Effect Of Particle Concentration Research Articles

The effect of particle size and concentration on the frictional behavior of vertical upward flows of wheat straw aqueous slurries

The pipeline hydro-transport of agricultural residue biomass could enhance the capacity of bio-based energy facilities for large-scale bio-fuel production. The vertical transport of chopped wheat straw aqueous slurries in upward flows was examined through a 29 m long, 50 mm diameter closed-circuit pipeline facility at laboratory scale. The frictional pressure drops of straw slurries for saturated concentrations of 5–40 % (mass) were measured and analyzed as a function of particle size, slurry solid concentration, and slurry flow rate. The pressure drops of straw slurries were below those of water, and the difference increased with an increase in solid concentrations exhibiting drag-reducing features; however, this effect seemed to be completely dominated by the particle size. For the ranges of flow velocities (0.5–4.0 m s−1) and particle sizes (6.4 mm, 3.2 mm, and<3.2 mm) considered, the 6.4 mm particle size straw slurries demonstrated the highest drag reduction (19.7 %) at a 20 % (mass) concentration and a slurry velocity of 1.5 m s−1. For the smallest particle size straw slurries (<3.2 mm), the drag reduction was almost negligible. The indirect measurements of in situ concentration through the obtained delivered concentrations showed all the straw slurries to be homogenous with the maximum difference of 10 % between delivered and prepared concentrations. The wheat straw aqueous slurries in vertical upward flows displayed different characteristics than those in horizontal flows at similar flow conditions, particularly at low velocities. This research could help design and operate a long-distance integrated pipeline network for large-scale bio-fuel production.

EFFECTS PARTICLES CONCENTRATION OF Al2O3 AND TiO2 TO CONVECTION COEFFICIENT ON DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat energy from a fluid to in another fluid. Each fluid has different characteristics. Value of convection heat transfer is determined by the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient (h) which depends on the dimensions and flow conditions. The fluid with the additional of Al2O3 nanoparticles (aluminum oxide) and TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) has great potential for cooling applications. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Al2O3 and TiO2 particle concentration on the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient in the double pipe heat exchanger with circular straight pipes. Cooling fluid used is pure water, the fluid with the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles and fluid with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of respectively 40 ppm and 60 ppm. Flow used in a heat exchanger is the flow of counterflow type. Changes in temperature controlled 95 ° C for hot fluid, 17ºC for cooling fluid. The results show the influence of Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles in the fluid characteristics and an increase in the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the amount of concentration on mixing nanoparticles in the cooling fluid.

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Modeling of Thermal Barrier Coating Removal Process Using Abrasive Water Jet Technique

Abstract In this work, a new smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH)-based model is developed to simulate the removal process of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) using the abrasive water jet (AWJ) technique. The effects of water jet abrasive particle concentration, incident angle, and impacting time on the fracture behavior of the TBCs are investigated. The Johnson–Holmquist plasticity damage model (JH-2 model) is used for the TBC material, and abrasive particles are included in the water jet model. The results show that the simulated impact hole profiles are in good agreement with the experimental observation in the literature. Both the width and depth of the impact pit holes increase with impacting time. The deepest points in the pit hole shift gradually to the right when a 30-deg water jet incident angle is used because the water jet comes from the right side, which is more effective in removing the coatings on the right side. A higher concentration of abrasive particles increases both the width and depth, which is consistent with the experimental data. The depths of the impact pit holes increase with the water jet incident angle, while the width of the impact holes decreases with the increase in the water jet incident angle. The water jet incident angle dependence can be attributed to the vertical velocity components. The erosion rate increases with the incidence angle, which shows a good agreement with the analytical model. As the water jet incident angle increases, more vertical velocity component contributes to the kinetic energy which is responsible for the erosion process.

