Wave-particle Research Articles

Interdependency in lateralization of written word and face processing in right-handed individuals

It has been suggested that the right hemisphere lateralization typically observed for face processing may depend on lateralization of written word processing to the left hemisphere; a pattern referred to as the causal complementary principle of lateralization. According to a strong version of this principle, a correlation should be found between the degree of left and right hemisphere lateralization for word and face processing respectively. This has been observed in two studies, but only for left-handed individuals. The present study tested whether a similar lateralization pattern could be found in a relatively large sample of right-handed individuals (N = 210) using behavioral measures (divided visual field paradigms). It was also tested whether the degree of right hemisphere lateralization for face and global shape processing would correlate positively, as predicted by a strong version of the input asymmetry principle of lateralization. This was tested in a subsample (n = 189). Bayesian analyses found no evidence for lateralization interdependency as the observed data were 4–17 times more likely under the null hypothesis. Unfortunately, the reliabilities of the lateralization measures were found to be poor. While this dampens the firmness of the conclusions that can be drawn, it is argued that at present there is no positive evidence for strong interdependency between written word and face processing in right-handed individuals.

A probabilistic view of wave-particle duality for single photons

One of the most puzzling consequences of interpreting quantum mechanics in terms of concepts borrowed from classical physics, is the so-called wave-particle duality. Usually, wave-particle duality is illustrated in terms of complementarity between path distinguishability and fringe visibility in interference experiments. In this work, we instead propose a new type of complementarity, that between the continuous nature of waves and the discrete character of particles. Using the probabilistic methods of quantum field theory, we show that the simultaneous measurement of the wave amplitude and the number of photons in the same beam of light is, under certain circumstances, prohibited by the laws of quantum mechanics. Our results suggest that the concept of “interferometric duality'' could be eventually replaced by the more general one of “continuous-discrete duality''.

Deeply subwavelength integrated excitonic van der Waals nanophotonics

The wave nature of light sets a fundamental diffraction limit that challenges confinement and control of light in nanoscale structures with dimensions significantly smaller than the wavelength. Here, we study light–matter interaction in van der Waals MoS2 nanophotonic devices. We show that light can be coupled and guided in structures with dimensions as small as ≃λ/16 (∼60nm at 1000 nm excitation wavelength), while offering unprecedented optical field confinement. This deep subwavelength optical field confinement is achieved by exploiting strong lightwave dispersion in MoS2. We further study the performance of a range of nanophotonic integrated devices via far- and near-field measurements. Our near-field measurements reveal detailed imaging of excitation, evolution, and guidance of fields in nanostructured MoS2, whereas our far-field study examines light excitation and coupling to highly confined integrated photonics. Nanophotonics at a fraction of a wavelength demonstrated here could dramatically reduce the size of integrated photonic devices and opto-electronic circuits with potential applications in optical information science and engineering.

Analysis of electromagnetic wave applications and development

With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the variety of technological products around our lives has also increased, and many of them use the characteristics of electromagnetic waves. In order to make people better understand the relevant characteristics of electromagnetic waves, this article will systematically introduce the basic theory, classification, application and related safety issues of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves not only have a wide range of applications in daily life, such as communications, remote sensing and other fields, but also play an important role in military and medical fields. Although electromagnetic waves bring many conveniences, there are also certain safety risks. Therefore,understanding the nature and application of electromagnetic waves to better protect our health and promote scientific and technological progress is important. In addition, for the limitations and shortcomings of electromagnetic wave applications, It is also crucial to explore potential development directions, in order to achieve comprehensive and efficient electromagnetic wave applications in the future.

The Design of an Efficient Low-Cost FPGA-based Unit for Generation Ultrasound Beamforming

One of the most critical steps in forming an ultrasound image is beamforming, which determines the nature and shape of the sound waves produced. It allows for generating either sound waves focused on a specific depth in the area to be explored (focused beam) or plane waves. The control of the piezoelectric elements forming the probe causes the difference between these modes. In this paper, we focus on generating the commands for the beamforming transmission for both focused and plane wave techniques. The produced signals of the command were applied to the transducers to achieve the desired sound beam. Eventually, we design and implement the algorithm using a low-cost AlTera DE10-lite development board. The results show that despite not optimizing the hardware, the board was able to generate the necessary signals efficiently with less than 4% as logic elements requirement and used memory of 0% in the most complex and demanding scenario. Given the speed of access they present, we replace the use of memory with registers.

