Properties Of Particleboard Research Articles

Selected physical and mechanical properties of particleboards with variable shares of nettle Urtica dioica L. lignocellulosic particles

Selected physical and mechanical properties of particleboards with variable shares of nettle Urtica dioica L. lignocellulosic particles. The aim of the research was to confirm the possibility of using woody particles of either young or adult nettle Urtica dioica stems as alternative raw materials in the production of particleboards. As part of the work, particleboards made out of nettle Urtica dioica particles were produced in laboratory conditions and selected physical and mechanical properties of the obtained boards were tested. The results show, that it is possible to manufacture particleboards for the furniture industry using particles of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) meeting the requirements for P2 boards according to EN 312 as long as nettle particle mass content does not exceed 50%.

Properties of lightweight particleboard made with sunflower stalk particles in the core layer

In this study we assessed the efficacy of manufacturing lightweight particleboards using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) stalk particles. Three-layer lightweight particleboards with target densities of 350, 450 and 550 kg/m3 were produced with different proportions of wood-to-sunflower stalk particles (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75%, 0:100%) in the core layer. The outer layers consisted only of wood particles. The boards made entirely with wood particles in the outer and core layers were reference boards. Conventional urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to bond the particles. It was found that the replacement of wood particles in the core layer with sunflower stalk particles led to an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight UF-bonded particleboards. Three-layer boards with the optimum combination of 100% wood particles in the outer layers and 100% sunflower stalk particles in the core layer had slightly higher bending strength (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than boards made entirely from 100% wood particles, but much greater internal bonding strength (IB), lower water absorption (WA) and less thickness swelling (TS) at the same board density. The MOR, MOE and IB values for 550 kg/m3 boards containing 100% sunflower particles in the core layer were higher than the reference boards by 16.3%, 16.6% and 62.7%, respectively. The MOR, MOE and IB of lightweight particleboards with densities of 450 and 550 kg/m3 made with 100% sunflower particles in the core layer fully complied with the CEN/TS 16368 standard for both types of board, LP1 and LP2. Substitution of wood particles with sunflower stalk particles did not cause negative changes in the formaldehyde content of the boards.

Investigation of thermophysical properties of Turkey oak particleboard for sustainable building envelopes

The article investigates the thermophysical parameters of Turkey oak particleboard with different densities and their response to varying heat pulse power to cover possible thermally dependent disturbance effects during the measurement. Samples were measured by the Pulse Transient Method using a Cuboid Model to estimate all basic thermophysical parameters. The aim was to assess the properties of the two different particleboard of high and medium density and compare them with published data. We also calculated uncertainties based on sensitivity coefficients analysis for the cuboid model. This methodology helps to assess how the input error propagates into the resulting parameter estimate and helps to optimize the experiment. The quality of oak particleboard holds significant importance in building construction. Additionally, the analysis results assess the suitability of different materials for improving energy efficiency in building construction. Interestingly even slight density differences and thickness can significantly impact the effectiveness of building insulation properties of materials.

The Effect Of Grain Size To Physico Mechanic Properties Of Particle Board Based On Rice Husk and Liquid Rubber Compound

Particle board research produced from a number of grain size of Rice Husk and liquid rubber compound has been carried out. First particle board was produced by mixing rice husk with a number of grain size were 10-25 mesh; 25-50 mesh; 50-75 mesh and <75 mesh with liquid rubber compound as much as 45% to form a particle board with size of 5 x 10 x 7.5 cm in length, width and height and then dried. Then the particle board is pressed to get a thickness of 2.5 cm and then carried out the characterization of the MOR, MOE, screw pull resistance, water content and density. The results showed that the best rice husk particle size was obtained at 25-50 mesh grain size. At this grain size, the value of MOR, MOE, screw pull resistance, water content, and density of particle board were 9054,8 g/mm2; 15090 g/mm2; 69 g/mm2; 4,1% and 0,83 gr/cm3 respectively. The results of this study still do not meet the standards according to SNI 03-2105-2006

Enhancement Quality of Particleboard from Oil Palm Trunk and Mahogany Sawdust with Layering of Talang Bamboo (Schizostachyum brachycladumc)

Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) is a natural fiber used as an alternative material in wood-derived products such as particleboard. The OPT has low characteristics when using complete trunk, it is expected that its application would be a solution to reduce this plantation waste. In this investigation, the raw material of OPT particles was mixed with Mahogany, and Talang bamboo lamina to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard. This study aims to evaluate the addition of particleboard with various layerings of Talang Bamboo. The particleboard has three layers, with Talang bamboo (bamboo outer and inner part) on the face and back layers. There are six types of particleboard made: control, bamboo inner layering, bamboo outer layering, two bamboo inner layerings, two bamboo outer layerings, and a mixture of inner and outer bamboo layerings. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were testing according to JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The results of the physical properties showed that the density was 0.56-0.70 g/cm3, moisture content was 3.03-4.22%, water absorption was 52.01-87.15%, and thickness swelling was 11.62-24.68%. The mechanical properties showed MOE values was 9975.76-84246.63 kg/cm2, MOR was 81.64-670.77 kg/cm2, and IB was 0.91-3.38 kg/cm2. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard met the JIS A 5908-2003 standard. According to this investigation's findings, Layering with the outer part of the Talang bamboo on the face and back of the particleboard is the best

Valorisation of olive tree prunings for the production of particleboards. Evaluation of the particleboard properties at different substitution levels

Olive prunings are, in the majority of cases, treated as agricultural residues and burned in open fires or mulched into soil. However, they can be exploited in various ways and offer added value. Apart from their exploitation for energy purposes, they can be potentially used for the production of other bio-commodities such as particleboards, used in the construction and furniture sector. In this light, the current study investigates the potential of producing particleboards from olive tree prunings by replacing common wood. Harvested olive tree prunings, thin branches along with leaves, were used for the production of particleboards by gradually replacing commercial wood at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% rate. Based on the results achieved, a maximum substitution level of 40% of the conventional wood with pruning material can be applied. The mechanical properties of the panels were reduced by increasing the substitution level. This may be attributed to the higher amount of bark compared to the conventional wood chips, and the presence of leaves. On the other hand, particleboard properties such as the formaldehyde emissions of the boards (along with the thickness swelling) are reduced by increasing the substitution level, which makes the panels safer in terms of indoor pollution and human health and more consumer friendly, and attractive for the market.

Effectiveness of Nanocatalyst in the Improvement of Sorghum Bagasse Particleboard Bonded with Bio-Adhesive

Modification in the manufacturing process of bio-adhesive need to be carried out to improve the properties of sorghum bagasse particleboard, such as adding nanocatalyst into the bio-based adhesive. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of nanocatalyst in enhancing the properties of sorghum bagasse particleboard. Each nanocatalyst, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO), has been added to the citric acid and molasses-based adhesives. The target density of the particleboard was 0.8 g/cm3, with a board size of 350 mm × 350 mm × 6 mm. The particleboard was pressed using a hot-pressing machine at a temperature of 200°C and 10 MPa of pressure for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated, referring to JIS A 5908:2022 standard. The result showed that adding GO into the citric acid-based adhesive obtained a higher modulus of rupture (MOR) and lower thickness swelling (TS) than the others. Consequently, adding GO is more effective than adding ZnO into the bio-based adhesive in enhancing the properties of the particleboard. Keywords: bagasse sorghum, citric acid, molasses, Nanocatalyst GO, Nanocatalyst ZnO

Analysis and Impact of Activated Carbon Incorporation into Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive on the Properties of Particleboard

Nowadays, the particleboard industry cannot meet the market’s demand. Therefore, filler materials have started to be used both to conserve raw materials and to enable the use of wood-based boards in different areas. This study investigates the effects of incorporating different ratios of activated carbon (0%, 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5%) on the properties of particleboards. The physical properties were examined, including density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption. The results reveal that the density increased with increasing activated carbon content while the moisture content decreased, indicating improved dimensional stability and water resistance. Additionally, the color properties were influenced by activated carbon, leading to a darker appearance with decreased lightness and yellow-blue components. The mechanical properties, such as internal bond strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity, showed significant enhancements with the addition of activated carbon, indicating improved bonding and increased strength. Moreover, the thermal conductivity decreased with increasing activated carbon content and improved insulation performance. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of activated carbon within the particleboard matrix, without agglomeration, positively impacting the mechanical performance. According to the thermogravimetric analysis results, the addition of activated carbon led to a decrease of up to 6.15% in mass loss compared to the control group. The incorporation of activated carbon at a ratio of 4.5% in particleboards confers notable enhancement to their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. These findings contribute to understanding the potential benefits and considerations of using activated carbon as an additive in particleboard production.