The Modeling of Magnetic Detection of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Stream of Patient-Specific Artery With Stenotic Lesion: The Effects of Vessel Geometry and Particle Concentration

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) prepared as stable colloidal suspensions dispersed in water have attracted special interest for biological applications. MNPs of iron oxide synthesized by a laser target evaporation (LTE) technique are excellent candidates for biomedical purposes. Magnetic fluid flowing through the blood vessel creates magnetic fields which can be detected by magnetic field sensor. In this work, the finite element method modeling (FEM) was used for calculation of the flow of ferrofluid containing magnetic iron oxide MNPs through a real coronary artery reconstructed from the routine angiography examination of a patient. The main objective of the study is to validate the possibility of the application of magnetic field sensor for the blood vessel geometry evaluation. The contribution of the magnetic susceptibility of MNPs, blood vessel diameter, and particular geometry as well as the orientation of the magnetic field sensor working on the principle of giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) were comparatively analyzed.

Study of alpha particle concentration effects as the ash of deuterium-tritium fusion reaction on ignition criteria

In this study, the ignition criteria in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) associated with helium concentration is investigated. The main fuels used in this study are deuterium-tritium. Helium as the ash of deuterium-tritium reaction cannot be avoided. In this work, the effects of alpha particle concentration on plasma operation are investigated. The calculations were performed by using zero-dimensional power and particle balance equations. The results of our calculations show that the temporal evolution of alpha particle concentration becomes constant at 0.14. Then, ignition criteria and saddle points have been studied in n e τ E −T, and −T planes for different alpha particle concentrations.

Effect of particle size and concentration on the chemical, physical and functional properties of rice-cornsilk composite flour paste

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cornsilk particle size and concentration on the properties of rice flour-cornsilk composite. Ground cornsilk (CS) was classified into sizes ranging from smaller than 45 to 300 µm and was added to rice flour (RF) at different concentrations (5 to 20% by weight). The RF-CS composite samples were analyzed for chemical, physical, and functional properties. The RF-CS composite flour samples had higher protein and fiber contents and showed higher water-binding capacity than the RF sample but lower swelling power at 90 °C. Lower solubility was observed when CS particles smaller than 125 µm were added. Adding large CS particles (>150 µm) caused the average pasting temperature of RF-CS to increase but reduced peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback significantly at all addition levels. The addition of smaller-sized CS particles (<125 µm) reduced peak viscosity significantly from the 10% addition level onwards but tended to increase the breakdown and setback viscosity. RF-CS composite paste had decreasing gel strength with increasing CS addition level. Lower gel syneresis after several freeze-thaw cycles was noted when adding CS. A more significant reduction in flour gel syneresis was observed with the addition of CS smaller than 75 µm. Cornsilk particle is a potential flour additive to increase protein and fiber content. Due to the ability to reduce syneresis, cornsilk particles could be used to produce a high amylose flour gel that can withstand freeze-thaw cycles.

Highly Efficient and Controlled Fabrication of Supraparticles by Leidenfrost Phenomenon.

Supraparticles (SPs) are agglomerates of smaller particles, which show promising applications in catalysis, sensing, and so forth. Preparation of SPs with controlled sizes, components, and structures in an efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly way has become an urgent demand for the development of SPs. Herein, a method to fabricate SPs based on the Leidenfrost phenomenon is described. By dropping a nano-/microparticle dispersion on a metal plate at the Leidenfrost temperature (TLF) or higher, the solvent evaporates quickly, and SPs can be formed within 1 min. To understand the influence of various factors on the properties of SPs, and also to optimize the fabrication of SPs, the effects of metal surface roughness and primary particle concentration on TLF were carefully observed. Plates with a higher roughness as well as a higher primary particle concentration could trigger a lower TLF. Combining the regulation of composition and volume of the droplets, SPs with different sizes, compositions, and structures were precisely fabricated. Furthermore, highly porous titanium dioxide (TiO2) SPs with enhanced photocatalytic performance were fabricated via this method, showing the merits of the method in practical applications. This simple, efficient, and green method provides a new approach for controlled and large-scale fabrication of SPs with various functions.