Wave-particle duality in a quantum heat engine

Wave-particle duality in a quantum heat engine

Performance investigation of a wave-driven compressed air energy storage system

The intermittent nature of waves causes a mismatch between the energy supply and demand. Hence an energy storage system is essential in the utilization of wave energy. This paper proposes a novel wave-driven compressed air energy storage (W-CAES) system that combines a heaving buoy wave energy converter with compressed air energy storage. Wave drives the heaving buoy to convert the wave energy to mechanical work that pumps water into a water-air compression chamber to form a liquid piston compressor. Air is compressed in the chamber and the wave energy is stored in the air. A numerical model was first developed in ANSYS-AQWA and validated using experimental data. Then this model was applied to evaluate the hydrodynamic characteristics, power generation capacity and thermodynamic behaviour of the W-CAES system under different wave conditions. Furthermore, the impacts of geometric parameters of the wave energy converter and compression chamber on the system performance were investigated. Results indicated that energy storage power was improved as the hydraulic cylinder area and storage pressure increased. The energy storage efficiency and round-trip efficiency could reach 60.5 % and 47.1 %, respectively under the isothermal compression process. By comparing the proposed W-CAES system with the conventional wave energy converter prototype under the same conditions, it showed that the proposed system yielded an increase in power output by up to 30 % under Tasmania wave conditions under an isothermal compression. The overall system wave capture factor is more sensitive to wave height than wave frequency. The capture factor can be as high as 20 % under Tasmania wave conditions. This study provides a new method for efficient wave energy conversion and storage.

Ion Acoustic Solitary Wave Solutions to mKdV-ZK Model in Homogeneous Magnetized Plasma

In this exploration, we reflect on the wave transmission of three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear electron–positron magnetized plasma, counting both hot as well as cold ion. Treated equation acquiesces to nonlinear-modified KdV-Zakharov–Kuznetsov (mKdV-ZK) dynamical 3D form. The model is integrated by the φ 6 -model expansion scheme and invented few families of ion acoustic solitonic propagation results in term of Jacobi elliptic functions. Various shock waves, bullet like bright soliton, dark soliton, singular soliton, as well as periodic signal solutions, are formed from the Jacobi elliptic solution for different parametric constraints. Some of the solutions are illustrated graphically and analyzed width and height due to change of exist parameters in the solutions. Figures are provided to explain the wave natures and effects of nonlinear and fractional parameters are presented in the same two-dimensional (2D) plots.

NEAR FIELD BEAM FORMING IN TERAHERTZ WIDEBAND MASSIVE MIMO SYSTEMS USING CODEBOOK LEARNING

Terahertz (THz) communication technology holds immense potential for enabling ultra-high data rates in wireless communication networks. However, the highly directional nature of THz waves poses significant challenges for achieving precise beam focusing, especially in near-field scenarios. In this study, we propose a novel approach leveraging deep learning techniques for near-field beam focusing in Terahertz Wideband Massive Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. Our methodology's main novelty is the combination of codebook learning with deep neural networks. We use a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to learn complex spatial properties of THz channels and optimise beamforming weights. During the training phase, the codebook, which represents a discrete collection of beamforming vectors, is adaptively modified, allowing for dynamic response to changing channel circumstances. Extensive tests are being carried out to confirm the efficacy of our strategy, employing cutting-edge THz transceivers and MIMO technology. The proposed deep learning model is trained and evaluated using real-world channel data. Comparative comparisons with traditional beamforming approaches demonstrate our methodology's better performance, revealing significant advances in spectral efficiency and signal quality. This paper highlights the transformational influence of codebook learning linked with deep neural networks in boosting the performance of near-field beam focusing in Terahertz Wideband Massive MIMO systems. It not only provides a major achievement in the field of THz communications. Key Words: THz Communication, deep neural networks, MIMO, beamforming, deep learning.

Quantum beat laser as a source of nonclassical wave–particle complementarity

Quantum beat laser as a source of nonclassical wave–particle complementarity

The Wave Growth, Saturation, and Electron Heating of Lower Hybrid Waves in the Magnetic Reconnection Exhaust

Lower hybrid waves are commonly observed in magnetic reconnection. Based on in situ measurements and the application of an extended quasi-linear model, we investigate the occurrence, saturation, and electron heating of lower hybrid waves in the region of magnetopause reconnection outflows. Lower hybrid waves are statistically favored when the density gradient length scale (L n ) normalized by the ion gyroradius (ρ i ) is small. The occurrence of lower hybrid waves is significantly higher in the regime of L n /ρ i < 1 and plasma beta β < 1. These features of wave occurrence are consistent with the linear theory of the wave growth rate. Evidence indicates that the saturation level and the parallel electron heating of waves both increase as the normalized gradient scale L n /ρ i decreases. The parallel electron temperature increases ∼30%–70% as L n /ρ i < 1. We show that the observation of saturation and electron heating is consistent with an extended quasi-linear model. In this scenario, lower hybrid waves are driven by density gradients and then quickly saturate in tens of ion gyroperiods. The parallel electron heating from lower hybrid waves is achieved through Landau damping before the nonlinear saturation. Our results provide comprehensive evidence for an end-to-end process of electron heating through lower hybrid waves in reconnection exhausts. L n /ρ i is the key parameter that determines the extent of the wave growth, saturation energy, and electron heating in this wave–particle interaction process.