The effect of varnish type, glue amount, and density on the surface properties of low density particleboards produced from waste wood bark

Particleboards, which are widely used in various fields, are commonly coated with solid and liquid surface coating materials to achieve better physical, mechanical, and aesthetic results. This study produced low-density particleboards from waste wood bark using different adhesive mixtures and densities. These particleboards were then coated with three types of varnish: water-based (Aq), polyurethane-based (Pu), and oil/wax-based (Ow). The color, gloss, and surface roughness values of the coated boards were determined to investigate the effect of varnish type, total adhesive usage, and density on these properties. In the board groups produced with the same glue ratio and density, the roughness values obtained with Ow varnish application were mostly higher compared to Aq and Pu. In the Ow varnish type, the roughness (Rmax) decreased linearly with increasing total adhesive amount in particleboards produced at low density (320 kg/m3). The highest color change (ΔE*) values for all variations were obtained in the Ow varnish type, while the highest gloss values were achieved at 85° and in the B2 (4%-420 kg/m3) board group. It was concluded that higher density should be preferred for smoother and glossier surfaces, which are important in terms of surface properties and aesthetics. Overall, these findings highlight the preference for higher density to achieve smoother and glossier surfaces in areas where surface properties and aesthetics are significant.

Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk-based Particle Board

This study was conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Manufacture of particleboard utilizes raw materials of rice husk with epoxy resin. The composition variations of rice husk : Epoxy are, 82:18, 77:23, 72:28. The rice husk was soaked in 5% NaOH solution for 1.5 hours, then smoothed and filtered with a size of 20 mesh. After preparation, the rice husk and epoxy were mixed with their respective compositions. Then the hot forging process was carried out with a pressure of 25 kg/cm2 at a temperature of 140° C for 8 minutes. The results of density test was found from 0.703 - 0.712 g/cm3, the water absorption value from 7.12 % - 8.75% and the thickness expansion value from 11.5% - 19.4%. The compressive strength (MOR) values range from 56.105 -82.63 kgf/cm3 and the flexural strength (MOE) values range from 8695 kg/cm2 - 10470.49 kg/cm2.

Effect of Lignin or Lignosulfonate Addition on the Fire Resistance of Areca (Areca catechu) Particleboards Bonded with Ultra-Low-Emitting Urea-Formaldehyde Resin

As a way to accommodate the rising demand for “green” wood-based products, agricultural waste from Areca (Areca catechu) nut farms, which is generally burned on-site, can be used to raise the value of alternative lignocellulosic raw materials. This research aimed to investigate and evaluate the effect of technical lignin (kraft lignin or lignosulfonate) addition on particleboard properties from areca bonded with ultra-low-emitting urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The physical properties, mechanical properties, and fire resistance of the laboratory-made particleboards were tested and evaluated in accordance with the applicable Japanese industrial standards (JIS). The highest density of 0.84 g/cm3 was determined for the laboratory boards, bonded with an adhesive mixture of UF resin and kraft lignin with three washing treatments. The lowest moisture content of 9.06%, thickness swelling of 71.16%, and water absorption of 129.17% were determined for the boards bonded with lignosulfonate with three washing treatments, with commercial lignin, and with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments, respectively. The highest MOR and MOE values, i.e., 113.49 kg/cm2 and 10,663 kg/cm2, respectively, were obtained for the particleboards bonded with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments. Interestingly, all laboratory boards exhibited good fire resistance following the UL-94 standard. Based on the gas torch test, the lowest weight loss of 16.7% was determined in the boards fabricated with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments. This study demonstrated that adding lignin-based fire retardants represents a viable approach to producing lignocellulosic composites with enhanced fire resistance and a lower carbon footprint.

Mechanical properties of structural particleboard and termite and decay resistance

The mechanical properties and termite and decay resistance performance of wood-based panel used in wooden houses were evaluated. The physical and mechanical properties, along with the resistance levels, of commonly used wood-based panels, including oriented strand board, structural particleboard, and particleboard for use in interior, were compared. The structural particleboard complied with the physical, mechanical, and formaldehyde emission standards of the International Organization for Standardization and Japanese Industrial Standard, surpassing the requirements for oriented strand board. The structural particleboard exhibited excellent water resistance and a consistent performance. Decay tests classified the particleboard and structural particleboard as “Resistant,” with mass losses of 7.82 to 12.72% (white rot) and 14.69 to 16.55% (brown rot). Pine (Pinus densiflora) and oriented strand board exhibited no decay resistance, with mass losses exceeding 45%. The particleboard and structural particleboard demonstrated superior termite resistance, resulting in 100% termite mortality in three days without chemical treatment. The structural particleboard exhibited excellent water, decay, and termite resistance, which can be an advantage in wooden-house construction in terms of maintenance.

