Particle Sensor Research Articles

Rapid and specific detection of intact viral particles using functionalized microslit silicon membranes as a fouling-based sensor.

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the public health benefits of reliable and accessible point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests for viral infections. Despite the rapid development of gold-standard reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for SARS-CoV-2 only weeks into the pandemic, global demand created logistical challenges that delayed access to testing for months and helped fuel the spread of COVID-19. Additionally, the extreme sensitivity of RT-PCR had a costly downside as the tests could not differentiate between patients with active infection and those who were no longer infectious but still shedding viral genomes. To address these issues for the future, we propose a novel membrane-based sensor that only detects intact virions. The sensor combines affinity and size based detection on a membrane-based sensor and does not require external power to operate or read. Specifically, the presence of intact virions, but not viral debris, fouls the membrane and triggers a macroscopically visible hydraulic switch after injection of a 40 μL sample with a pipette. The device, which we call the μSiM-DX (microfluidic device featuring a silicon membrane for diagnostics), features a biotin-coated microslit membrane with pores ∼2-3× larger than the intact virus. Streptavidin-conjugated antibody recognizing viral surface proteins are incubated with the sample for ∼1 hour prior to injection into the device, and positive/negative results are obtained within ten seconds of sample injection. Proof-of-principle tests have been performed using preparations of vaccinia virus. After optimizing slit pore sizes and porous membrane area, the fouling-based sensor exhibits 100% specificity and 97% sensitivity for vaccinia virus (n = 62). Moreover, the dynamic range of the sensor extends at least from 105.9 virions per mL to 1010.4 virions per mL covering the range of mean viral loads in symptomatic COVID-19 patients (105.6-107 RNA copies per mL). Forthcoming work will test the ability of our sensor to perform similarly in biological fluids and with SARS-CoV-2, to fully test the potential of a membrane fouling-based sensor to serve as a PCR-free alternative for POC containment efforts in the spread of infectious disease.

A Double Lock-in Amplifier Circuit for Complex Domain Signal Detection of Particles in Oil

The detection of metal particles in oil is of great significance to the fault diagnosis of mechanical equipment. Real domain detection methods cannot simultaneously identify the sizes and materials of particles. Because a metal particle in an alternating magnetic field induces a complex domain signal whose strength relates to the particle properties, this paper introduces a double lock-in amplifier circuit (DLAC) into a triple-coil inductive particle sensor to detect the complex domain signal under noise interference conditions. Furthermore, various sizes of red copper, brass, aluminum, iron, and type 403 steel particles are chosen as the experimental materials. For the first time, the complex domain signals induced by the five kinds of particles are detected. Hence, in the complex plane, a method is proposed to identify the size and material of a particle based on the amplitude and phase of these signals. With the high sensitivity and strong antinoise ability of the DLAC, this system can detect 25 μm iron particles and 70 μm copper particles. This study presents a new strategy for the online detection of particles in oil.

High Sensitivity Coreless Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Au Nano Biconical Particles

A coupling enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on coreless fiber is proposed. Compared with the common fiber, the coreless fiber is easier to perceive the changes of the external medium environment. As one-dimensional material with superior performance, the Au nano biconical particles are used to improve the sensor performance. Based on the finite element method (FEM), the electric field enhancement effect of the coupling between the SPR of the gold film and the Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the Au nano biconical particles on the surface of the coreless fiber is analyzed, and the experimental results show that the Au nano biconical particles can improve the sensitivity. The sensitivity of the improved Au nano biconical particle sensor is 3514 nm/RIU, which is 64% higher than that of the traditional gold film SPR sensor, and the quality factor is increased by 24%. The new sensor based on Au nano biconical particles and gold film has a good application prospect in biosensor and chemical measurement.

