Refinement Of Particles Research Articles

Importance of pin number on mechanical properties and wear performance during manufacturing of AA6061/316 surface composite via FSP

• Manufacturing of AA6061/316 stainless steel composite via FSP technique. • Particle refinement and homogenized dispersion were enhanced by changing the tool from single pin to double pin. • Using a double pin remarkably increased wear resistance of composite. The primary aim of this investigation was to fabricate AA6061/316 surface composites using single and double pin tools through the Friction Stir Processing (FSP) technique. Results depicted that increasing the number of pins from 1 pin to 2 pins remarkably affected the dispersion of reinforcement particles and as a result decreased the size of reinforcement particles from 44.69 to 35.04 µm that can be attributed to the drastic plastic/strain deformation, dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and pinning effect of reinforcement particles.

Fe-Doped CuO/MWCNT as a Sensing Material for Electrochemical Detection of Nitrite

With unique electrical and catalytic properties, CuO has been ubiquitously employed in many applications including electrochemical sensors. Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of CuO can be achieved through doping. This work explored the potential of 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite for nitrite detection. The undoped CuO and 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO powders, prepared using a solution combustion technique, had average particle sizes lower than 100 nanometres. Particle refinement and enhancement of the specific surface area were observed in 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO. CuO/MWCNT and 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/MWCNT composites, prepared using the hydrothermal impregnation technique, were tested for their electrocatalytic activities in the presence of nitrite. Cyclic voltammetry results revealed reduction reaction at an applied voltage of approximately −0.4 V. Superior peak currents were evident in the 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/MWCNT composite. With acceptable sensitivity, limit of detection, selectivity, reusability, and recovery percentage, the 3 mol% Fe-doped CuO/MWCNT composite demonstrated potential capability in the detection of nitrite.

Influence of SiC particles and post-heat treatment on the properties of Ti-6Al-4V-based surface nanocomposite fabricated by friction stir processing

Friction stir processing was used to successfully fabricate a Ti-6Al-4V-based surface nanocomposite with a uniform dispersion of SiC reinforcement particles (FSP). Reinforced SiC particles showed good interfacial bonding with the matrix material. Microstructural modification after FSP and post-FSP heat treatment in terms of grain refinement and reinforcement behavior of SiC particles was investigated using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). Microhardness test, Charpy impact test, and pin-on-disc wear test were carried out to measure the hardness, impact toughness, and tribological behavior of fabricated surface composites, respectively. Fully β-transformed microstructure comprising a mixture of fine basket-weave lamellar α/β and ultrafine martensite α′ was evident in the FSPed stir zone. The incorporation of SiC reinforcement resulted in additional microstructure refinement during FSP due to Zener pinning and particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) caused by SiC particles. Nearly two-fold improvements in microhardness and wear resistance, whereas a slight but noteworthy improvement in impact toughness was observed. Enhancements in mechanical and wear properties were primarily ascribed to the combined effect of microstructural refinement, formation of martensite (α′), and dispersion strengthening (Orowan Mechanism).

Refinement of Al-containing particles and improvement in performance of W-Al-Y2O3 alloy fabricated by a two-step sintering process

The Al-containing particles in ODS alloys with Al addition usually exhibit relatively large size, and inevitably result in a limited improvement in mechanical properties. In this paper, W-Al-Y2O3 alloy was prepared by a two-step sintering process to refine the Al-containing particles. Microstructure evolution of dispersoid particles was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During the first holding step at 1000 °C, the dissolved Al precipitated directly from W matrix, where the formed γ-Al2O3 particles were nano-sized and developed a coherent relationship with W matrix. This coherent relationship hindered transformation of γ-Al2O3 into submicron-sized α-Al2O3. Moreover, the nano-sized γ-Al2O3 contributed to formation of fine Y3Al5O12 dispersoid particles with the sintering temperature further increased to 1600 °C. 71% of the dispersoid particles were distributed within grains and most of them were nano-sized γ-Al2O3 and Y3Al5O12, giving a fine grain size of 0.49 μm. Due to the refined microstructure, the compressive strength and microhardness of W-Al-Y2O3 alloy reached 2545.9 MPa and 787.8 HV, respectively.

