Participle Research Articles

Subjective Word Formation in Smolensk Dialect: Word-formation Type with the Suffix -k(a)

The subject of the study in the article is the word-formation type of subjective dialect nouns that have a specific subject meaning and are formed with the suffix -k(a). The word-formation type includes words recorded on the territory of the Smolensk region from the end of the XIX century to the present. The type under
 consideration as an independent word-formation unit is of particular interest in the field of dialect word-formation, since the nouns included in it were formed using the suffix -k(a), which is widely used in the Russian language, while dialect
 adjectives clearly show all the specifics of dialect word formation proper: filling the type with nouns belonging to a variety of semantic groups; wide involvement of not only typical Russian, but also dialect words as generating bases; the special
 role of derived words with a complicated word-formation structure within the type. The significance of the conducted research is emphasized by a large number of derived nouns formed from adjectives and words used in Smolensk dialects as
 adjectives (passive participles), with one or more suffixes, i.e. located at different stages of the derivation process; this circumstance indicates the complex structure of the dialect word-formation system of Smolensk dialects

Investigating the interplay between morphosyntax and event comprehension from the perspective of intersecting object histories.

In a series of sentence-picture verification studies we contrasted, for example, "… choose the balloon with "… inflate the balloon" and "… the inflated balloon" to examine the degree to which different representational components of event representation (specifically, the different object states entailed by the inflating event; minimally, the balloon in its uninflated and inflated states) are jointly activated after state-change verbs and past participles derived from them. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the initial and end states are both activated after state-change verbs, but that the initial state is considerably less accessible after participles. Experiment 3 showed that intensifier adverbs (e.g., completely) before both state-change verbs and participles further modulate the accessibility of the initial state. And in Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the initial state is accessible only because of the semantic overlap. We conclude that although state-change verbs activate representations of both the initial and end states of their event participants, their accessibility is graded, modulated by the morphosyntactic devices used to describe the event. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Stativity and inchoativity

Abstract States, long considered a homogeneous event class, have been shown to actually decompose into sufficiently distinct aspectual types. Davidsonian and Kimian statives (Maienborn 2008; Rothmayr 2009), for instance, show a major contrast in presence/absence of event-related properties, including finer-grained (sub)class distinctions. Within the Davidsonian (mixed eventive-stative) type, a novel class has been identified using Spanish data as reference (Marín and McNally 2011). This class, dubbed inchoative stative is characterized by including a left boundary (Piñón 1997) marking the temporal onset of the state. We focus on documented Old Spanish data to argue that non-eventive (Kimian-like) left-bounded states are also possible. We note that productive combinations of the locative copula estar ‘be-loc’ with past participles of specific verbs produce distinct selectional and interpretive patterns defined by (i) pure states (homogenous spatial situation); (ii) no change-of-state/location denotation; (iii) left boundary. If correct, data suggest that inchoative stativity is not necessarily a Davidsonian type of predication; and that two distinct types of inchoative statives should be carefully differentiated under (more) specific criteria.

Translating the Slavonic Present Participles in the Early Romanian Psalters (16th Century)

It is often said that early Romanian biblical translations from Church Slavonic follow the source texts slavishly. This is believed to be especially true about the 16th century Romanian Psalters, a group of seven texts (both printed and hand-copied) descending from a single translation. Indeed, these texts stay close to their Church Slavonic originals in topic, lexical content, and orthographical rules. However, we aim to describe how the 16th century translators and redactors dealt with Church Slavonic structures that could not be easily adapted into Romanian by means of formal equivalence. The Slavonic present participle, which appears plenty in the Slavonic Psalter, was chosen as litmus test. While theoretically having a formal correspondent in Old Romanian (the gerund), the Slavonic present participle has a range of uses and meanings that the Old Romanian gerund lacks. Thus, Romanian scribes must depart from the comfort of formal equivalence that calques and loans provide and choose the translation that convey meaning. The dynamic equivalence is obtained by selecting different solutions: gerunds, adjectives, objects and, most often, clauses, especially relative ones. Rendering participles with clauses (i.e. adjectives with verbs) forces the translator to make decisions going beyond the Slavonic participle itself. The analysis shows a tension between betraying the Slavonic text as little as possible and rendering it to the best of the redactor’s ability.

