Party Program Research Articles

Cath-all-party: theoretical-methodological framework of learning and ideology position on the example of parliamentary elections of 2019

The article highlights the basic scientific approaches to understanding the concept of "electoral party", identifies trends in the evolution of understanding of the term and the change of scientific paradigms in its interpretation. The authors conclude that the electoral party is a modern kind of party characterized by blurring the boundaries of the social base, the lack of a clear ideology and professionalization and personalization of its internal structure.The article reveals the historical evolution and formation of modern approaches to the interpretation of the "electoral party", identifies their varieties. The main subtypes of electoral parties include: electoral-professional parties, cartel parties, stratarchies, modern personnel parties, program parties, business firm parties, "big tent".Content analysis of the programs of the parliamentary parties in 2019, namely, "Sluga narodu", OPHZ, "Batkivshyna", "Golos" and "European Solidarity", using the formula of Hee Min Kim and Richard Fording, determined the ideological position of each of them. Authors conclude that most of 2019 parliamentary parties tend to be centrist and don’t have clear ideological position.Thus, it has been found that by most attributes, parliamentary parties in Ukraine can be classified as electoral, because by eroding the social base and trying to get support from the widest possible electoral circle, parliamentary parties lose their ideological attachment. It allows them to get maximum electoral resalt (Sluga narodu? 2019), but is counterproductive in terms of abuse of populism and inability to fulfill all program promises. The most conservative political forces include European Solidarity and the Voice. At the same time, it is the least liberal in terms of the ideological content of the OPZZ.

Reform of the government structure of Russia in the framework documents of political parties (based on the materials of electoral campaigns of 2011 and 2016)

Currently, the question of transformation of government institutions, including through the change of Constitution, is of primary importance on the political agenda. The subject of this research is the proposals of political parties on modernization of state structure and reform of the federal branches of government. The object of this research is the election programs of political parties on the elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in 2011 and 2016. The author examines the ideas of party actors regarding modernization in the sphere of public administration, attitude of the parties towards modification of powers of the federal branches of government, relationship format between the center and the federal subjects, strengthening of social control over government. Despite the critical approach of political parties, they did not suggest any integrated projects on modernization of the system, but rather expressed disparate opinion. Part of the proposals pertinent to the reforms of public administration were of populist nature and did not have a mechanism for their implementation. Most specific and realizable initiatives were associated with restoration of the previously existing norms. The parties made various proposals on the question problem of administrative and territorial structure of the country, demonstrating a range of approaches from strong decentralization to unitary state. It is assumed that the question of modernization of state structure will remain on the agenda in the next electoral cycle. However, the integrated approach most likely will not be demonstrated. Reforms of the Federal Assembly and judicial system will continue to be the key vectors of political discourse.

Idea sekularyzmu w polskiej kampanii parlamentarnej 2019 roku

<p>Celem artykułu jest ocena stopnia obecności idei sekularyzmu w programach wyborczych głównych partii politycznych startujących w polskich wyborach parlamentarnych 2019 roku. W artykule przyjęto rozumienie tzw. sekularyzmu politycznego i odniesiono je do instytucji Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego ze względu na kontekst badań, a także na fakt, że katolicy stanowią dominującą część społeczeństwa polskiego i ze względu na doniosłe znaczenie społeczno-polityczne Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce.</p><p>Materiał badawczy stanowiły programy wyborcze partyjnych komitetów wyborczych, jak również przemówienia ich liderów politycznych wygłoszone podczas głównych wyborczych konwencji programowych.</p><p>Artykuł zwiększa wartość poznawczą zagadnienia komunikowania politycznego dotyczącego idei sekularyzmu w okresie kampanii parlamentarnej 2019 r. Badania dowiodły, że religia stała się istotnym czynnikiem dyskursu politycznego w czasie kampanii parlamentarnej w Polsce w 2019 r. Temat dotyczący roli instytucji Kościoła katolickiego w sferze publicznej był jednak podjęty jedynie przez Prawo i Sprawiedliwość oraz Lewicę. Odnotowano wyrazistą dychotomiczność poglądów tychże komitetów wyborczych. PiS wypowiedział się przeciw idei sekularyzmu, zaś Lewica tę ideę wsparła. Konfederacja, PSL oraz KW Koalicja Obywatelska przemilczały w programach wyborczych kwestię idei państwa świeckiego.</p>

