. ADR, air passenger, air carrier, online dispute resolution

Construction of Internal and External Environmental Management System of Human Resources in Civil Aviation Institutions Based on System Dynamics

The basic investment needed for the development of civil aviation transportation has a long period, large investment, and strong exclusivity. The quantity of fixed investment should match the scale of the stage of civil aviation development. Scientific demand forecasting is the basis of reasonable planning of civil aviation infrastructure and fleet construction. Based on the principle of system dynamics, this paper analyzes the internal and external influencing factors of air passenger transport demand, and establishes a system dynamics model between civil aviation passenger transport market demand forecast and human resource management system. Using the model, based on the level of economic and social development, it is predicted that the demand for air passenger transport will reach 1 billion passengers around 2024. The demand system dynamics model of civil aviation passenger transport market has universal applicability and long-term effectiveness for the derived long-term demand forecast and analysis of civil aviation transportation. The results show that based on the derivative characteristics of air transport demand, the demand influencing factors of air passenger transport market can be divided into external and internal factors, which are mainly affected by population, economy, residents’ consumption level, air-rail competition, and other factors. Internal factors mainly include ticket price and service level.

Performance Analysis of the Civil Aviation Entities 2020-2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the unprecedented damage to the aviation industry. In order to prevent the spread of the disease, the issue of air traffic restrictions was put on the agenda, which led to the sudden cancellation of tens of thousands of flights around the world and made travelling difficult for passengers. At the same time, aviation turned out to be an area that played a crucial role in the effective management of the epidemic and from the very beginning it was actively involved in the preventive measures against the spread of the disease. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), during this period, the passenger air transportation worldwide was decreased with about 60%. The unfavorable forecasts were also foreseen regarding the process of restoring air traffic. According to the most optimistic scenario of the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL), the European region will approach the air traffic figures of 2019 only by 2023, and will surpass in 2024. The mentioned was possible if the vaccine would be released into the world on time - by 2021. Under the same scenario, Georgia will return to the indicators of 2019 in 2022, and will be able to improve the indicators of 2019 by 2023. However, if the vaccine turns out to be ineffective, both Georgia and the European region will not be able to return to the air traffic figures of 2019 in 2024.

Forecasting the recovery period of air passenger transportation by using vector error correction model

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has had a significantly negative impact on all transportation modules, especially air passengers. The authors aimed to forecast the air passenger load factor using time series modelling for the affecting variables. After providing general information about this pandemic, the forecasting results regarding getting back into the recovery period were presented by time series modelling. The last five years (2016–2020) and the first eight months of 2021 were examined with the following variables: available seat kilometre, revenue passenger kilometre, passenger load factor, gross domestic product, and domestic and international passenger numbers. The forecast results reveal that the recovery period started in June of 2021 and continues with a robust growth trend until September 2021 due to the vaccination process and the starting of the summer season. This trend changed between September to November 2021 slightly negative, from November 2021 to January 2022 slightly positive, and from January 2022 to March 2022 mildly negative. Correspondingly, passenger load factor (PLF) is affected by itself and domestic transportation in the short‐term period. This effect seems short‐term in domestic and international transport. This research reveals that minimising the economic damage by benefiting from the increasing trend of air passenger numbers increases the recovery period.

Transport and means of communication in the patois of the hamlet of Borbushino

The article is devoted to the description of the local speech content devoted to transport and ways of communication. The speech material is collected according to the programme ‟Lexical Atlas of Russian Folkish Patois” from the words of the villagers of Borbushino of Kirillov district of Vologda Region. The oral narratives of the informants about overland travel, as well as travel by water and air, about the means of transportation of passengers and various cargoes in different natural and weather conditions are commented. It is revealed that ways of movement, vehicles, various devices for transportation of passengers and cargoes, as well as subjects that perform various functions in the transport system can be singled out within the system of ways of communication fully corresponding to the section of the programme ‟Lexical Atlas of Russian Folkish Patois”. The layer of vocabulary reflecting the system of transport means and ways of communication in Borbushino patois reveals a number of features due to both the location of the hamlet at a significant distance from water transport routes and the family histories of the villagers. The defining position of overland transport is revealed by this. What is authentic for Borbushino patois and unusual for the traditional use of means of transport in the Northern Russian rural area is the way of air transportation of passengers and goods, which has generated a number of changes in the traditional vocabulary of Vologda land’s inhabitants, but has not led to a radical restructuring of the patois speech system. The conclusion that the lexicon of the transport system of the described dialect for the most part implements the features typical for the dialect system as a whole, is made.