Aspectualizers and their Complementation in English and Romanian

Abstract Aspectualizers as verbs indicating phases in the development of events are typically divided into ingressive (denoting beginning), continuative (denoting continuation) and egressive (denoting ending). These verbs require specific complementation with the lexical verbs which are paired with the aspectualizers. Their analysis starts from the features of such complementation in English (subordinate non-finite infinitival and participial clauses) and compares them with the features of their Romanian translation equivalents. This corpus-based research (with the examples from modern British novels) focuses on the structural characteristics of the complementation in the two languages, lexical aspect of the verbs in the complementation (activities, states, accomplishments, achievements), as well as similarities and differences between the two languages in that respect.

Base Form and Other Forms of the Estonian Verb

The article discusses the implicational patterns present in the Estonian verb paradigm: which paradigm slot acts as the base form, which slots act as other principal parts, and what does their dependency hierarchy look like. The argument relies on data from three different types of source: acquisition of Estonian as the first language by children; verbal inflectional classes that are reconstructed from the 17th century Tallinn variety of Estonian; and statistics from different contemporary corpora. The article arrives at a different implicational schema than that which is generally accepted in the Estonian grammar tradition. The article suggests that the base form is the bare stem (which is used as the 2nd person imperative and prohibitive, as well as the negation of present indicative), and that the other three principal parts are: the infinitive; the wordform representing simultaneously the past participle impersonal and past indicative negative impersonal; and third-person singular past indicative. The supine, which is traditionally regarded as the base form, is relegated to being dependent on the third-person singular past indicative. The article acknowledges that the proposed schema causes difficulties with the algorithm of generating paradigm slots for words that now exhibit strengthening gradation pattern, traditionally considered to be unproductive for Estonian words, and even completely missing for verbs.

Effects of Structure, Salience, and Working Memory on L2 Processing of English Past Participles by L1 Thai Learners

Effects of Structure, Salience, and Working Memory on L2 Processing of English Past Participles by L1 Thai Learners

The ADV speaking-construction in American English: A quantitative corpus-based investigation

Abstract In this article, the author applies the theory of frame semantics, a usage-based model of construction grammar, and quantitative corpus-based methodology to investigate the nature of the ADV speaking-construction in American English, an adverbial participle construction that has not been previously explored using quantitative corpus-based methods. To investigate this construction, the author extracted its occurrences from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), analysed its structural, semantic, distributional and discourse-functional properties, and identified adverbs that frequently appear in the construction. The investigation reveals that the construction tends to combine with speech-functional adverbs, which evoke different semantic frames. It commonly occurs in spoken and written registers and serves various functions in discourse. In particular, it is used frequently in spoken discourse and academic prose to comment on the manner of conveying a message and to express speakers’ stances and attitudes toward various topics.

The Present Participle with Wērden and Wēsen in Middle Low German: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Structure and Meaning

A comprehensive description of the combination of the finite auxiliary verbs wērden ‘become’/wēsen ‘be’ and a present participle in Middle Low German is still a strong desideratum. This study presents a corpus-based analysis of the aforementioned phenomenon with a special focus on its grammatical structure and its different meanings. In particular, it focuses on a wide range of temporal and aspectual meanings, depending on the auxiliary verb, its tense and mood. Moreover, the relationship between the semantics of the main verb and the meaning of the whole construction is investigated. Finally, the competition with alternative verbal complex constructions expressing the same meaning is also explored. The analysis is carried out on the basis of Middle Low German texts from different times, language areas, and genres.

Optimality Theory Paradigm in the Formation of Active Participles Arabic Quadrilateral Verbs

This article aims to investigate the implementation of the Optimality Theory (OT) paradigm in the formation of Active Participle (AP) in quadrilateral verbs in the Arabic language. This approach involves morphological and contrastive linguistic analyses to understand the patterns of PA formation from quadrilateral verbs, with a focus on the hierarchy of criteria and candidate evaluation based on OT principles. The research methodology includes an in-depth study of various forms of PA produced by quadrilateral verbs, identifying rules and preferences that lead to changes in the word forms. The research findings indicate that OT provides profound insights into the complexity of the morphology of quadrilateral verbs, illustrating consistent patterns of change as well as variations depending on grammatical and semantic contexts. The implications of these research findings significantly contribute to the understanding of Arabic linguistic structure, morphological theory, and contrastive analysis methods. By paving the way for further research, this article suggests that paradigm serves as an effective conceptual framework to explain morphological phenomena in the Arabic language, enriching Arabic linguistic literature and supporting the development of advanced morphological analysis methods. This study opens avenues for deeper exploration of linguistic intricacies, fostering academic insights into the Arabic language's structural nuances.