Thermally Modulated CMOS-Compatible Particle Sensor for Air Quality Monitoring

Combating the health effects of particulate matter (PM) pollution requires affordable and reliable real-time air quality monitoring. The potential for large-scale manufacturing of acoustic-wave-based sensors makes them an interesting option for low-cost, low-power particle sensing applications. This article demonstrates a solidly mounted resonator (SMR) PM sensor with improved sensitivity through thermal modulation of the device. A novel, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible SMR with an integrated microheater was designed, manufactured, and tested. In simulations, it was found that particle deposition increases both the heat loss and the thermal time constant of SMR. The effect of this on the resonant frequency shift of the device caused by particle deposition is investigated closely in this work. The sensitivity of the devices to particle deposition was tested experimentally with and without temperature modulation by placing the device in a test chamber and allowing the randomized settling of aerosolized particles on its surface. The unmodulated sensor demonstrated a particle mass sensitivity of ~40 Hz/ng while the mass sensitivity of the temperature-modulated device was shown to improve by a factor of nearly <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to 190 Hz/ng. Temperature modulation also improved the detection limit from 100 to 50 ng. Further experiments were conducted by adding an impactor mechanism to have a more controlled measurement setup. To this effect, a thermophoretic particle deposition mechanism was added to the device to enhance its performance. It was demonstrated that the repeatability of measurements was significantly improved, making the device a promising low-cost technology for air quality monitoring.

A Ferromagnetic Particle Sensor Based on a Honeycomb Permanent Magnet for High Precision and High Throughput

A multi-channel passive ferromagnetic particle inductive sensor is proposed, which is mainly composed of a honeycomb permanent magnet and a set of coils. The honeycomb magnet generates the same high gradient static magnetic field in each channel (a total of 7 channels, 6 surrounding and 1 center), which helps improve the sensor’s throughput while maintain high precision. An induced voltage model that includes most of the structural design parameters is proposed, which provides theoretical support for sensor optimization. The correctness of this model is verified by finite element simulation and experiments. The experimental results show that the detection performance of each channel is almost the same, which is expected to be further improved by setting a reference channel. Moreover, the sensor can detect 70 μm iron particles in a single channel of diameter 4 mm. The proposed sensor can reduce the influence of magnetic field radial uniformity on the induced signals, improve the detection precision, and achieve high throughput (about a 14-fold increase in throughput compared to our previous work). Its high precision and high throughput favor lots of lube oil detection.

Single-phagosome imaging reveals that homotypic fusion impairs phagosome degradative function

Immune cells degrade internalized pathogens in vesicle compartments called phagosomes. Many intracellular bacteria induce homotypic phagosome fusion to survive in host cells, but the fusion interaction between phagosomes and its consequence for phagosome function have scarcely been studied. Here, we characterize homotypic fusion between phagosomes in macrophages and identify how such interactions impact the degradative capacity of phagosomes. By developing a series of particle sensors for measuring biochemical changes of single phagosomes, we show that phagosomes undergo stable fusion, transient “kiss-and-run” fusion, or both in succession. Super-resolution three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy revealed that stably fused phagosomes are connected by membrane “necks” with submicron–sized fusion pores. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, after stable fusion, phagosomes have leaky membranes and thereby impaired degradative functions. Our findings, based on phagosomes that contain synthetic particles, illustrate that homotypic fusion is not exclusive to phagosomes that encapsulate pathogens, as previously believed. The physical process of homotypic fusion is alone sufficient to perturb the degradative functions of phagosomes.

Needle-free jet injection-induced small-droplet aerosol formation during intralesional bleomycin therapy.

ObjectivesNeedle‐free jet injectors are frequently used in dermatological practice. Injection‐generated small‐droplet aerosols could be harmful upon inhalation when chemotherapeutics, like bleomycin, are used. Here, we aim to explore jet injector‐induced small‐droplet aerosol formation of bleomycin in relation to air ventilation and to provide safety measures for clinical practice.Materials and MethodsWith a professional particle sensor, we measured airborne aerosol particles (0.2–10.0 µm) after electronic pneumatic injection (EPI), spring‐loaded jet injection (SLI), and needle injection (NI) of bleomycin and saline (100 μl) on ex vivo human skin. Three levels of air ventilation were explored: no ventilation, room ventilation, and room ventilation with an additional smoke evacuator.ResultsEPI and SLI induced significant small‐droplet aerosol formation compared with none after NI (0.2–1.0 µm; no ventilation). The largest bleomycin aerosol generation was observed for the smallest particles (0.2–1.0 µm) with 673.170 (528.802–789.453) aerosol particles/liter air (EPI; no ventilation). Room ventilation and smoke evacuation led to a reduction of ≥99% and 100% of measured aerosols, respectively.ConclusionJet injectors generate a high number of small‐droplet aerosols, potentially introducing harmful effects to patients and healthcare personnel. Room ventilation and smoke evacuation are effective safety measures when chemotherapeutics are used in clinical practice.