Fabrication and applications of a novel and multi-feature spectroscope

A spectroscope is an optical device that can stimulate student’s interest in the visible light’s constituent colors. This educational tool is conventionally used to qualitatively observe the emission spectra of various light sources, which can serve as a springboard to understanding the fundamentals of spectroscopy, the wave nature of light, and the orbital theory of atoms and molecules. This research builds on the functionality and accessibility of a simple spectroscope through the utilization of low-cost readily available materials, and more importantly, improvisation via the inclusion of a magnetic sheet mounted on the entrance slit cover. The magnetic sheet was employed to vary the slit width, to add absorption filters, and to mount a cuvette containing liquid samples. Furthermore, this sheet allowed the simultaneous observation of the emission spectrum of a light source and the transmission or absorption spectrum of the samples. The breadth of data from a variety of activities involving spectra was also made possible by a mobile phone camera as a recording device. In this study, the novel features strengthen the interconnectedness of various concepts in introductory spectroscopy. This elucidates the experimental and theoretical base of STEM Education in domains such as optics and photonics, and molecular spectroscopy.

Hybrid Spin and Anomalous Spin-Momentum Locking in Surface Elastic Waves.

Transverse spin of surface waves is a universal phenomenon which has recently attracted significant attention in optics and acoustics. It appears in gravity water waves, surface plasmon polaritons, surface acoustic waves, and exhibits remarkable intrinsic spin-momentum locking, which has found useful applications for efficient spin-direction couplers. Here we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that the transverse spin of surface elastic (Rayleigh) waves has an anomalous sign near the surface, opposite to that in the case of electromagnetic, sound, or water surface waves. This anomalous sign appears due to the hybrid (neither transverse nor longitudinal) nature of elastic surface waves. Furthermore, we show that this sign anomaly can be employed for the selective spin-controlled excitation of symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb modes propagating in opposite directions in an elastic plate. Our results pave the way for spin-controlled manipulation of elastic waves and can be important for a variety of areas, from phononic spin-based devices to seismic waves.

Wave-Particle Duality via Quantum Fisher Information

Quantum Fisher information (QFI) plays an important role in quantum metrology, placing the ultimate limit to how precise we can estimate some unknown parameter and thus quantifying how much information we can extract. We observe that both the wave and particle properties within a Mach–Zehnder interferometer can naturally be quantified by QFI. Firstly, the particle property can be quantified by how well one can estimate the a priori probability of the path taken by the particle within the interferometer. Secondly, as the interference pattern is always related to some phase difference, the wave property can be quantified by how well one can estimate the phase parameter of the original state. With QFI as the unified figure of merit for both properties, we propose a more general and stronger wave-particle duality relation than the original one derived by Englert.

Application of Virtual Reality in Learning Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a physical theory that describes the behavior of microscopic matter. According to quantum theory, a microscopic particle may be described as either a particle or a wave, called wave–particle duality. Many students in high school or college (BC level) find it difficult to imagine that microscopic particles have both particle and wave properties. This is mainly caused by the scale of the world they see since quantum mechanics deals with things that are too small, while the wave and particle phenomena at the microscopic scale are difficult to understand, measure, or verify in the real world. In this study, virtual reality technology was used to develop teaching modules on quantum mechanics, allowing learners to see the particles and wave phenomena of electrons and photons in the microscopic world through interactive operation in virtual experiments. A teaching experiment was conducted by recruiting 60 high school students as research subjects. The control group (30 students) used physics textbooks, and the experimental group (30 students) used the virtual teaching modules for learning quantum mechanics. The analysis results show that the experimental group’s learning effectiveness is higher than the control group. The questionnaire results show that students were satisfied with the learning experience using virtual teaching modules with high learning motivation and low cognitive load because virtual reality can visualize the abstract concepts of wave–particle duality and help them understand quantum mechanics.

Stochastic particle transport by deep-water irregular breaking waves

Correct prediction of particle transport by surface waves is crucial in many practical applications such as search and rescue or salvage operations and pollution tracking and clean-up efforts. Recent results by Deike et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 829, 2017, pp. 364–391) and Pizzo et al. (J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 49, no. 4, 2019, pp. 983–992) have indicated transport by deep-water breaking waves is enhanced compared with non-breaking waves. To model particle transport in irregular waves, some of which break, we develop a stochastic differential equation describing both mean particle transport and its uncertainty. The equation combines a Brownian motion, which captures non-breaking drift-diffusion effects, and a compound Poisson process, which captures jumps in particle positions due to breaking. From the corresponding Fokker–Planck equation for the evolution of the probability density function for particle position, we obtain closed-form expressions for its first three moments. We corroborate these predictions with new experiments, in which we track large numbers of particles in irregular breaking waves. For breaking and non-breaking wave fields, our experiments confirm that the variance of the particle position grows linearly with time, in accordance with Taylor's single-particle dispersion theory. For wave fields that include breaking, the compound Poisson process increases the linear growth rate of the mean and variance and introduces a finite skewness of the particle position distribution.