Investigating the Borrowing of English Inflectional Morphemes Into Chinese Newspapers

Abstract It is controversial whether English inflectional morphemes can be systematically borrowed into written Chinese since English and Chinese are typologically and orthographically different. This paper intends to investigate the borrowing of eight English inflectional morphemes [–’s (possessive), –(e)s (plural), –ed (past tense, past participle), –ing (present participle), –en (past participle),–s (the 3rd person singular), –er (comparative), and –est (superlative)] into Chinese with a corpus of Chinese newspapers collected from 2005 to 2021. The findings of this study suggest a significant presence of the systematically borrowed English inflectional morphemes into Chinese newspapers in terms of borrowability. Based on the analysis of the linguistic features and frequency distribution of the borrowed morphemes into Chinese newspapers, it can be concluded that the English inflectional morphemes borrowed can be well adapted into Chinese.

Child Heritage Speakers’ Overregularization of Spanish Past Participles

The current study investigated overregularization of Spanish irregular past participles (e.g., dicho ‘said’, regularized as decido) among 20 child heritage speakers of Spanish in New Mexico, ages 5;1–11;9. Overregularization occurs when a child produces an irregular form analogously to its regular counterpart (e.g., eated instead of ate). Typically, children first produce the irregular form and then, after they have learned a morphological pattern, they overapply it to the irregular form. Ultimately, children retreat from overregularization and once again produce the target irregular form. While there has been a wealth of studies on monolingual children’s overregularizations, very few have investigated this phenomenon in child heritage speakers, who may develop their grammars diversely due to their exposure to the heritage language. This study analyzed the impact of age, Spanish language experience, Spanish morphosyntax proficiency, and lexical frequency on overregularization among the 13/20 children who produced past participles (n = 233) in response to an elicited production task. Participles were overregularized at high rates (74%), resulting in forms like ponido (‘put’, cf: puesto). Results from a regression analysis indicate that overregularization was more likely among the younger children, the children with lower morphosyntax scores, and with lower-frequency participles. Further, an interaction between morphosyntax score and lexical frequency indicated that children with higher scores overregularized with lower frequency participles, but not higher frequency ones, whereas children with low scores overregularized with both low- and high-frequency forms. In summary, child heritage speakers overregularize Spanish past participles at high rates, and the retreat from overregularization is tied to overall grammatical development and lexical frequency, suggesting that the acquisition of irregular participles is dependent on experiencing multiple instances of the irregular verb form.

Elaborazione e cambio linguistico: considerazioni sulle ‘lingue minori’ sull’esempio della scritturalità friulana

Abstract Since Friulian has been recognized as a minority language by the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (1996) and by the Italian Republic (Law 482/1999), the elaboration process has been accelerated and intensified. Friulian has advanced into text types in which it had not been used before, such as scientific papers, administrative texts, journal articles, etc. In order to fulfill the needs of these new communicative purposes, an extensive and intensive elaboration of language is needed. This happens on the one side through a conscious codification process, especially by intense lexicographical activity, and on the other side “by doing”. In both cases, the influence of more elaborated languages – mainly of Italian, but partially also of other languages, especially English – plays a central role. Lexical items, but also morphological processes and syntactical structures are borrowed from these languages. This fact has structural consequences on Friulian, and, in the long run, could cause a typological change. After a brief outline of the recent history of the elaboration of Friulian and its legal framework, I will focus on some morphological and syntactical structures: the formation of relational (denominal) adjectives instead of prepositional phrases (which also triggers some less productive morphophonological patterns) and the borrowing of Italian adjectives and nouns derived from a present participle, provoking Friulian loan formations, although in Friulian present participles are no usual grammatical structures. In the end, I will focus on stâ+gerund periphrases, which are built on the Italian model. These are compatible with some aktionsart verb classes that the ‘genuine’ Friulian aspectual periphrases jessi che+indicative present or imperfect and jessi daûr a+infinitive cannot be used with and therefore it can be seen as a change in the semantic-syntactic system of Friulian.