PARTY ACTIVISTS AND PARTY PROGRAMS AT GRASSROOTS LEVEL: THE INTERTWINED EFFECT

Purpose of the study: This study explored how party activists retain their high activism with the party through their involvement with party activities. It also attempted to explore party programs at the grassroots level that helps maintain continuous grassroots support for the party. The strong symbiosis between party activists and party programs at the grassroots level was a secret formula to win elections.
 Methodology: Being qualitative in nature, this study conducted in-depth interviews with thirty - two party activists. The PAS and UMNO party activists in Terengganu were selected as units of analysis using the purposive sampling technique. The interview data were thematically analysed through the content analysis method.
 Main Findings: This study yielded that Community and Welfare programs, and Electoral Works were two impactful party programs to fish votes and maintain voters’ support at the grassroots level. On party efforts to maintain the motivation of its activists, this study found four main party programs namely internal programs, political training, involvement outside party, and joining special programs.
 Applications of this study: This study concludes that ensuring party activists at their highest level of motivation by designing various programs are equally important with organizing party programs with the voters at local levels. When party activists are highly motivated, party programs at local levels would be successfully run, while organizing party programs at the local level without the presence of highly motivated party activists would be worthless.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Party activists are often neglected by party leaders, as much focus has been given to party manifesto, choosing winnable candidates, and encountering electoral issues. Neglecting party activists often leads to frustration, thus party programs cannot be properly organized without committed party activists.

Persuasive communication on the Facebook account of the “Alternative für Deutschland” Saxony

Recent surveys and political research have shown that the acceptance of the political programmes of populist parties, such as the “Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)”, is relatively high amongst the population of the three eastern German federal states, especially in Saxony, where the AfD won nine of the 13 rural districts during the local elections in May 2019. Thus, it seems relevant to take a closer look at the persuasive discourse of a so-called populist party. In its public discourse, the AfD responds to the fears and concerns of those people who tend to use social media platforms to gain information when making political decisions. The aim of the article is to show which verbal and visual resources characterize the persuasive discourse of the AFD Saxony on their Facebook account. For this purpose, we propose a qualitative, multimodal analysis of selected entries which the party uploaded on its Facebook account between November 2018 and March 2019.

Selected Issues of Election Programs of Winning Parties in Parlamentary Elections 2011 in the Western Galicia (Poland): Comparative Analysis

The research is devoted to the research of selected issues of the election programs of the victorious political parties in the parliamentary elections in the Western Galicia, i.e. in the Lesser Poland and Transcarpathian voivodeships in the parliamentary elections in 2011. A comparative analysis of these programs was carried out. The ideological and program determination of

İDEOLOJİK KÖRLÜĞÜN SİYASİ PARTİ ÜYELERİ ÜZERİNDE YANSIMASI

The political subject and also the social identity of human kind can not recognise the world as all in purity. They tend to look at social phenomena within the framework of structured presuppositions, both as a product of the social environment and to the extent of their ability and capacity. In other words, most people, perceive reality distorted behind a fog screen. Based on this assumption, the problematic of the subjective reality of the subjects of politics is perceived as objective reality. In this study, it is asserted that how different political ideologies are found in political subjects (four political parties) and that ideological blindness fulfills a rational function. The study found June 7, 2015 in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey group ( T.B.M.M) in the general elections were held with members of four political subjects (CHP,MHP, AK PARTI, HDP) . Content analysis was carried out by using MAXQDA Qualitative Analysis program which is in effect the party programs of these four subjects. In addition, interviews conducted with 48 people in two separate questionnaires, data were analysed with content analysis of using the same program.

Animalism: a nascent ideology? Exploring the ideas of animal advocacy parties

ABSTRACT In recent years political parties advocating animal rights and animal interests have sprang up in several countries and seem to constitute a new party family. At first sight, they appear to be single-issue parties, but a closer look at their party programmes suggests that they are developing a new ideology based on the core concept of compassion and adjacent concepts of equality, intrinsic value and interdependence.

İktidar Döneminde ANAP'ın Demokrasi Anlayışı: Siyasalar, Söylemler ve Özal Liderliği

Anavatan Partisi (ANAP); 1983 ila 1991 yılları arasında tek başına hükümeti kurabilme başarısını yakalamış, hem kendisi hem de toplum ve askerler tarafından iktisadi ve siyasi hayatın istikrara kavuşturulması, demokratikleşme ve modernleşme gibi misyonları edinmiş olması itibariyle Türk siyasal hayatı literatüründe önemli bir yer teşkil eden bir siyasal örgütlenmedir. Literatürde ANAP’ın tam anlamıyla demokrasi anlayışını kategorilendiren pek fazla çalışma bulunmamakla birlikte, çoğunlukla ANAP ve demokrasi; demokrasinin konsolidasyonu bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı; demokrasi kuramlarından ilham alarak iki iktidar döneminde ANAP’ın demokrasi anlayışını değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada; öncelikle ANAP’ın bir siyasal örgüt olarak nasıl göründüğünü inceleyen çalışmalar aktarılmış ardından partinin programı, seçim beyannameleri, seçim kampanyaları, hükümet programları ve yasama faaliyetleri bir içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte Turgut Özal’ın ANAP içerisinde nasıl bir konum edindiği ve söylemleri de demokrasi anlayışının göstergeleri olarak çalışmanın kapsamına dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, ANAP’ın örgütsel olarak ve ilk iktidar döneminde liberal, seçkinci ve ekonomik demokrasi anlayışlarını; ikinci iktidar döneminde ise oldukça zayıf da olsa bu anlayışlara katılımcı demokrasi “tema”larının eşlik ettiği görülmüştür.