Periodic Unsteady Natural Convection on CNT Nano-powder Liquid in a Triangular Shaped Mechanical Chamber

Nanoparticle is highly used in enhancing thermal performance, especially in lid-driven cavity flow in powder-related applications. Many researchers considered different conditions, such as MHD, radiation, and mixed convection incorporating nano liquid in such flow. However, no study was carried out with CNT-water nano liquid in a triangular cavity, heated sinusoidally under natural convection to determine the Rayleigh number (Ra) and nano-powder liquid concentration effect on heat transfer. As a result, this study attempts to find the Rayleigh number and particle concentration effects in such transient cavity flow. The governing equations were employed with the Galerkin residual method. While calculating the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the nano liquid, Brownian motion was taken into consideration. The four solid volume fractions (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) and the Ra (104 ≤ Ra ≤ 106) were chosen to evaluate the impact within dimensionless time (0.1 ≤ τ ≤ 1). The findings have been shown by plotting the streamlines, isotherms, heat transfer variation, and pressure gradient. It is found that when the Rayleigh number goes up, the velocity, vorticity, and pressure gradient magnitude become high. But, the fluid flow vortices decrease with dimensionless time. Due to the sinusoidal heat flux conditions, the variation of the result was found to be sinusoidal as well. When the nanoparticle concentration rises, the heat transfer rate and average fluid temperature also increase. Therefore, the highest heat transfer rate is found using the nano liquid with a15% concentration.

Non-linear optical characteristics of sand glass

In this work the nonlinear optical characteristics of sand glass which is the origin of quartz crystal were evaluated, sand glass particles from mining site waste were prepared by washing, drying, magnetic separation and sieving. The particles are soaked in sulphonic acid H2 SO4 acidic solution with 30% concentration for 100 hours, the new compound with optical characteristics was formed at different volume fractions of sandglass such as 20%,40%,60%, and 80% respectively. The new machine was developed for manufacturing the new compound from sand glass. The optical nonlinear absorption coefficient of the sand glass-ceramics material was investigated using the Z-scan technique, provided with nanosecond pulses of second harmonic (green Nd:YAG laser with 532nm wavelength). The effect of lattice structure and particles concentration on the non-linear optical properties were also discussed. The conclusions and recommendations for the best material and concertation for nonlinear optical material were mentioned. The research end with conclusions and recommendation for the development of new optical materials based on micro and nanoparticles from natural resources.

Analytical Approach on the Water-Based Nanofluid for the Influence of Dissipative Heat Energy

The current study reveals the influence of both dissipative heat in water-based conducting nanoliquid through an impassioned semi-infinite vertical plate past embedding with a permeable medium. The effect of particle concentration in conjunction with transverse magnetic field and heat source/sink is presented by introducing the flow and heat transfer phenomena. However, various heat transfer assets of the considered nanofluid are exaggerated by assuming the slip condition. The reason is that, for the diminution in the heat transfer, the role of temperature slip is vital. For the transformation of governing PDEs into nonlinear coupled ODEs, it is necessary to assume suitable self-similar transformations. Moreover, a semi-analytical technique such as Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is employed to solve these transformed equations. The novelty of the study is to get a comparison of the result with the results obtained using the MATLAB in-build code bvp5c. The numerical results for the comparison between both the methods have been presented in tabular form and the control of various parameters for the flow phenomena is demonstrated via graphs.