Skolēnu rakstu valoda latviešu valodas un vēstures valsts pārbaudes darbos 2021. gadā Kurzemē

The research aims to examine pupils’ text creation skills in the Latvian language and history state examinations (SE). The source of the research is the examination papers of pupils in Kurzeme in the 2021 Latvian language SE (an opinion; 250 words) and history SE (task 3 of part 3 – an essay; 200 words). Examination of the evaluation criteria of both examinations shows that the evaluation criteria of the Latvian language examination pay more attention to the quality of spelling (10 points out of 34 (approx. 30%) can be obtained for orthography and punctuation). The article summarizes the main types of errors in morphology and syntax in both examinations. Several types of errors are distinguished in morphology: unjustified use of macrons or their absence, spelling of consonants, words written incorrectly together and separately, spelling of onyms, and errors in the spelling of verbs and foreign words. A number of syntactic constructions were studied in the pupils’ examination papers – coordinated parts of sentence, coordinated parts of sentence with a generalising word, participial clauses, insertions and explanatory word groups –, as wethe frequency of their use in the pupils’ examination papers and the most frequently detected cases of errors. The use of punctuation marks in the sentence, separating the subordinate clause, has also been studied. A comparison of the two examination papers leads to the conclusion that there are no statistically significant differences in the text creation task in Latvian or history SE in Kurzeme. Spelling and punctuation skills are solid, and the number of errors is equal. As pupils take the examinations, caution is observed in using more complex syntactic constructions. In the analysis, examples from pupils’ examination papers are presented in italics, preserving their style, spelling and punctuation errors.

The Analysis of Inflectional Morpheme in "The Red Shoes" by Hans Christian Andersen

AbstractThe language must be understandable because it addresses the purpose and the message conveyed. Words have an important role in the development of language. Words become the basis of every existing linguistic element, for example from words to sentences, sentences to paragraphs or speech. This word is about morphology because it affects spelling, reading comprehension and vocabulary. To understand the meaning of vocabulary, language users must especially acquire knowledge of morphology inflectional morphemes. This study analyzes both morphemes that appear in the poetry "The Red Shoes' ' by Hans Christian Andersen. The purpose of research is to find the most inflectional morphemes that often appear in the works of Hans Christian Andersen's poetry and also develop the process of morphemes. This study applied a qualitative method. The result of this study revealed that from 142 words which contain inflectional morphemes, the most frequent type of morpheme that appeared in the poetry was plural using suffix -ed, which is found in 61 words. This research also found 7 types of inflectional process such as third-person singular, past tense, progressive, past participle, plural, comparative, and superlative. The purpose of this research is to increase students' vocabulary and become teaching materials for teaching.

Tracing Eastern Mayan Perfect ‐maχ: Outcomes of Direct Affix Borrowing in the Sacapulas Corridor

AbstractSeveral Eastern Mayan languages of central highland Guatemala have an innovative perfect participle suffix ‐maχ, whose distribution suggests that it diffused areally. This article describes the innovation of ‐maχ in Poqom and argues that it spread to other Mayan languages in a newly proposed contact area called the ‘Sacapulas Corridor’. I explore three case studies where the distribution of the perfect participle ‐maχ changed in the recipient language: functional change to a general passive in Uspantek, matter replication without pattern replication in Sakapultek and Sipakapense, and contact‐induced multiple exponence in Northern Mam. The diffusion of ‐maχ exemplifies how structural similarity and bilingualism between the source and recipient language can facilitate direct affix borrowing.

ON THE CATEGORY OF THE PRESENT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES IN GREEK AND BULGARIAN

The present article is a comparative study of the present passive participles in Greek and Bulgarian, their meaning, use, as well as the Bulgarian equivalents of the Greek present passive participles. From a typological point of view, we can assign the present passive participle to the category of linguistic phenomena that exist in Bulgarian and Greek, but differ significantly in their meaning and use. It was this fact that generated my interest in the type of participle in question, and the purpose of the present study is, with the help of comparative analysis, to reveal the main similarities and differences in the meanings and use of the present passive participle in Greek and Bulgarian. In the first part of the study, a system-level analysis was performed – the formation, meaning and use of the present passive participles in each of the two languages are presented separately. Even here, significant differences emerge in the characteristics of the studied participles in the two languages. In the second part of the study, the analysis moves to the level of speech – the concrete implementation in speech of the present passive participles is analyzed, by means of a comparison of their use in certain texts and for this purpose, documents issued by the European Union and translated into Greek and Bulgarian have been selected.