Sustainable biofuel consumption in air passenger transport driven by carbon-tax policy

Carbon emissions associated with air passenger transport have been in the spotlight for several decades. As most aircraft emission reduction technologies have reached a saturation point, biofuel is considered a sustainable resource for reducing carbon emissions in air passenger transport. In order to promote the sustainable consumption of biofuels in air passenger transport and curb carbon emissions, this study explores a carbon-tax policy, which includes a regular carbon tax and a punitive carbon tax for setting a cap of carbon emissions by the punitive tax based on the expected carbon emissions level, and biofuel consumption strategies by a bi-level programming model. By the planning model, we examine the decision-making interaction between the government and several airlines in order to establish the links between carbon-tax policy and biofuel consumption in air passenger transport, and analyze how carbon-tax policy helps reduce carbon emissions from biofuel consumption. Based on the results, sustainable biofuel consumption and carbon emissions reduction are mainly dependent on expected emission levels, in addition to the relatively low expected emission levels that exceed airlines' capability to reduce emissions. Moreover, the social cost of carbon emissions can be partially transferred with an appropriate proportional coefficient, depending on the carbon-tax policy parameters including the expected emission level and carbon tax prices. The findings of this study suggest that setting appropriate expected emission levels and carbon tax prices can encourage airlines to use biofuels, promote carbon emissions reduction and achieve sustainable air passenger transport. In addition, when implementing sustainable biofuel consumption planning, considering the relationship of government and airlines is conducive to making proper carbon-tax policy.

Directions of transport system development according to the national environmental policy

The article is the second in a series of articles on the negative externalities of passenger road, rail and air transport. It reviews the national documents in the field of environmental policy, identifies their content concerning transport which is used as a basis to determine the expected directions of development of this branch of economy. The authors presented a review of national strategic documents defining the directions of the Polish environmental policy, identified objectives and priorities relating directly or indirectly to transport activities, and compared the theoretical assumptions with the actual changes taking place on the transport markets, which allowed for an analysis of the compatibility of intentions with their implementation. The summary presents conclusions concerning the necessity of mutual coordination of transport development planning and environmental protection. The following articles will present the results of research on the above-mentioned negative effects of transport and recommendations for various stakeholder groups in relation to the analyzed topic.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Transport Passenger Markets-Implications for Selected EU Airports Based on Time Series Models Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a drastic reduction in air traffic passengers, especially during the period when the EU countries introduced a lockdown. Even after the relaunch of airline operators, passenger traffic did not return to the pre-pandemic trend. The aim of the study was to estimate the difference between the demand that was observed during the pandemic, and the demand that was forecast based on the pre-pandemic trend. The calculations were made for airports in selected EU countries. The first method was seasonality indicators, using quarterly data for 2015–2021. In the multiplicative model of seasonal fluctuations, the method of determining the seasonality indicators was used, based on the quotient of empirical values and the value of the trend. The one-name period trend method was used in the next step, then Fourier spectral analysis was applied. In the context of forecasts for the individual quarters of 2020 and 2021, all models indicate a further growing trend in the demand for passenger transport, which could have been observed if the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred. As a result of the pandemic, the number of passengers handled at airports has significantly decreased. In the third quarter of 2021, freight growth was already noticeable, with the exception of Netherland, where a marked decline was recorded.