Development of recyclable pH-responsive magnetic nanospheres via RAFT polymerization and their application in Pickering emulsions

A controllable and efficient method for the preparation of dual-stimulus-responsive magnetic nanospheres (IO/P) as particle emulsifiers via reversible surface addition and fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was described. FTIR, TGA, TEM and VSM were used to prove that the grafting reaction proceeded successfully. The interfacial properties of the magnetic nanospheres at pH from 2 to 12 were characterized by interfacial tension meter. The IO/P Pickering emulsion had dual-responsiveness of pH and magnetic, which was stable at pH 8–10, and could be rapidly broken by changing pH value or under the action of an external magnetic field. The emulsion could undergo at least 5 emulsification-demulsification cycles, which were triggered by changing pH value. The stabilization/destabilization of IO/P Pickering emulsions was triggered by the synergistic effect of applied magnetic field, surface wettability, and zeta potential, which led to the adsorption/exfoliation of IO/P on the water-oil interface. In addition, the effects of polymer segment length, particle concentration, water-oil ratio, and oil phase polarity on emulsion stability were investigated in detail. pH and magnetic stimuli-responsive Pickering emulsifier provided opportunities for oily wastewater treatment, water-oil separation, and design of crude oil delivery systems.

Effects of chlorine particle concentration on the human airway

For COVID-19, chlorine has lately been utilised as a home disinfectant. Given that chlorine is hazardous to the human airway, the current research investigates the effects of chlorine mass fraction and droplet size on the human airway. The effects are investigated at chlorine mass ratios of 2% (24 ppm), 10% (120 ppm), 15% (180 ppm), and 20% (240 ppm), as well as chlorine particle diameters of 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, and 50 nm, and three inhalation rates (15 l/min, 30 l/min, and 60 l/min). The results reveal that when the chlorine mass fraction is 2% and the inhalation rate is low, the chlorine volume fraction decreases. Furthermore, at 2% chlorine and a rapid breathing rate, chlorine particles are accelerated to escape into the lungs.

Application of Carbon Nanocomposite Sensing and Functional Magnetic Nanomaterial in the Sports Industry and Its Biosecurity Research

Nanomaterial science is a particularly important research field in modern science and technology, which has attracted wide attention and research from all walks of life since its inception and has formed a relatively perfect category of science and technology. The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of carbon nanocomposite sensing and functional magnetic nanomaterial in the sports industry and their biosecurity research. This paper first discusses the research progress of nanocomposite in biosecurity and concludes that chemical modification can reduce the negative biological effects of nanomaterial, then puts forward the research methods on nanocomposite in the sports industry, and then selects nanosilver composites to explore and study the effects of different particle sizes and concentrations on the antibacterial properties of Aspergillus and test and characterize the properties of nanocomposite. The stability of nanocomposite modification electrodes is also explored. The results show that nanosilver has excellent bactericidal effects on both AF293 and Gra04. In particular, 8.08 × 10 − 5 mol/L and 4.03 × 10 − 5 mol/L nanosilver has a bacteriological rate of 100%, indicating that the growth of all fungal spores can be completely inhibited, and when the content of 10 wt% is found, the thermal conductivity of PHBE-MWNT pressure-sensitive composite materials is achieved 0.6975 W/(m-K), 1.8 times the MWNT pressure-sensitive glue, higher than the pure pressure-sensitive glue about 255%.

Construction of insulating layers on conductive nickel-plated core particles by thermal fusion of heterocoagulated polymer shell particles

In this study, we developed a method for fabricating conductive particles with an insulating layer on the surface, which can be applied to anisotropic conductive films. Core-shell particles were prepared from conductive nickel-plated core particles and positively charged polystyrene (PSt) shell particles carrying phosphonium groups on their surface by the heterocoagulation technique. The effect of alkyl chain lengths (ethyl, n-butyl, and n-octyl) of (4-vinylbenzyl)trialkylphosphonium chloride on the interfacial properties was investigated by surface tension measurement. Monodisperse PSt shell particles with a controlled particle size were successfully synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene, (4-vinylbenzyl)triethylphosphonium chloride, and n-butyl acrylate. The effects of stirring time, temperature, NaCl concentration, and PSt shell particle concentration on heterocoagulation between the nickel-plated core particles and PSt shell particles were investigated. Uniform core-shell particles with a coverage of 60% could be prepared even though the heterocoagulation temperature was below the glass transition temperature and the NaCl concentration was below the critical coagulation concentration of the PSt shell particles. When the core-shell particles obtained through the heterocoagulation process were heated above the glass transition temperature of the shell particles for 6 h, a smooth polymeric insulating layer with melted shell particles was successfully formed on the surface of the nickel-plated core particles.

Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids with Non-Spherical Nanoparticles: A Review

This article reviews the heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids with non-spherical nanoparticles. We divided the non-spherical nanoparticles suspended in nanofluids into three categories based on the dimension of geometric particle structure. Based on the measured data in experimental studies, we then evaluated the shape effect of non-spherical nanoparticles on thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. Recent studies explored the numerical predictions and related heat transfer mechanisms. Due to large aspect ratios, thermal conductivity is abnormally enhanced only for nanofluids with carbon nanotubes/nanofibers/nanowires. The approximate enhancement effect exerted by three types of non-spherical nanoparticles on thermal conductivity was 4.5:2.5:1. Thermal conductivity enhancement per concentration was larger for nanorods/ellipsoids with small aspect ratios. The convective heat transfer coefficient was increased by suspending non-spherical nanoparticles in the base fluid. Consequently, no significant thermohydraulic performance was discovered for convective heat transfer of non-spherical nanoparticle nanofluid flow, specifically for turbulent flows, due to increased pumping power. However, the temperature and particle concentration effect on convective heat transfer remains unclear. In addition, no perfect model for predicting the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of non-spherical nanoparticle nanofluids has been reported.

Effects of Dense Inert Particle Loading in Shocked Energetic Materials

AbstractMetal particles are often added to solid‐fuel rocket motors and weapon systems to boost detonation propagation or to increase impact energy. Aside from the chemical effects of reactive particles, even inert particle effects can be significant on detonation properties due to the momentum and the energy exchanges between the phases. Therefore, a study of inert particles, that can exhibit direct effects on shock‐to‐detonation‐transition (SDT) depending on particle loading and its material properties, is needed. This work numerically investigates the effects of dense inert particle loading on SDT in energetic material (EM). The focus here is on local non‐equilibrium (NE) effects in particle‐added EM mixture and its correspondence to observed parametric trends on detonation. An Eulerian‐Eulerian (EE) framework capable of modeling dense‐dilute particles is used within a well‐established multi‐phase solver to capture dispersed motion in a reactive condensed phase. The numerical approach is first validated against available experimental data, and this is followed by an investigation of particle effects over a range of parameters where a condition‐dependent trend is observed. Focusing on the two‐phase NE effects, the dynamic and the thermal disparities between particles and EM are quantified to demonstrate the effect of relaxation parameters on the observed detonation quantities. The reduction in peak pressure and detonation velocity is observed to follow NE strengths and corresponding relaxation rates. An assessment of the effects of various particle loading parameters, i. e., concentration, size, density, and specific heat, on SDT is performed along with quantifying the relaxation process. All particle loading parameters show a range‐dependent effect on detonation properties, and the observed results demonstrate the relevance of two‐phase NE and corresponding relaxation processes.

Nanofluid heat transfer in a microchannel heat sink with multiple synthetic jets and protrusions

This study focuses on the innovative integration of different cooling techniques to maximize the thermal performance in a 3D microchannel heat sink (MCHS). The paper discusses nanofluid flow and thermal fields in the MCHS with protrusions subjected to double synthetic jets (SJs). A validated multiphase mixture model is used to study the effect of Al2O3 particles in water. The effect of particle concentration, orifice spacing, orifice height, oscillation frequency, membrane amplitude, and phase actuation on convective and conductive heat transfer is analyzed. Heat transfer is significantly influenced by the particle concentration in both active and inactive SJs. Overall, 180° out-of-phase jet configurations show better performance in terms of convective heat transfer, while in-phase jet arrangements are more efficient in conductive heat transfer enhancement. In terms of thermal performance, 180° out-of-phase cases show a higher figure of merit (FOM) than in-phase SJs. Increasing the frequency and amplitude enhances the heat transfer. In the case of nanofluids, the maximum degree of convective enhancement of 1.23 demonstrates the effectiveness of SJs and protrusions. However, the maximum degree of overall thermal enhancement of 54% is obtained at in-phase actuation under the same conditions.