Modeling of a Russian language lesson in morphology based on linguistic and cultural analysis of a word and text

The article is devoted to the problem of modeling a modern Russian language lesson, in which its educational potential is most fully realized. In this regard, the possibilities of the linguoculturological approach teaching the Russian language in school are analyzed. Two types of the Russian language lesson are considered, which are based on linguoculturological analysis: a lesson with a linguoculturological characteristic of the text (O.N. Levushkina) and a lesson in making a portrait of the concept (N.L. Mishatina). For teaching morphology, a model of the Russian language lesson «From text to concepts to comprehension of the deep meaning of the text» in the 7th grade is proposed and illustrated, which includes both the linguistic and cultural characteristics of the text and the analysis of the word as a concept. The lesson described in the article on the topic of «Active and passive participles» is based on the linguistic and cultural analysis of the literary text, excerpts of the essay by M. Lermontov “Panorama of Moscow”, and considers the relationship between linguistic and cultural components of word and text analysis, as well as working with the concept in the framework of studying morphology in Russian language lessons. During the lesson, students systematize and generalize knowledge on the studied topic, develop a culture of working with dictionary entries, learn to work with the cultural meanings of the word in a literary text and in their native culture. Reliance on linguistic and cultural analysis of the word and text ensures the effectiveness of the study of linguistic material and the formation of a system of moral values of students.

Future expressions in a sixth-century Latin translation of Josephus

Abstract Over the history of Latin, a number of ways to express futurity evolve and disappear. Perhaps most notably, the future tense is lost in all Romance languages, replaced generally by periphrases with habeo. I present here the expressions of futurity present in the Latin translation of Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities and Against Apion, conducted in sixth-century CE Italy under the aegis of Cassiodorus. I first examine the use of the synthetic future tense, and then suggest that the translators deliberately avoid using habeo + infinitive in any sense. This contradicts recent claims that habeo + infinitive was characteristic of high register usage in Late Latin. I then analyse the use of the present tense to express futurity, the future participle + sum, gerundives as future passive participles and infinitives, and the curious use of debeo and possum. I show a number of changes in the system from Classical Latin, and suggest a new potential route for the development of debeo to express the future in certain Romance varieties.

Rhythmic and syntactic structure of means to create material world image in V. Nabokov’s novel «Машенька» and its English translation «Mary»

The present article attempts to analyze the rhythmic and syntactic structure of the original fragments involved in creating the image of the pension in V. Nabokov’s novel «Машенька» and its English version «Mary». The relevance of the research stems from the fact that despite the abundance of works devoted to the study of artistic image and individual writers’ style, they do not cover all possible aspects of analysis. In particular, there exist practically no contrastive studies revealing specific means to create material world image on the rhythmic and syntactic level based on the works written by bilingual authors. In addition, Russian and foreign philology lack studies devoted to considering the peculiarities of rhythmic and syntactic analysis of V. Nabokov’s literary works. The aim of the present article is to analyze the rhythmic as well as syntactic structure of the original fragments, creating the image of the pension as part of the material world in V. Nabokov’s novel «Машенька» and its English version «Mary». The objectives of the study include identifying the characteristics of the rhythmic as well as syntactic structure of the fragments in question to define the extent to which the translator manages to convey the features of the original structure. The following research methods are used: the method of slicing and splicing, structural-functional method, descriptive method and comparative method. In conclusion it should be emphasized that rhythmic and syntactic structure of the analyzed fragments is characterized by both extended and non-extended sentences, compound sentences with conjunctive, subordinate and non-conjunctive links, parenthetical insertions, homogeneous sentence members and adverbial participial phrases. The rhythm of the fragments in question varies from monotonous to gradual and alternating. To conclude, the results suggest that rhythmic and syntactic features of the original are not always taken into account by the translator, which is explained by the differences in the syntactic structure of the Russian and English languages.