Chemically and Microstructurally Tailored Concentration Gradient Layered Cathode for Advanced Li-Ion Batteries

The recharging capability of Ni-rich layered cathodes deteriorates rapidly upon cycling, mainly from mechanical instability caused by removing a large amount of Li ions from the host structure.1,2 The resulting microcracks expose the cathode particle interior to electrolyte attack in addition to undermining the mechanical integrity of the cathode particle. In this study, we develop a Ni-rich layered cathode by combining precursor engineering and a new doping strategy during lithiation that generates minimal microcracking and exhibits substantially improved cycling stability. Excess Al is deliberately introduced into a concentration-gradient (CG) hydroxide precursor, which exhibits a highly oriented geometry in which elongated primary particles are aligned in the radial direction of a spherical secondary particles. The excess Al ions enable the refinement of the primary particles in a controlled manner and the precise tailoring of their morphology and orientation. It is demonstrated that the chemical and microstructural engineering of a Li[NixCoyAl1–x–y]O2 (NCA) cathode starting from its precursor stage produces a unique structure that relieves the detrimental mechanical strain and significantly extends the battery life. Thus, the designed CG Li[Ni0.86Co0.1Al0.04]O2 retains 86.5% of the initial capacity after 2000 cycles and an unprecedented 78.0% even at a severe operation condition of 45 oC. The proposed CG Li[Ni0.86Co0.1Al0.04]O2 represents a new class of Ni-rich NCA cathodes that can meet the energy density required for next-generation electric vehicles, without compromising the battery life and safety. Reference s : [1] S. Watanabe, M. Kinoshita, T. Hosokawa, K. Morigaki, K. Nakura, J. Power Sources 258 (2014) 210–217.[2] H.-H. Ryu, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, Chem. Mater. 30 (2018) 1155–1163.

Microstructural Refinement of As-Cast Al–Mg Alloy by Ultrasonic Melt Treatment Using a Titanium Sonotrode under Fully Liquid Condition

The effects of ultrasonic treatment (UST) using a titanium (Ti) sonotrode in a fully liquid stage on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of as-cast Al–Mg alloy billets were investigated. To clarify the grain refinement mechanism, the grain size (GS) and dendrite arm spacing (DAS) were examined as functions of the growth restriction factor (Q) dependent on the Ti dissolution from the sonotrode, and compared to those in the as-cast and re-melted states of the samples inoculated using an Al–10 mass%Ti master alloy. In addition, the formation and dissolution behavior of Al3Ti intermetallic particles acting as a heterogeneous nuclei was indirectly observed by measuring the electrical resistivity during isochronal annealing. In comparison with the chemical refiner inoculation, the UST effectively refined not only the GS but also the DAS, both of which showed similar slightly concave upward curves with an increasing slope against 1/Q. Electrical resistivity measurement results provided indirect evidence that the dissolved Ti was present as a solute during the solidification stage. The GS, DAS, and electrical resistivity results all suggest that the dissolved Ti refined the GS primarily by solute-induced growth restriction effect rather than by providing heterogeneous nucleation sites. The UST effect on the microstructure refinement was efficient when the Ti-dissolution content was as low as less than 0.05 mass%. The refinement of grains, Al3Fe particles, dendrites, and pores by the UST significantly improved mechanical properties, especially the elongation at break.

Energy‐efficient computation offloading and resource allocation in delay‐constrained vehicular edge network

SummaryCellular vehicular‐to‐everything (C‐V2X), as a key technology of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), is promised to be enhanced and strengthened to improve road traffic safety and achieve intelligent transportation in 6G era. However, computation‐intensive and latency‐sensitive computation tasks of autonomous driving create a great challenge for the computation and storage limited vehicles. Fortunately, mobile edge computing (MEC) architecture offers a possible solution for the challenge. In this paper, a joint computation offloading and resource allocation algorithm is proposed to solve the computation tasks offloading problem in the scenario of vehicular edge computing network. First, the computation offloading and resource allocation are jointly modeled as a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem. Aiming at minimizing the total system cost (weighted sum of delay and energy consumption), a particle encoding method and a particle refinement algorithm are proposed based on the compression factor particle swarm optimization, and multilevel penalty function is adopted to deal with the constraints of the objective. Finally, experimental performances validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm.