Life cycle comparison of passenger air and rail transportation

Air transportation has an undisputed speed advantage among all other modes. On the other hand, it is known that the environmental metrics of aviation is quite unsatisfactory compared to other transportation types due to its fuel characteristics and the amount of consumed fuel. However, it would be a wrong choice to rely solely on operational processes to make a true comparison. For this reason, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model should be generated by taking into account processes such as production except the operation process and the calculations should be performed with a comprehensive and holistic perspective. In this study, the environmental impacts of air and rail transport types are compared from the life cycle perspective. For this purpose, first, the emissions in the case of one passenger per one km (pkm) transportation by air and rail were calculated. Then, taking into account the production and disposal processes of the aircraft and passenger trains, the LCA cycle was completed and total emissions were calculated. SimaPro version 9.0.0.49 package program and 1.09 version of ReCiPe 2008 method were used for LCA calculations. With the help of the program, emissions generated during both production and one pkm transportation processes of an aircraft, high-speed and normal train were estimated. Accordingly, the greenhouse gas produced one pkm in air transport was 126.8 g in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), while CO2eq was 0.3 and 0.31 g for high-speed trains and regular trains, respectively. Considering the production processes, 2072.1, 28.72 and 19.07 t of greenhouse gases are produced, respectively for these three transportation modes.

The Effect of Social Media Activities on Consumers’ Attitudes and Behaviour in Aviation Sector

The decline of ticket prices to reasonable levels, the increase of airports and the change in the perception of geographical distance have also increased interest in the airline passenger transportation sector. Therefore, it’s important to determine the attitudes and behaviors of passengers as consumers for all segments of the sector. In this study, the effect of social media on consumer behavior and attitudes of passengers in air passenger transportation, whose role in consumer behavior has been shown by different studies in recent years, has been examined with an experimental study. The findings of the study show that there are significant differences in consumer attitudes and behaviors of those who are exposed to social media content compared to those who are not. Also, attitudes and perceptions of the consumers may change according to gender and age. It’s hoped that the results will contribute to marketing practitioners in the industry and expand the social media literature.

Changes in the volume of air traffic and specialization of segments of the Moscow Aviation Hub from 2014 to 2021

The object of this study is the changes in the development of the Moscow aviation hub in the second decade of the XXI century. The subject of the study is a statistical analysis of changes in the volume of air transportation of passengers, cargo and mail at the Moscow Aviation Hub from 2014 to 2021, both in general and for individual airports in comparison. The change in the share of Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo and Vnukovo in the total volume of the listed types of air transportation is analyzed. The dynamics of the ratio of domestic and international air transportation is investigated. The share of the Moscow aviation hub in the total volume of passenger traffic, cargo turnover and postal air transportation in Russia is considered. The research is based on statistical, historical-geographical, problem-analytical methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. This made it possible to conduct an objective, scientifically-based analysis of the processes of changing the volume of air traffic in the Moscow aviation hub. The main conclusions of the study are: air transportation of passengers at the Moscow Aviation hub decreased from 2014 to 2021, while air transportation of cargo and mail increased during this period. The share of Sheremetyevo Airport in all respects increased, the share of Domodedovo decreased, the share of Vnukovo either grew or remained unchanged. The main contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is to consider changes in the statistical parameters of the Moscow aviation hub airports in the context of socio-economic and geopolitical processes, in historical and geographical conditionality; in identifying the key factors of the current dynamics. The novelty of the study is to identify the main trends in the development of the volume and structure of air transportation of the Moscow aviation hub from 2014 to 2021 under the conditions of sanctions pressure and restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Development of air transport in industry 4.0: Prospects, prerequisites, challenges

The article analyzes the economic activity of air transport in Ukraine, formed ideas about the state and prospects for improving the competitiveness of domestic airlines in the market of passenger air service. The indicators of airlines activity have been analyzed and the dynamics of passenger and cargo air transportation volume has been shown. The directions of development of air transport in the conditions of Industry 4.0 and the basic principles of transition of air transport to Industry 4.0 are suggested. The unfavorable situations affecting the level of air transportation in Ukraine and some ways to overcome the crisis phenomena were determined. The authors have formed the main trends in the development of air transport and identified internal and external influencing factors. The analysis of strategic potential and possibilities of aviation transport development has been performed. Practical recommendations are given for increasing the competitiveness of the Ukrainian aviation market.

Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis.

This study investigates the heterogeneous impact of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport onair transport carbon emissionsin G20 countries for the period of 1990-2016. The paper employs a robust and advanced fixed-effect panel quantile regression model that considers unobserved discrete and distributional heterogeneity. Our empirical results show that the impact of the independent variables on air transport carbon emissions is quite heterogeneous across various quantiles.More specifically, the effect of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on carbon emissions is positive and becomes more assertive with the increasing trend at upper quantiles and is quite heterogeneous across all quantiles. Economic growth, urbanization, and tourism are significant contributing factors in enhancing air transport CO2 emissions, while crude oil price significantly reduces CO2 emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlincausality test estimates indicate that a bidirectional relationship extends from air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport to air transport CO2 emissions. The findings underline the need for cleaner, renewable, and environmentally sustainable energy sources for air transport operations.

The complexity of digital marketing methodology implementation in air passenger transportation: the case of Russia

The article is devoted to the issue of the complexity of implementing the digital marketing methodology in the air transportation of passengers on the example of the Russian Federation. The authors presented foreign and domestic digital marketing research and noted its practicality in various activities, including transport enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the trend, features of long-term development, and the target orientation of the Russian transport complex to achieve the planned economic and social performance by the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. The authors consider the crisis caused by the pandemic and the implementation of the technologies related to the renewal and modernization of transport system facilities. The analyzed studies on COVID-19 highlight the relevance of the development of information technology in the era of a new coronavirus infection, which has impacted the transport industry around the world, contributing to the increased role of digitalization digital marketing in the activities of transport enterprises. The authors list the features and trends of the strategic orientation of transport enterprises to achieve the planned economic and social performance. The identified features allow the authors to express their views on the main drivers of the development of the transport system. Authors could suggest topics for further research regarding the optimization of passenger air transportation based on digital marketing methodology.

ІНВЕРСІЯ ФУНКЦІЇ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПАСАЖИРСЬКИХ АВІАЦІЙНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ В УМОВАХ ВИКЛИКІВ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ПАНДЕМІЇ

Passenger air transportation is important for such spheres as tourism, local business, investment, foreign trade, etc. The number of passenger air transportation in the world increased before the global pandemic. The dynamic of growing the numbers of passenger air transportation in the world immediately interrupted the cause of the global pandemic. The main goal of the article is to research the main reasons for public regulation of passenger air transportation. The author used the scientific method to archive the goal of research. For example, in the article author representatives, the main results of the analysis of scientific sources on the subject of public administration of market of the passenger air transportation. The author used the statistic method to analyzed the situation of the market of passenger air transportation and investigated the main trends in this market. Therefore, the author used the statistic method for comparative analyses of the market of passenger air transportation in Ukraine and other countries. The author used the sociology method for monitoring public view and opinion on regulation of the market of passenger air transportation. The author investigated that this problem is relevant, important, attractive to the attention of many scientists, and also revealed the alternative and multivariate methods, means, and instruments of regulation. According to the respondents, the main factors that influenced the reduction of passenger air traffic in the period from 2019-to 2021 were: termination of air services and closure of the borders; fear of traveling during the COVID-19 pandemic, declining incomes. Most respondents agreed that state measures to restrict air travel during the pandemic were appropriate. In the article, the author shows that prevented, direct measures of public regulation on the air transportation market in times of crisis. The author says that the anti-crisis measures were necessary to reduce the negative impact on the air transportation market in the global pandemic. The role of the state can be minimized in case of stabilization of the situation.

Operational Requirements Analysis for Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Vehicle in the Brazilian Regulatory Framework

Air passenger transport is expected to change, in the next years, the urban air mobility (UAM) environment. New technologies are enabling the introduction of a new concept of aircraft, referred to as electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle (eVTOL), with vertical take-off and landing capability, distributed electric propulsion system and low noise level compared to helicopters. This article presents an analysis of the Brazilian Civil Aviation Regulations (RBAC) No. 91 and 135, which address the minimum requirements for commercial operations of commuter and on-demand public passenger transport with airplanes with up to 19 seats. The objective of this article is to identify the technical and regulatory barriers to initiating the eVTOL operation in Brazil and to validate the current operational air traffic rules. After the analysis of the operational requirements and the current Air Traffic Management (ATM) infrastructure for helicopter operation, the minimum required and recommended navigation, communication and surveillance equipment are identified, as well as the main operational limitations for the operation of this type of aircraft in transporting passengers. This analysis is just the beginning of a broader study and there are many challenges to support an increased eVTOL operations.