Anisotropic presentation of ligands on cargos modulates degradative function of phagosomes

Anisotropic arrangement of cell wall components is ubiquitous among bacteria and fungi, but how such functional anisotropy affects interactions between microbes and host immune cells is not known. Here we address this question with regard to phagosome maturation, the process used by host immune cells to degrade internalized microbes. We developed two-faced microparticles as model pathogens that display ligands on only one hemisphere and simultaneously function as fluorogenic sensors for probing biochemical reactions inside phagosomes during degradation. The fluorescent indicator on just one hemisphere gives the particle sensors a moon-like appearance. We show that anisotropic presentation of ligands on particles delays the start of acidification and proteolysis in phagosomes, but does not affect their degradative capacity. Our work suggests that the spatial presentation of ligands on pathogens plays a critical role in modulating the degradation process in phagosomes during host-pathogen interactions.

Smart Mn7+ Sensing via Quenching on Dual Fluorescence of Eu3+ Complex-Modified TiO2 Nanoparticles.

In this work, titania (TiO2) nanoparticles modified by Eu(TTA)3Phen complexes (ETP) were prepared by a simple solvothermal method developing a fluorescence Mn7+ pollutant sensing system. The characterization results indicate that the ETP cause structural deformation and redshifts of the UV-visible light absorptions of host TiO2 nanoparticles. The ETP also reduce the crystallinity and crystallite size of TiO2 nanoparticles. Compared with TiO2 nanoparticles modified with Eu3+ (TiO2-Eu3+), TiO2 nanoparticles modified with ETP (TiO2-ETP) exhibit significantly stronger photoluminescence under the excitation of 394 nm. Under UV excitation, TiO2-ETP nanoparticles showed blue and red emission corresponding to TiO2 and Eu3+. In addition, as the concentration of ETP in TiO2 nanoparticles increases, the PL intensity at 612 nm also increases. When ETP-modified TiO2 nanoparticles are added to an aqueous solution containing Mn7+, the fluorescence intensity of both TiO2 and ETP decreases. The evolution of the fluorescence intensity ratio (I1/I2) of TiO2 and ETP is linearly related to the concentration of Mn7+. The sensitivity of fluorescence intensity to Mn7+ concentration enables the design of dual fluorescence ratio solid particle sensors. The method proposed here is simple, accurate, efficient, and not affected by the environmental conditions.

Solar wind current sheets and deHoffmann-Teller analysis

Context.Solar Orbiter was launched on 10 February 2020 with the purpose of investigating solar and heliospheric physics using a payload of instruments designed for both remote and in situ studies. Similar to the recently launched Parker Solar Probe, and unlike earlier missions, Solar Orbiter carries instruments designed to measure low-frequency DC electric fields.Aims.In this paper, we assess the quality of the low-frequency DC electric field measured by the Radio and Plasma Waves instrument (RPW) on Solar Orbiter. In particular, we investigate the possibility of using Solar Orbiter’s DC electric and magnetic field data to estimate the solar wind speed.Methods.We used a deHoffmann-Teller (HT) analysis, based on measurements of the electric and magnetic fields, to find the velocity of solar wind current sheets, which minimises a single component of the electric field. By comparing the HT velocity to the proton velocity measured by the Proton and Alpha particle Sensor (PAS), we have developed a simple model for the effective antenna length,Leffof the E-field probes. We then used the HT method to estimate the speed of the solar wind.Results.Using the HT method, we find that the observed variations inEyare often in excellent agreement with the variations in the magnetic field. The magnitude ofEy, however, is uncertain due to the fact that theLeffdepends on the plasma environment. Here, we derive an empirical model relatingLeffto the Debye length, which we can use to improve the estimate ofEyand, consequently, the estimated solar wind speed.Conclusions.The low-frequency electric field provided by RPW is of high quality. Using the deHoffmann-Teller analysis, Solar Orbiter’s magnetic and electric field measurements can be used to estimate the solar wind speed when plasma data are unavailable.

Advanced Technologies for Industry 4.0: A Challenge for Plasma Scientists

Plasma scientists face a significant challenge in adopting the concepts of plasma reactors to the demands of Industry 4.0. A vast majority of current industrial plasma reactors do not meet Industry 4.0 standards because of the insufficient characterization of processing parameters and the lack of a feedback loop. In order to comply with these standards, plasma reactors will have to adopt characterization techniques capable of real-time operation. Smart production lines will have to integrate optical and particle sensors into a control system. Any deviation of the prescribed range's plasma parameters will be automatically managed by changing the adjustable discharge parameters. A few obstacles are presented and briefly described. Drifts of plasma parameters at fixed discharge parameters because of spontaneous changes in the coefficients of heterogeneous surface exothermic reactions represent a common challenge. The other one is the hysteresis in plasma parameters versus the discharge parameters. The directions for developing robust, reliable, and affordable sensors are presented.