Refining Ti2AlC particles and improvement of microstructure and mechanical properties on Ti46Al8Nb2.6C alloy by Er addition

In order to reveal the refinement mechanism of Er on Ti2AlC particles and lamellae colony, as well as the strengthening mechanism of TiAl composites, Ti–46Al–8Nb-2.6C-xEr as cast alloys were prepared. The microstructure and phase composition were observed by SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction. Results show that the relative contents of γ phase increase and α phase reduce, the size of lamellae colony decreases from 42.7 to 29.6 μm, lamellae spacing decreases from 0.73 to 0.64 μm and the content of Ti2AlC particles with aspect ratio (1–5) increases from 14 to 47% as Er increases from 0.04 to 0.1 at. %. The orientation relationship with [01‾0]Er2O3// [1‾21‾0]Ti2AlC, (102)Er2O3// (0002)Ti2AlC, (001)Er2O3/// (202‾5)Ti2AlC was observed by TEM. Result shows that Er2O3 particle development on the (0002) of Ti2AlC limits atomic spreading and layered superposition perpendicular to the plane, resulting in Ti2AlC refinement. The compressive strength and the strain increase from 1853 to 2223 MPa and 25.1–25.8% as Er increases from 0.04 to 0.1 at. %. Results of Vickers hardness test displays that Vickers hardness increases from 425.8 to 512.6 HV as Er increases from 0.04 to 0.08 at. %. The significant refinement of Ti2AlC particles by Er2O3 particles, precipitation strengthening of ErAl3 phase, fine grain strengthening of lamellae colony and solid solution strengthening of Er contribute significantly to the better compressive strength.

Obtaining Ultrafine Dispersions of Silver Particles in Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Matrix Using Mechanical Alloying.

Mechanical alloying was performed to obtain a composite material with a homogeneous dispersion of silver particles in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix. Silver is a bactericidal material, and PVA is a widely used biocompatible polymer. Therefore, this mix can lead to a potentially functional biomaterial. This study focuses on the combination of both materials, processed by mechanical alloying, which has a promising application potential. The silver (Ag) used was ultrafine, measuring between 200 and 400 nanometers, produced from silver nitrate (AgNO3) redox. The Attritor high–energy, water–cooled ball mill was used to mill PVA for 4 h, at 600 rpm speed rotation and 38:1 power milling. Mechanical alloying was demonstrated to cause particle refinement in PVA with a timespan of 1 h. A slight additional particle decrease occurred for long–time milling. A milling time of 4 h was used to disperse the silver particles in the polymer matrix homogeneously. Hot pressing films were produced from the obtained dispersion powders. The microstructural features were studied using several material characterization techniques. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests (AST), conducted in an in–vitro assay, showed a hydrophilic character of the films and a protection against bacterial growth, making the process a promising path for the production of surface protective polymeric films.

Impact of multiple FSP passes on structure, mechanical, tribological and corrosion behaviors of AA6061/316 stainless-steel reinforced Al matrix composites

Stainless steel particulates were chosen as alternatives to ceramic particles to improve particle-matrix bonding, toughness, and performance of aluminum metal matrix composites. A multi-pass friction stir processing route was utilized for the development of AA6061/316 stainless steel reinforced composites by varying the number of tool passes (1–4). Detailed microstructure analysis, corrosion, hardness, wear, tensile, and impact toughness behaviors of the developed composites were studied. An increment in the number of tool passes (1–4) did not cause a particle-matrix reaction or alter the presence of inherent Mg2Si, Al, and ferrous phases in the composites. The progressive increment in the tool passes significantly enhanced the dislocation density, grain refinement, particle refinement (36.4–22.4 μm), and dispersion within the composite's structure due to the successive rotating tool-induced high straining and plastic deformation, dynamic recrystallization, and Zener pinning phenomena. The successive tool pass-induced microstructure improved the microhardness value (129–146 HV), tensile strength (163–241 MPa), impact toughness (5.7 ± 0.1–11.35 ± 0.1 J/cm3), and corrosion resistance of the composite while the wear rate (0.37–0.11 mm3/Nm) and the mean friction coefficient (0.37 ± 0.1–0.21 ± 0.1) of the composite were significantly reduced as the number of the tool passes was increased. The 4-pass friction stir processing technique is thus recommended for the development of AA6061/316 stainless steel reinforced composites.