Keeping power through opposition: party system change in Turkey

AbstractThis paper re-evaluates the party system change in Turkey based on Sartori’s framework. It also explores the role of opposition parties in this. The paper suggests that, while a fragmented opposition may lead to the emergence of a one-party government and/or military intervention because of the high levels of polarization it induces, bilateral opposition prolongs one-party governments. The paper relies on an analysis of party programs and public opinion surveys in order to position the parties in terms of spatial distance and to understand the level of polarization.

Oswajanie populizmu. Scena polityczna Królestwa Niderlandów po 2015 roku

The mass influx of immigrants to Europe in 2015 shook the foundations of the political system of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The concept of populism dominated the political discourse related to various concepts of how to solve this problem. After the death of Pim Fortuyn and Theo van Gogh, two politicians using harsh anti-immigrant rhetoric and murdered by Islamic fanatics, a new generation of right-wing populist activists appeared on the political scene of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Two of them, Geert Wilders and Thierry Baudet, run their own political parties and are increasingly successful. The Freedom Party of Geert Wilders became the second strongest party in the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Forum for Democracy party founded by Thierry Baudet won two seats in the Second Chamber of Parliament in the 2017 election.The author of this article focuses on both these politicians and their party programmes. He argues that the culmination of populism in Europe, which fell between the peak of the 2015 migration crisis and the 2017 parliamentary elections, has changed the attitude of leading politicians to this concept. Populism has been ‘permanently’ appearing in salons. The thesis of ‘good’ populism, proclaimed by Prime Minister Mark Rutte, indicates its inclusion in the arsenal of political means also used by liberals to defend a democratic order.

Party Competition Over Turkish Foreign Policy: Understanding Policy Revisions of the Rival Parties

Why do parties change policy positions? Theories of party competition analyze this question by looking at how parties respond to their voters, to their rivals, to the lobbying groups, or to the results of the past elections. The research on the motives of change in Turkish foreign policy (TFP) partially accounts for such factors from the domestic level. This article is interested in the relative impact of party competition over TFP. To this end, it analyses and compares foreign policy positions as presented in the successive election manifestos of the mainstream Turkish political parties. The analysis rests on all the pre-election party programs of the ruling Justice and Development Party, the Republican Peoples Party and the Nationalist Action Party in the period from 2002 to 2018. The article solely concentrates on sections of these parties’ election programs that are devoted to foreign policy. First, it examines transformations regarding parties’ general framings about TFP visions and then analyses party policies and adjustments regarding Turkey’s relations with the West, Middle East, and other regions. The article also examines the level of the resemblance of parties’ foreign policy proposals with their rivals’ proposals from the previous electoral period. The findings of this article are expected to help understand parties’ choices for particular foreign policy positions, as well as, contribute to the existing discussions on the magnitude and determinants of change in TFP.

The impact of right-wing populist parties upon national policy with regards to the Russian Federation: the case of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party

The goal of this research consists in determination of impact of the Progress Party (Norway) and the Danish People's Party upon the policy of their national governments with regards to Russia. The Progress Party used to be member of the Norwegian government coalition from 2013 to 2020, while the Danish People's Party supported the Danish coalition governments from 2015 to 2019. The analysis of the origin, ideologies, political agenda, and policy of the parties give a more accurate explanation on their position towards Russia, as well as defines the level of their political willpower in influencing the government policy thereof. Research methodology is comprised of content analysis used in examination of the official documents of the Progress Party and the Danish People's Party, comparative analysis used in considering political programs of both parties, as well as various election results and other corresponding data. The conclusion is made that both parties have considerable impact upon the state policy of their countries with regards to the Russian Federation. Moreover, both of them demonstrated no political interest in making Russia the key vector in their foreign policy programs. Being neither of Russophile nor Russophobic nature, their presence in the government did not become the reason for deterioration or improvement of relations with Russia.