Observations From NOAA's Newest Solar Proton Sensor

AbstractSpace weather instrumentation on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) newest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)‐R series includes the Solar and Galactic Proton Sensor (SGPS), which has been collecting data since January 8, 2017. SGPS supports real‐time alerts of solar energetic particle events at the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) and provides data to the space science community, advancing basic space science research and understanding of space weather effects on satellite systems. The first GOES‐R series spacecraft, GOES‐16, was launched on November 19, 2016. A series of solar particle events in September 2017 enabled cross‐calibration of GOES‐16 SGPS with the Energetic Particle Sensors on GOES‐13 and ‐15. This paper is intended as a resource for SGPS data users, including comparisons with legacy GOES energetic particle measurements, corrections applied to SGPS Level‐2 data, important caveats, background level fluxes, and measurements of trapped magnetospheric protons.

Reducing indoor particle exposure using mobile air purifiers-Experimental and numerical analysis.

Aerosol particles are one of the main routes of transmission of COVID-19. Mobile air purifiers are used to reduce the risk of infection indoors. We focus on an air purifier that generates a defined volumetric air flow through a highly efficient filter material. We investigate the transport of aerosol particles from an infected dummy equipped with an aerosol generator to receiving thermal dummies. For analysis, we use up to 12 particle sensors to monitor the particle concentration with high spatial resolution. Based on the measurement data, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is set up and validated. The experimental and numerical methods are used to investigate how the risk of infection suggested by the particle exposure in an exemplary lecture hall can be reduced by a clever choice of orientation of the air purifier. It turns out that obstructing the outlet stream of the air purifier may be particularly advantageous. The particle concentration at the head height deviates by 13% for variations of the location and orientation. At an air change per hour of 5, the cumulated PM1 mass at the head level was reduced by 75%, independently of the location of the infected dummy, compared to the “natural decay” case, showing that filtration is an effective means of reducing aerosol particle concentrations. Finally, CFD simulation was used to monitor the particle fates. The steady simulation results fit quite well with the experimental findings and provide additional information about the particle path and for assessing the comfort level due to air flow.

X-ray characterization of BUSARD chip: A HV-SOI monolithic particle detector with pixel sensors under the buried oxide

This work presents the design of BUSARD, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for the detection of ionizing particles. The ASIC is a monolithic active pixel sensor which has been fabricated in a High-Voltage Silicon-On-Insulator (HV-SOI) process that allows the fabrication of a buried N+ diffusion below the Buried OXide (BOX) as a standard processing step. The first version of the chip, BUSARD-A, takes advantage of this buried diffusion as an ionizing particle sensor. It includes a small array of 13×13 pixels, with a pitch of 80 μm, and each pixel has one buried diffusion with a charge amplifier, discriminator with offset tuning and digital processing. The detector has several operation modes including particle counting and Time-over-Threshold (ToT). An initial X-ray characterization of the detector was carried out, obtaining several pulse height and ToT spectra, which then were used to perform the energy calibration of the device. The Molybdenum \U0001d40aα emission was measured with a standard deviation of 127 e- of ENC by using the analog pulse output, and with 276 e- of ENC by using the ToT digital output. The resolution in ToT mode is dominated by the pixel-to-pixel variation.

The Influence of Slit Lamp Shield Size and Design in Reducing Aerosol Transmission.

PurposePrevious studies have highlighted the effectiveness of slit lamp shields in reducing aerosol spread. Our study investigated the optimal size and design for such shields.MethodsTwo sets of shields were made; each set included five cardboards of the following dimensions: 1 (44 × 52 cm), 2 (44 × 44 cm), 3 (22 × 52 cm), 4 (22 × 33.5 cm), and 5 (44 × 22.5 cm). Cardboards in set 1 were kept flat whereas those in set 2 were curved using plastic frames. Aerosol was generated at the patient's position using a water spray bottle, and aerosol levels were measured at the face position of the examiner and on the slit lamp table using two GP2Y1014AU0F sensors. The measurements were recorded in particles/0.01f3 and analyzed using a Mann Whitney U test.ResultsMean background indoor aerosol was 559. After aerosol generation, the level increased to a mean of 571 in the absence of any kind of shield but to a mean of 567 when shields were in place (P < 0.05). Flat shield 1 provided the best protection against inhaled aerosol. Flat shield 2, despite its shorter height compared to shield 1, provided the best protection against precipitated aerosol on the table. Curving shield 5 significantly improved its protective properties against both inhaled and precipitated aerosol while keeping the short height that allowed better access during examinations.ConclusionsShields reduced aerosol spread with curved shields being more effective while creating fewer physical restrictions. GP2Y1014AU0F particle sensors are effective tools for quantifying aerosol spread.Translational RelevanceAn understanding of optimal slit lamp shield design will provide protection for examiners while facilitating effective examination.