A Study of the Properties of UV-Aged and Low Formaldehyde Emissions Particleboards Manufactured with Bio-Based Wood Protein Adhesives

The environmental crisis and the safeguarding of the population's health has led to research into different ways of mitigating harmful gases. Among the emissions that the wood industry has sought to reduce are those of formaldehyde, which is why new green adhesive methods for wood panels have been investigated in recent years. In this research, particleboard with two bio-based wood adhesive (PB-bbwa) formulations. The first PB-bbwa formulation, based on proteins obtained from compounds from the alcoholic beverage industry, and the second PB-bbwa formulation, based on proteins from a mixture of compounds from the alcoholic beverage and food industries, were manufactured and tested to evaluate the physical–mechanical, thermal and formaldehyde emission properties of untreated and UV-treated formulations at a laboratory scale. The results of the physical properties obtained in the PB-bbwa were similar or even better than those of the control PB. Additionally, PB-bbwas improve on the control PB sample’s Janka hardness by least 28%, and a decrease in thermal conductivity in the edgewise position and formaldehyde emissions by 12% and 88%, respectively, in comparison to the control PB. The tests performed evidenced that PB-bbwas showed comparable performance against the control PB made with urea-formaldehyde and satisfied international standard requirements.

Utilization of lychee pruning timber as alternative raw materials for manufacturing tubular particleboard

Lychee pruning timber can annually provide approximately 7.8-million-ton lignocellulose resources for particleboard manufacturing in China instead of discharging or burning, which cause various forms of environmental pollution. Herein, tubular particleboards are manufactured using lychee wood particles and epoxy resin tubes. Chemical composition analysis shows that lychee wood is abundant in cellulose and lignin, and TG and FTIR characterize the degradation of lignin at high temperatures, facilitating close bonding between shavings and enhancing the mechanical properties of tubular particleboards. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to comprehensively evaluate the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of particleboard with different hot-pressing temperatures, hot-pressing pressures, and board thicknesses. The 20 mm tubular particleboard manufactured at 210 °C and 3.5 MPa exhibited a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 16.71 MPa, modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 1810.25 MPa, and internal bonding strength (IB) of 0.5 MPa, qualifying the EN standard for P2-type particleboard, which can be used in construction and furniture manufacturing.

Properties of Particle Boards Containing Polymer Waste

Nowadays, a significant increase in interest in renewable energy sources can be observed. Wind farms have been one of the solutions representing this trend for many years. One of the important elements of windmills is the blades. The data indicate that what to do with the blades after their use is a global problem, and so it is important to find a way to recycle them. Hence, this work aimed to use these blades in the production of wood-based materials. Two fractions of a fragmented blade were used for the tests: a small one and large one. Boards characterized by densities of 650 kg/m3 and 700 kg/m3 were produced, in which the assumed substitution of the wood material with a polymer was 20% or 40%. Mechanical properties such as bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bond strength (IB) were investigated. The 2S65 variant achieved the highest static bending strength and a modulus of elasticity of 2625 N/mm2. The second best result was noted for the 4S65 variant, which was significantly different from the 2S65 variant. In the case of the variants with a density of 700 kg/m3, no significant differences were found and their results were significantly lower. Moreover, research on thickness swelling (TS) after 24 h of immersion and water absorption (WA) were also conducted. The obtained results indicate that the manufactured boards are characterized by good physical and mechanical properties.

POSSIBILITY OF USING CRUDE AND EXPANDED VERMICULITE IN CEMENT-BONDED PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCTION

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using vermiculite on the thermal, physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboards. For this purpose, single-layer cementitious particle boards with a final density of 1200 kg/m3 and a size of 550 x 550 x 10 mm were produced using 2 type vermiculites (crude and expanded) at three different ratios (5%, 10% and 15%). The produced boards were examined in terms of thermal (TGA/DTG), physical (moisture content, density, water absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength and screw withdrawal resistance) properties. According to the TGA results, using both types of vermiculite caused an increase in cement hydration products in the boards and increased the thermal resistance. While the use of vermiculite did not significant effect on the density and moisture content of the boards, it increased the dimensional stability of the boards. The values of modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity increased when the low amount of vermiculite was added. However, with the use of vermiculite in the boards, there was a decrease in the internal bond strength and screw withdrawal resistance values in general. All boards produced using vermiculite met the values specified in EN standards.