Early Intellectual Institutions of the Scientific and Academic Phase of the Czech National Revival

The article deals with the process of formation of the Czech national identity, a distinctive phenomenon that has combined ethnic originality and the common flow of formation of European nations. As a large-scale European phenomenon of the period of formation of nations, this process was a multifaceted and multilayered social movement. The latter defined not only the cultural, social and political conditions of the modern nations and states, but also their national ideas, which have continued shaping the real content of the modern European history. As a matter of fact, the formation of the modern quality of the Czech society largely depended on educational intellectual societies, scientific and educational institutions and public organisations that generated the elements of intellectualisation of the public, formed an independent personality, promoted the cultivation of a civic duty. In general, the activities of early academic institutions were not just a changing subject in the political complex of the imperial cultural architecture. Early Czech patriotic institutions served as catalysts for the process of modernisation of national consciousness. At the same time, they remained Zemsky institutions with a small readership, and, of course, in some way, this reduced the intensity of the national process. Taking into account the linguistic basis of the formation of the scientific and patriotic Czech institutions, the fact, that all of them have gained experience of public education, should be emphasized; the process of spiritual institutionalisation of the "third state" was initiated, the linguistic ideologeme of the Czech National Revival grew stronger and later became part of political programmes of future national Czech parties.

Актуальные проблемы в избирательной системе Киргизской Республики

The author, in this article, gives the concept of the electoral system and examines the electoral system of the Kyrgyz Republic. He considered the issues of choosing deputies of the Supreme Council (Zhogorku Kenesh). Also, to solve problematic issues, the author conducted a comparative analysis of the electoral system of neighboring and distant foreign countries. Also, the author in this article noted the irresponsibility of the people’s representatives. Firstly, the deputy was included in the list subject to agreement with the election program of a political party. Secondly, the exclusion of a representative with a mandate from the party and leaving him in parliament is tantamount to unjustified voters’ confidence. In this case, the party or people’s representative, expelled from the party, but still working in parliament, first of all remains to protect their own interests, not the people. As a result, it can be argued that the people's representative, who has a deputy mandate, has no responsibility to voters in parliament. The proposed system, the author will develop advanced legal thought in achieving the principles of equality, justice and the search for effective power. This system combines the advantages of a proportional and majority system, eliminates, as far as possible, their individual disadvantages. In preferential elections, citizens are given the opportunity to vote as in a majoritarian election, but the votes of the losers and winners will be counted and put into a common party piggy bank. If we carry out the reform of the proposed electoral system, then the road opens to the parliament for well-known and honest people who have merit to the people and the country, a good reputation, business training and have their own citizenship.

Pages of History Of Establishment of The Soviet Power аnd Civil War in Documents of Archive of Hoover Institute

In this article, based on the study of archival documents of the Hoover Institute, pages are given from the history of the establishment of Soviet power in Turkestan, the defeat of the white guards during the civil war and their departure to the territory of neighboring States. In order to avoid a one-sided approach in assessing the events of the confrontation between the Provisional government and the Soviets in Turkestan, the text provides not only liberal points of view in assessing the actions of the leaders of the Regional Commissariat, the Provisional government (V. A. Klimm), but also the Bolsheviks (G. Safarov). V. A. Klimm correctly grasped the prevailing public opinion regarding the reasons for the proclamation of Turkestan Autonomy in Kokand. Members of the Kokand Autonomy government, according to V. A. Klimm, considered the Declaration of Turkestan autonomy in Kokand as an organized protest against the tyranny and cruelty of the Bolsheviks, as well as an alternative to the power of the Sovdep. The content of A. Bukeikhanov’s speech at the First all-Siberian Congress shows that he was a supporter of granting the Kazakh people full autonomy.As you know, the program of the Alash party provided for the resolution of the land issue as the authority of the government of Alash-Orda before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly and the receipt of income to the Treasury of the autonomy. The armed forces, created in the form of the people’s militia, were supposed to ensure the defense of the autonomy and its citizens.According to the approved program of the Alash party, education should have been in the native language . The Bolsheviks refused to recognize this “autonomy” approaching independence. The political view of Admiral A.V. Kolchak is considered. The content of A. Bukeikhanov’s speech at the First all-Siberian Congress shows that he was a supporter of granting the Kazakh people full autonomy. Key words: Stanford, Institute, dual power, regional Commissioner, Turkestan, terror, autonomy, Federation, ataman, Baron.