Sensitive self-powered particles detection based on cumulative triboelectric charging

Detection of particles with or without charge arouses enormous interest in energy, medical service, industrial processing, and equipment monitoring fields. In this paper, a self-powered particles sensor based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (PS-TENG) is designed to characterize particles by detecting the outputs induced by the triboelectrification between the particles and the PTFE surface. Ascribed to the cumulative triboelectric charging effect on the PTFE surface, the output voltage of PS-TENG is significantly amplified. Then the relationships between the output voltage and the material and size of particles are systematically studied, based on which the characteristics of the random particles are accurately detected. The detection principle and characterization method using PS-TENG for charged particles are also proposed and further demonstrated by systematical comparison with detection of Faraday cup method. Furthermore, based on a PS-TENG with double electrodes, the average velocity of particles and particle mass flow can also be measured. This work promotes the development and application of triboelectric nanogenerator in self-powered particle characterization, mass flow monitoring, equipment fault diagnosis, and accident prediction. This paper propose a sensitive self-powered particle sensor based on cumulative triboelectric charge, using which the size, material and other features of particles can be accurately detected. This type of TENG has promising potential applications in self-powered particles characterization, mass flow monitoring, equipment fault diagnosis and accident prediction. • A TENG-based particles sensor is proposed, which exhibits high sensitivity due to the cumulative tribocharge. • Accurate particle detections are realized based on the relationships between the outputs and features of particles. • By comparing with Faraday cup test, the detection of both particles with and without charge is verified. • Methods for measuring velocity and mass flow of particles are developed based on TENG-based sensors.

Influence of particle properties and environmental factors on the performance of typical particle monitors and low-cost particle sensors in the market of China

The performance of particle measurements based on three types of principles, including tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM), beta attenuation monitor (BAM) and light scattering, were investigated with different types of particle (braize, arizona dust and polystyrene spheres), particle sizes (1.1, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 μm), and environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity and relatively high particle concentration). Specifically, two middle-cost monitors (LY, LL) and three low-cost sensors (PT, YT, SF) with light scattering were considered.Good correlations with gravimetric were all observed on three principle instruments with three particle types at laboratory tests, except for less concerned intercepts did not meet the requirements of standard HJ 653–2013. Particle properties showed negligible effect on the instrumental measurements based on BAM and TEOM, commonly as high-cost monitors. Interestingly, middle-cost monitors were found to be more sensitive to particle properties versus low-cost sensors using calibration dusts with various properties. Moreover, obvious impacts of particle sizes were observed for all tested light-scattering monitors and sensors. In addition, different trends of sensors measuring PM10/PM2.5/PM1.0 with the increase of particle sizes indicated the poor particle recognition of light scattering principle. Expectedly, poor correlations of sensors were observed in ambient experiments compared with laboratory experiments due to the effect of complex environmental factors. Relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) were proposed to express synergistic effects on measurements by sensors. Meanwhile, poor correlation and zero drift of YT sensors after high particle concentration exposure experiments revealed high particle concentrations would result in the pollution of low-cost sensors due to the lack of self-cleaning function. In conclusion, to evaluate the performance of sensors for future standard instrumental developments more accurately, both indoor and outdoor assessments should be taken out. The data acquired in this study could provide information for future evaluation of the performance of particle monitors and sensors based on light scattering principle.

Performance and Deployment of Low-Cost Particle Sensor Units to Monitor Biomass Burning Events and Their Application in an Educational Initiative.