Effect of Soil-Structure interaction on energy dissipation and shock absorption of swing column control devizce

The role of the bridge piers is mainly to bear the load of the superstructure and transfer the load to the foundation. Excessive lateral displacement of the bridge piers under earthquake action can lead to the overall destruction of the bridge structure. In this paper, an improved Swing Column Control Device (SCCD), which is mainly composed of a swing column and Tuned Viscous Mass Damper (TVMD), is proposed to improve the lateral movement stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the bridge piers and protect the bridge structures from damage under external loads (seismic waves and wind loads). The impact of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) on the energy dissipation and shock absorption of the SCCD is not negligible due to the large mass of inertia coming from TVMD. To verify the correctness and effectiveness of this control strategy, based on the theory of elastic half-space and swing-rotation model, the motion equation of the bridge piers with SCCD was established and solved by programming. The case study provided in this paper shows that the bridge pier with SCCD installed on a rigid foundation has a significant absorbing vibration under unidirectional seismic wave. The displacement reduction rate of SCCD for bridge piers built on flexible foundations (category Ⅱ sites) ranges 10% to 16%, even with partial enlargement of displacements on other types of sites. The effects of SSI have weakened the absorbing vibration effect of bridge pier with SCCD constructed on flexible foundations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider SSI when using SCCD to strengthen the bridge piers. Another interesting finding in this paper is that flexible foundations also reduce the displacement response of the superstructure, but the acceleration response of the superstructure is affected by the nature of the seismic waves demonstrating the reverse absorbing vibration.

Characteristics of freak wave and its interaction with marine structures: A review

The freak wave, alternatively referred to as the monster wave or rogue wave, represents one of the most dangerous waves in the domain of ocean engineering. This kind of wave is uniquely characterized by its unpredictable occurrence and much higher wave height than that of surrounding sea states. Given the significant threats posed by freak waves, coupled with the growing prevalence of oceanic constructions, it becomes imperative to advance the knowledge on the intrinsic nature of such waves, as well as the structural loading mechanisms they introduce. In the current report, various aspects of freak waves, including their physical causes, statistical analyses, interaction with structures, and early prediction methodologies are systematically reviewed. A particular focus is given to the perspectives within the realm of ocean engineering. It is hoped that through this review, relevant engineers and scholars can benefit from a comprehensive understanding of freak waves and their impact on marine structures in their pursuit to enhance the resilience and safety of these structures against freak wave conditions.

Quantum Transport in Large-Scale Patterned Nitrogen-Doped Graphene.

It has recently been demonstrated how the nitrogen dopant concentration in graphene can be controlled spatially on the nano-meter scale using a molecular mask. This technique may be used to create ballistic electron optics-like structures of high/low doping regions; for example, to focus electron beams, harnessing the quantum wave nature of the electronic propagation. Here, we employ large-scale Greens function transport calculations based on a tight-binding approach. We first benchmark different tight-binding models of nitrogen in graphene with parameters based on density functional theory (DFT) and the virtual crystal approximation (VCA). Then, we study theoretically how the random distribution within the masked regions and the discreteness of the nitrogen scattering centers impact the transport behavior of sharp n-p and n-n' interfaces formed by different, realistic nitrogen concentrations. We investigate how constrictions for the current can be realized by patterned high/low doping regions with experimentally feasible nitrogen concentrations. The constrictions can guide the electronic current, while the quantized conductance is significantly washed out due to the nitrogen scattering. The implications for device design is that a p-n junction with nitrogen corrugation should still be viable for current focusing. Furthermore, a guiding channel with less nitrogen in the conducting canal preserves more features of quantized conductance and, therefore, its low-noise regime.

A construction method of the wave–particle entanglement state of the particle system

Entanglement of the wave–particle duality of particles has attracted enormous attention as one of fundamental feature of quantum mechanics. Herein, we systematically studied the wave–particle entanglement of the particle system composed of N particles. The results indicate that the particle system has the wave–particle entanglement after the interaction, when the wave function of any one of the system can be obtained by using same basis vectors before the interaction. Moreover, a construction method of the wave–particle entanglement state is found for the particle system. Finally, the photons can show the wave–particle entanglement in the previous experimental work, which was further confirmed by the construction method. The results provide a new understanding for the entanglement of the wave–particle duality.