Experiment and simulation of SiC particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites fabricated by friction stir processing

The influence of the pre-implanted reinforced particles on the temperature field and the flow field of the processed zone directly determines the microstructure and properties of the aluminum matrix composites fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP). However, the differences in the characteristics of processed materials, especially the effect of pre-implanted reinforced particles on the flow of plastic materials, have rarely been reported. In this study, the temperature distribution of the processed zone was obtained by experimental measurement and numerical simulation. The model of the effect of the SiC particles as reinforced particles on the temperature field and the flow field of the processed zone was established. The influence of the SiC particles on the flow of plastic materials during the FSP was further investigated. The refinement, particle size, and distribution of the SiC particles in the processed zone of the FSPed multi-pass composites were also discussed in detail. The microhardness of the processed zone was also tested and discussed. The results showed that the temperature field at the contact interface between the SiC particles and the matrix in the processed zone was not continuously distributed. Due to the collision and hindrance of the reinforced SiC particles, the flow direction of plastic materials in the processed zone had been changed many times during the flow process. The initial average particle sizes of the SiC particles have a significant effect on the flow path of the processed plastic material. The microhardness of the processed zone of the FSPed specimens is significantly higher than that of the matrix.

A block-based adaptive particle refinement SPH method for fluid–structure interaction problems

The multi-resolution method, e.g., the Adaptive Particle Refinement (APR) method, has been developed to increase the local particle resolution and therefore the solution quality within a pre-defined refinement zone instead of using a globally uniform resolution for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). However, sometimes, the targeted zone of interest can be varying, and the corresponding topology is very complex, thus the conventional APR method is not able to track these characteristics adaptively. In this study, a novel Block-based Adaptive Particle Refinement (BAPR) method is developed, which is able to provide the necessary local refinement flexibly for any targeted characteristic, and track it adaptively. In BAPR, the so-called activation status of the block array defines the refinement regions, where the transition and activated zones are determined accordingly. A regularization method for the generated particles in the newly activated blocks is developed to render an isotropic distribution of these new particles. The proposed method has been deployed for simulating Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) problems. A set of 2D FSI cases have been simulated with the proposed BAPR method, and the performance of the BAPR method is quantified and validated comprehensively. In a word, the BAPR method is viable and potential for complex multi-resolution FSI simulations by tracking any targeted characteristic of interest.

SPH modelling of the water nappe gravity fall over a dam

This work uses the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) meshless numerical method in order to investigate the behaviour of a water sheet falling under gravity by reproducing the experimental results of a laboratory chute of 9.5 m height. This kind of flow occurs typically over dam ogee-type spillways. The focus is on the trajectory and velocity of the water sheet as well as on the pressure upon impact. Simulations using a combination of adaptive particle refinement, surface tension model and air friction model were tested. The SPH simulations with refinement show good agreement with the experimental pressure results for all comparisons, while using air friction allows correct modelling of the falling velocity distribution.

Microwave in-situ liquid-phase deposition of Cu2O/Tg-C3N4 heterojunction for enhancing visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

Surface-dispersed Cu2O/Tg-C3N4 composite photocatalysts were synthesized by microwave in-situ liquid-phase depositing of Cu2O nanoparticles upon thermally exfoliated carbon nitride nanoflakes (2Dg-C3N4). The effects of 2Dg-C3N4 pretreatment with ethanol and Cu2O loading on the photocatalytic performance of Cu2O/Tg-C3N4 were investigated. It was demonstrated that the 2Dg-C3N4 pretreatment facilitated the refinement of Cu2O particles and uniform dispersion on the 2Dg-C3N4 surface. The sample with 10.5 % Cu2O (10.5%Cu2O/Tg-C3N4) exhibited the optimal performance in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline, and its first-order reaction rate constants were 8.6, 8.2, 6.88 and 3.22 times of that of Cu2O, g-C3N4, 7%Cu2O/Tg-C3N4 and 17.5%Cu2O/Tg-C3N4, respectively. The enhanced light absorption and tightly contacted heterojunctions between Cu2O and pretreated 2Dg-C3N4 are the underlying reasons for the remarkable photocatalytic efficiency of 10.5%Cu2O/Tg-C3N4.