Potential Use of Olive Stone Residues in Particleboard Production

In this study, the effect of using olive stone residues (OSR) on some properties of particleboard was investigated. For this purpose, particle boards were manufactured from particles of white poplar (Populus Alba L.), which were partially substituted with OSR particles in amounts of 10 %, 20 % and 30 %. In addition, boards containing 30 % OSR, which had previously been chemically modified with NaOH solution, were produced. Phenol formaldehyde adhesive was used in the production of the boards. Chemical properties of wood and OSR particles (pH, alcohol benzene solubility, amount of ash), physico-mechanical properties (density, moisture content thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond strength) and formaldehyde emission values of boards were determined. Water absorption and thickness swelling values were generally decreased with the increase in the use of OSR. When the effect of OSR usage on bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and perpendicular tensile strength values were examined, a decrease in the values was observed except for the 10 % OSR usage ratio. As a result of the application of alkali pretreatment, an increase in thickness swelling values was observed, while the values of mechanical properties increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results showed more spaces between particles with an increasing OSR usage ratio. Formaldehyde emission values decreased with the increasing amount of OSR. Formaldehyde emission values increased slightly with the application of alkaline pretreatment. Based on the findings of this study, we can conclude that OSR can be used at particularly low ratio in particleboard production.

Annual Plants and Thermoplastics in the Production of Polymer and Lignocellulose Boards.

This study investigated the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of three-layer particleboards produced from annual plant straws and three polymers: polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polylactic acid (PLA). The rape straw (Brassica napus L. var. Napus) was used as an internal layer, while rye (Secale L.) or triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) was applied as an external layer in the obtained particleboards. The boards were tested for their density, thickness swelling, static bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and thermal degradation characteristics. Moreover, the changes in the structure of composites were determined by infrared spectroscopy. Among the straw-based boards with the addition of tested polymers, satisfactory properties were obtained mainly using HDPE. In turn, the straw-based composites with PP were characterized by moderate properties, while PLA-containing boards did not show clearly favorable properties either in terms of the mechanical or physical features. The properties of straw-polymer boards produced based on triticale straw were slightly better than those of the rye-based boards, probably due to the geometry of the strands, which was more favorable for triticale straw. The obtained results indicated that annual plant fibers, mainly triticale, can be used as wood substitutes for the production of biocomposites. Moreover, the addition of polymers allows for the use of the obtained boards in conditions of increased humidity.

The technological properties of particleboards manufactured with nano additive melamine-formaldehyde adhesive

In the present study, the effect of nano additives in different ratios added to melamine formaldehyde adhesives on the properties of particleboards was investigated. In this respect, two different nanoclays [organo-modified nanoclays (OMC) and unmodified nanoclays (NC)] and graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) were added to the adhesive at the rate of 1%, 2% and 4%. Along with the physical (thickness swelling and water absorption), mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond strength), accelerated weathering and fire resistance tests (Limiting oxygen index-LOI) of the board were carried out. According to the results, while there was no significant change in the water absorption values with the use of nano additives, a decrease occurred in the thickness swelling values with the use of GNP. The mechanical properties increased with the use of nano additives. The highest values were obtained from the board groups using 1% GNP. The loss of mechanical resistance values after the accelerated weathering test was reduced with the use of 1% nanoclay and up to 2% GNP. According to LOI test results, the use of 1% and 2% nano additives increased the fire resistance of the boards., The agglomerations were determined in places with the increase in the nano additive ratio in the SEM images.

Preparation and characterization of wood plastic composite produced from waste polystyrene with organic filler

In this study, polystyrene (PS) polymer composites were prepared and characterized by mechanically and physically. It was aimed to produce a cheap, lightweight, and eco-friendly wood plastic composite (WPC). Waste PS was melted in a cap by gasoline, and 200 % wheat flour (PS(W)), wheat starch (PS(S)), and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) sawdust (PS(D)) were added into the melted PS. After the mixture was well mixed in a dough-like form, it was placed into wooden molds and molds were kept in the oven at 140 °C for 30 minutes and then taken out, and kept for 20 minutes at 4 °C. After the cooling process, the composites were removed from the molds and were cut to 18 mm x 15 mm x 40 mm dimensions using a diagonal saw. Mechanical characterizations were carried out by Internal bonding (IB), Screw holding resistance for edge (SRE) and surface (SRS), Pressure (PR). Physically characterizations were carried out by Density (DN), Water absorption (WA), Thickness swelling (TS). Results show that PS(D) has the highest mechanical properties despite its lowest density. PS(W) sample has better mechanical properties than PS(S) sample. It has been determined that the wood composite obtained by the combination of MDF waste dust with melted waste PS is close to the mechanical and physical properties of particleboard. Waste PS can be blended with wood dust and used on wood composite.