Biomass burning smoke is often a significant source of airborne fine particles in regional areas where air quality monitoring is scarce. Emerging sensor technology provides opportunities to monitor air quality on a much larger geographical scale with much finer spatial resolution. It can also engage communities in the conversation around local pollution sources. The SMoke Observation Gadget (SMOG), a unit with a Plantower dust sensor PMS3003, was designed as part of a school-based Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) project looking at smoke impacts in regional areas of Victoria, Australia. A smoke-specific calibration curve between the SMOG units and a standard regulatory instrument was developed using an hourly data set collected during a peat fire. The calibration curve was applied to the SMOG units during all field-based validation measurements at several locations and during different seasons. The results showed strong associations between individual SMOG units for PM2.5 concentrations (r2 = 0.93–0.99) and good accuracy (mean absolute error (MAE) < 2 μg m−3). Correlations of the SMOG units to reference instruments also demonstrated strong associations (r2 = 0.87–95) and good accuracy (MAE of 2.5–3.0 μg m−3). The PM2.5 concentrations tracked by the SMOG units had a similar response time as those measured by collocated reference instruments. Overall, the study has shown that the SMOG units provide relevant information about ambient PM2.5 concentrations in an airshed impacted predominantly by biomass burning, provided that an adequate adjustment factor is applied.

Airborne Particle Control Methods in Dental Clinics

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the risk of airborne transmission of infections in health-care facilities such as dental clinics. In this experimental study, methods to control airborne particles in a simulated dental clinic setting were measured and compared using a low cost and convenient technique. Materials and Methods: Particles representing inhalable airborne particles were generated using smoke from incense sticks and their concentration measured by handheld particle sensors whereas using different engineering controls for the particle removal in dental clinic equivalent settings. Measurements were made at short (&lt;3 ft) and intermediate (between 3 and 6 ft) distance from the source. The particle filtration through surgical masks and N95 masks was also studied. Results: Natural ventilation, by keeping windows open, can reduce intermediate range particles (removal of 4.7% of ambient particles/min). However, in closed facilities without natural ventilation, particle removal by air purifier combined with overhead fan or with high volume evacuators was found most suitable for intermediate range particles (25.9%/min) and for short range particles (27.6%/min), respectively. N95 masks were found to filter out 99.5% of the generated PM 2.5 particles. Conclusions: Potentially inhalable airborne particles can persist in the air of a dental clinic. The use of N95 masks and environmental controls is essential for the dental team's safety. The choice of an engineering control is governed by multiple factors explained in the study. Smoke particles generated by incense sticks and measurement by handheld particle sensors are low-cost methods to estimate the effectiveness of airborne particle controls.

Optical sensor arrays designed for guided manufacture of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions with a non-synthetic stabilizer

Hydrophobic drugs are incorporated into oil-in-water nanoemulsions (OIW) either as new formulations or repurposed for intravenous delivery. Typically, these are manufactured through stepwise processes of sonication or high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The guiding criteria for most nanoemulsion manufacture are the size and homogeneity/polydispersity of the drug-laden particles with strict requirements for clinical injectables. To date, most formulation optimization is done through trial and error with stepwise sampling during processing utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS), light obscuration sensing (LOS) or laser particle tracking (LPT) to assess manufacturing progress. The objective of this work was to develop and implement an in-line optical turbidity/nephelometry sensor array for the longitudinal in-process monitoring of nanoemulsion manufacture. A further objective was the use of this sensor array to rapidly optimize the manufacture of a sub-120 nm oxygen carrying perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion with a non-synthetic stabilizer. During processing, samples were taken for particle size measurement and further characterization. There was a significant correlation and agreement between particle size and sensor signal as well as improved process reproducibility through sensor-guided manufacture. Given the cost associated with nanoemulsion development and scale-up manufacture, our sensor arrays could be an invaluable tool for efficient and cost-effective drug development. Sensor-guided manufacturing was used to optimize oxygen-carrying nanoemulsions. These were tested, in vitro, for their ability to improve the viability of encapsulated endocrine clusters (mouse insulinoma, Min6) and to eliminate hypoxia due to oxygen mass transfer limitations. The nanomulsions significantly improved encapsulated cluster viability and reduced hypoxia within the microcapsule environment. Statement of significanceNanoemulsions are rapidly becoming vehicles for the controlled release delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs given their large surface area for exchange. As work shifts from bench to large scale manufacturing, there is a critical need for technologies that can monitor and accumulate data during processing, particularly regarding the endpoint criteria of particle size and stability. To date, no such technology has been implemented in nanoemulsion manufacture. In this paper we develop and implement an optical sensor array for in-line nanoemulsion process monitoring and then use the array to optimize the development and manufacture of novel reproducible oxygen carrying nanoemulsions lacking synthetic surfactants.