Chemical effects induced by the mechanical processing of granite powder.

Starting from 1970s, the use of mechanical forces to induce chemical transformations has radically changed vast areas of metallurgy and materials science. More recently, mechanochemistry has expanded to core sectors of chemistry, showing the promise to deeply innovate chemical industry while enhancing its sustainability and competitiveness. We are still far, however, from unveiling the full potential of mechanical activation. This study marks a step forward in this direction focusing on the chemical effects induced on the surrounding gaseous phase by the mechanical processing of granite. We show that fracturing granite blocks in oxygen can result in the generation of ozone. The refinement of coarse granite particles and the friction between fine ones are also effective in this regard. Combining experimental evidence related to the crushing of large granite samples by uniaxial compression and the ball milling of coarse and fine granite powders, we develop a model that relates mechanochemical ozone generation to the surface area effectively affected by fracture and frictional events taking place during individual impacts. We also extend the investigation to gaseous phases involving methane, oxygen, benzene and water, revealing that chemical transformations occur as well.

Effect of carbon alloying on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10 multi-component alloy

The effect of carbon-alloying on the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10 multi-component alloy (MCA) was studied by microstructure characterization and tensile test. In as-cast (Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10)98.5C1.5 MCA, M23C6-type carbide (M = Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn; more Cr contained) formed at the grain boundaries has a coherent relationship with the FCC matrix. After a homogenization treatment at 1000 °C for 12 h, the carbide phase formed during the solidification course becomes coarsened and rounded by partially re-dissolving, and, at the same time, a great number of blocky M23C6-type particles (about 50–200 nm) are coherently precipitated in a large area around the grain boundaries. In as-homogenized state, carbon-alloying induced fine-grain strengthening, solution strengthening and coherent precipitation hardening of nano carbide particles greatly increase the yield strength from 198 MPa to 480 MPa. The carbon-alloying induced grain refinement and coherent precipitation of nano carbide particles and the formation of dislocation cells and deformation twins during the tensile deformation are thought to be responsible for the high plasticity of (Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10)98.5C1.5 MCA (28.3% in elongation). Microstructure evolution at different strain stages and the working hardening rate curves demonstrate that addition of carbon in Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10 MCA system increases the critical stress for the formation of deformation twinning and thus increases the stacking fault energy.

Comparative Study of Microstructure and Properties of Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloys Being Cast With and Without Melt Thermal Treatment

This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of several hypoeutectic Al-xSi (x = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) alloys prepared with and without melt thermal treatment. The overall study showed a trend of effective utilization of grain refiner until the transition point (3 wt.% Si) and the slope of graph between grain size vs. wt.% of Si remain similar for the samples prepared with or without chemical refinement. This also indicates that the role of Si in decreasing grain size is more dominating than the poisoning of Ti above transition point. Melt thermal-treated alloys exhibited less significant changes in grain size, especially below the transition point, but significant changes in their mechanical properties. The melt thermal treatment also causes partial refinement of eutectic Si particles by which the coarse silicon particles are broken up into smaller pieces and this has neither been observed in unrefined alloys nor refined alloys.