Variations in the life-cycle parameters and population growth of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under the stress of microplastics and 17β-estradiol

The toxic effects of microplastics (MPs) on biota are related to their particle size. In addition, MPs could adsorb ambient pollutants in water, which increase the threat of MPs to organisms. In this study, the effects of different particle sizes and concentrations of MPs on the life-cycle parameters and population growth of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were investigated, and the combined effects of MPs and 17β-estradiol (E2) on rotifers were studied. Results showed small particle size (50 nm) MPs had negative effects on the lifespan, time to first batch of eggs, fecundity, and population growth rate of rotifers, which were dose-dependent, but large (100 nm and 500 nm) MPs were not. In addition, both life-cycle parameters and the population growth of rotifers were not affected by E2. However, the combination effects of different particle sizes of MPs and E2 on the lifespan, reproductive period, offspring per female, and population growth of rotifers were significant. Therefore, rotifers were more vulnerable to smaller particle MPs, and the coexistence of MPs and other environmental pollutants posed a serious threat to rotifers.

Responses of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) to zinc oxide nanoparticles: Understanding changes in root system architecture, zinc tissue partitioning and soil characteristics

Addressing global Zinc (Zn) deficiency in food and feed requires innovation in Zn fertilizer. Recently, Zn oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have piqued interest for potential use as a novel nano-Zn fertilizer. However, little is known about potential factors influencing ZnONPs partitioning in different plant tissues, and changes in root system architecture (RSA) and soil characteristics. Herein, we tested the effects of particle size (38, 59, and > 500 nm) and concentration (0–500 mg/kg) of ZnONPs on Zn bioaccumulation in multiple tissues in soil-grown soybean (Glycine max) grown for 120 days, including changes in RSA (root biomass, length, area, volume, and density) and soil characteristics (pH and electrical conductance [EC]). Our results showed significant effects of Zn compound types, Zn concentrations and their interaction on RSA, and Zn uptake by root, stem, leaf, and seed, in soybean. Concentration-response curves for root structures with varied sized ZnONPs and Zn2+ ions were deemed nonlinear, whereas for Zn distribution between different tissues the concentration-response curves were linear. Interestingly, ZnONPs and Zn2+ ions up to 200 mg/kg showed beneficial effects on root growth and development, but toxic response was observed at higher concentrations for both compounds. Root dry weight, length, volume, and area with 200 mg/kg ZnONPs-38 nm were higher by 48%, 56%, 33% and 44%, respectively, compared to control, and were higher by 15%, 23%, 15% and 19%, respectively, compared to 200 mg/kg ZnCl2. In general, soybean responses to the smallest size ZnONPs-38 nm were higher for all parameters evaluated compared to the larger-sized ZnONPs (59 and > 500 nm) and Zn2+ ions. Zn bioaccumulation varied among tissues in the order: root > seed > leaf > stem. A minor but steady decrease in soil pH and EC occurred among different concentrations for both ZnONPs and Zn2+ ions. Improved RSA can facilitate water and nutrient uptake in soybean, promoting growth and yield, especially considering arid and semi-arid climates where water is a limiting factor. Further, improving seed and shoot Zn levels, as demonstrated herein using ZnONPs, is paramount to addressing Zn deficiency in food and feed. Future studies assessing potential impacts on soil microbes, soil health and food safety upon ZnONPs application is critical for risk assessment of the novel nanofertilizer.

Effect of particle concentration on lubrication performance of cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) water-based lubricants: mixed lubrication regime

Effect of particle concentration on lubrication performance of cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) water-based lubricants: mixed lubrication regime