Картографирование транспортной подвижности населения республики Саха (Якутия)

The issues of the transport system development and the population mobility are becoming most relevant in the regions of Arctic and Far East Russia. The article is devoted to the study and mapping of the population transport mobility of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Thematic maps were compiled: “Automobile and air transport network of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”, “Intra-municipal aviation mobility of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2020”, “Intra-municipal transport mobility by road of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2020” presenting the regional transport system spatial differentiation of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) according to these indicators. We distinguished the territorial unevenness of the transport and logistics infrastructure due to the lack of year-round communications in many areas. As a result, there is a spatial contrast in the distribution of population mobility indicators. As a result of the analysis of indicators of intra-municipal aviation and transport mobility by road transport of the population in 2020, a grouping of regions of the Yakutia was made. The highest value indicators of transport mobility by road are charactered in Yakutsk, Aldan, Neryungri and Ust-Aldan municipals; in many Arctic regions, land transport mobility is at a low level. At the same time, the mobility indicator is affected by the motorization of the population and the development of transport services carried out by individual entrepreneurs and private individuals. A relatively high level of aviation mobility is inherent in the Arctic regions (Oleneksky, Bulunsky and Srednekolymsky), this is mainly due to the presence of subsidized flights on socially significant air routes. In comparison with the average indicators for Russia, there is a low aviation mobility, the level of which on local routes is 3 times lower than in Russia. in transport mobility of the inhabitants of Yakutia. The low level of development of local air and road passenger transportation is a consequence of the high cost of transportation in comparison with the income level of the population, which hinders the increase in transport mobility.

Passenger and cargo throughput forecast of China's three major airports

China is a large civil aviation country in the world. With the continuous development of China's economy, the demand for air cargo transportation and passenger transportation is constantly rising in many cities. In this paper, the grey-forecast model GM (1,1) is adopted to forecast the passenger and cargo throughput of Beijing Capital(PEK), Shanghai Pudong(PVG) and Guangzhou Baiyun (CAN) Airport in the next few years. Based on the predicted data, we analyzed the future traffic development trend, and found out the advantages and disadvantages of the three airports. Finally, we put forward corresponding suggestions for the future development of the three airports in order to promote the sustainable development of the airports.

Estimation of potential hydrogen demand and CO2 mitigation in global passenger air transport by the year 2050

Decarbonizing aviation is one of the biggest challenges for the industry in the upcoming years. The transition to sustainable aviation fuels, e.g., hydrocarbon drop-in fuels, is a strategy to achieve this goal in the short to medium term. Looking further into the future, the introduction of new aircraft solely powered by clean hydrogen could contribute to make air transport completely carbon-free, at least in the long term. In this paper, the authors estimate the potential demand for the new energy carrier for global scheduled passenger flights. The demand forecast for hydrogen is based on a traffic forecast at airport-pair level, and an aircraft fleet model that considers aircraft retirements and entry-into-service of new types. Based on the strong assumption of market entry of hydrogen aircraft starting by 2040, gradually replacing conventional aircraft and serving future passenger demand on all global routes of less than 1,500 nm, we estimate a global hydrogen demand of 19.2 million tons for passenger aviation in the year 2050. For flights departing European airports (including Switzerland, the UK, and EEA member states), the demand for hydrogen is estimated to be 3.3 million tons by 2050. To reveal the impact of the forecast assumptions, the authors present a sensitivity analysis with variations of parameters such as the maximum range of hydrogen aircraft, entry-into-service, and variations in traffic growth. The paper furthermore outlines the challenges for the aviation industry in the context of the introduction of hydrogen in future air transport.