Investigation on the bouncing and coalescence behaviors of bubble pairs based on an improved APR-SPH method

Bubbles rising in fluids are widespread in many engineering fields. In this paper, the bouncing and coalescing of two bubbles rising side by side are studied based on a multi-phase smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model. An improved adaptive particle refinement (APR) scheme is applied in the SPH model to make the numerical simulation sufficiently accurate and efficient. The effect of the surface-tension model is firstly verified, then various testing cases including the rising of a single bubble and two horizontally positioned bubbles are carried out and validate the numerical model well. Furthermore, the interaction between two three-dimensional bubbles rising side by side is studied considering the effects of viscous forces (with the Reynolds number Re), surface tensions (with the Eotvos number Eo), and the initial centroid distance of the two bubbles (Γ). The motion and the deformation of the bubbles are displayed and the mechanism of the bubbles' interaction is discussed. The results reveal that for the lower Eotvos number cases indicating a larger surface tension effect, the surface tension force increases dramatically when the two bubbles collide with each other and coalesce.

Manufacturing of high-toughness Al–Si alloy by rolling and friction stir processing: Effect of traverse speed

In this work, the influence of traverse speed on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Al–7Si alloy fabricated by cold rolling and friction stir processing (FSP) was studied. After the FSP, the needle-shaped silicon and Fe-rich phases were modified to fine particles with a low aspect ratio and high sphericity, and porosity was eliminated. The FSPed samples revealed a uniform dispersion of Si and Fe-rich particles in the aluminum matrix. With the increment of the traverse speed, the average size and sphericity of the Si particles were reduced, while the aspect ratio was increased. The peaks of α-Al, Si, Al 4 FeSi 2 , and Al 5 FeSi phases were observed in all samples, however, the Mg 2 Si peak was not visible due to its low content. With increasing the traverse speed, the peak shifting and lattice strain were decreased due to decreasing the degree of plastic deformation. The as-cast sample had an average hardness higher than the FSPed samples owing to the presence of large second phases. By performing the FSP, the tensile properties were significantly improved owing to the refinement, spheroidization, and uniform distribution of particles. Increasing the tool traverse speed up to 120 mm/min enhanced the strength of the FSPed samples because of decreasing the size of silicon and Fe-rich particles. Further increment of the traverse speed led to a decrease in the strength owing to the presence of cavities. The best strength-ductility belongs to the traverse speed of 120 mm/min which resulted in the highest toughness (57.9 J/cm 3 ). The ductile fracture was the dominant feature on the fracture surface of all FSPed samples.

Parallel adaptive weakly-compressible SPH for complex moving geometries

The use of adaptive spatial resolution to simulate flows of practical interest using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is of considerable importance. Recently, Muta and Ramachandran [1] have proposed an efficient adaptive SPH method which is capable of handling large changes in particle resolution. This allows the authors to simulate problems with much fewer particles than was possible earlier. The method was not demonstrated or tested with moving bodies or multiple bodies. In addition, the original method employed a large number of background particles to determine the spatial resolution of the fluid particles. In the present work we establish the formulation's effectiveness for simulating flow around stationary and moving geometries. We eliminate the need for the background particles in order to specify the geometry-based or solution-based adaptivity and we discuss the algorithms employed in detail. We consider a variety of benchmark problems, including the flow past two stationary cylinders, flow past different NACA airfoils at a range of Reynolds numbers, a moving square at various Reynolds numbers, and the flow past an oscillating cylinder. We also demonstrate different types of motions using single and multiple bodies. The source code is made available under an open source license, and our results are reproducible. Program summaryProgram Title: Parallel adaptive EDAC-SPHCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/62rhbb9p4t.1Developer's repository link:https://gitlab.com/pypr/asph_motion.Code Ocean capsule:https://codeocean.com/capsule/4785489Licensing provisions: BSD 3-clauseProgramming language: PythonExternal routines/libraries:: PySPH (https://github.com/pypr/pysph), matplotlib (https://pypi.org/project/matplotlib/), NumPy (https://pypi.org/project/numpy/), automan (https://pypi.org/project/automan/), compyle (https://pypi.org/project/compyle/).Nature of problem: Simulating fluid flow around multiple moving bodies requires the local resolution to be automatically adapted in order to capture all the necessary flow features. If a single resolution is used throughout the domain, the number of particles would be excessively large.Solution method: We validate and demonstrate the accuracy of the adaptive particle refinement algorithm in simulating flow past moving multiple geometries. Our algorithm is fully parallel, and we provide an open-source implementation.