SOCIAL POLICY IN THE DISCOURSE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SNAP ELECTION TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA IN 2014

The article describes the political parties' approach to implementing the state's social policy during the snap election to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014. A discursive dimension of political parties' activities in the area of social policy was studied. Specific examples have shown political parties as a subject of social policy formation. It was found out that the events of the Revolution of Dignity and the beginning of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine forced Ukrainian politicians to reconsider existing approaches to the formation of party programs. The author analyzed the reflection of social policy in the election programs of the parties that had formed parliamentary groups: «Blok Petra Poroshenka «Solidarnist», «Narodnyi front», Radykalnoi partii Oleha Liashka, «Opozytsiinyi blok», «Obiednannia «Samopomich», «Vseukrainskoho obiednannia «Batkivshchyna». Domestic political events were reflected in the party's discourse on social policy, shifting the priorities in the election programs of political forces in the direction of security policy, improving defense capabilities, and fighting corruption. The main tendencies related to the change of political parties' approaches to forming state social policy are revealed. Dominating the liberal approach to social policy issues in parliamentary parties' programs was aimed at reducing the state's role. At the same time, the speeches of political forces on social policy were mostly full of populist slogans and, in most cases, did not contain any specifics, including ways to solve social problems in society. Trying to get as much electoral support as possible, politicians did not bother to develop real program steps in the social sphere. Instead, the social sphere problems, which had a systemic character, were not solved based on a clear "road map" of actions. The discourse of the political parties participating in the election race, which eventually formed the parliament, did not present a comprehensive program for forming and implementing social policy in the new political environment. Keywords: political parties, social policy, social state, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, political discourse.

Southern Cone countries in Global South collaboration

The cooperation of the Global South is becoming an essential factor in the new system of international relations. In conditions of multipolarity, new centers of power, new sub-regional associations, and new ties between developing countries have high importance. The Southern Cone is an example of a subregion whose states have similar economic and political characteristics. The article shows the features of cooperation between Argentina, Uruguay and Chile in projects of the Global South. Based on government documents, party programs, media materials, statistics, UN documents, the article considers the features of actual projects in each country, identifies mechanisms for their financing, and shows the features of state management of multilateral cooperation.

ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ДИСКУССИИ О СОЗДАНИИ АВСТРИИ КАК ФЕДЕРАТИВНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА

Austrian federalism is closely associated with political historical events during the period 1918-1920. The union of Länder relied on the recognition of their autonomy, adoption of state constitu-tions, and the possibility of establishing the representative bodies. Many historians of law and lawyers maintain that a new Republic would have been established as a centralised unitary state. Programs of political parties and the first constitutional drafts reflected the ideas of a federal state in which states had extensive powers and expanded representation in the federation. Political parties had repeatedly voiced their support for the Swiss federal model. Hans Kelsen’s constitutional drafts to be developed on behalf of the Secretary of State Karl Renner provided a solid foundation aimed to introduce federal constitutional principles and create a parliamentary republic. Constitution, system of federal institutions, as well as forms of government were widely discussed at the Länder conferences in Salzburg and Linz. Michael Mayr, Secretary of State, made a significant progress in overcoming disagreements. Mayr’s draft constitution focused primarily on achieving consensus with conflicting political parties. After the collapse of the coalition on June 10, 1920, political parties prepared and presented their constitutional drafts covering a broad range of issues: federal constitution, the Land par-liaments, and powers of states. From July 11 to September 23 1920 constitutional issues had been discussed by special subcommittee of the Constitutional National Constitutional Assembly composed of representa-tives of political parties, the state chancellery and Hans Kelsen as its scientific advisor. Delimitation of powers between the federation and the states, composition of the Federal Council, supremacy of federal law, indirect federal government were the most important issues of constitutional debates. Principle of equity and equality between the federation and the states was the key to overcoming most disagreements. Austria’s Federal Constitutional Law was passed on October 1, 1920. Despite the fact that the states did not participate in debates of the Constitutional National Assembly, they sent their representatives to the Federal Council in November 1920. However, the western Länder expressed their objections to the procedure for the adoption of the federal constitution. Efforts of the main social forces, their willingness to compromise resulted into a unique constitutional draft of the First Republic. The 1920 Constitution was a compromise solution between a centralized unitary state and a federation.

Werbalizacja konceptu „władza” we współczesnym rosyjskim dyskursie politycznym

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of “power” characteristic for Russian political discourse, verbalized in electoral programs of the largest political parties and inaugural speeches of Russian presidents. The realization of this concept of “power” is served by various lexical units (neutral and related to emotional connotations). Various characteristics of the concept are updated in the awareness of voters. The attention is drawn to the fact that terms causing negative connotations are very rare. The characteristic feature of the verbalization of the analyzed concept in inaugural speeches is the lack of emphasis on the president’s power, and only his duties.