Participation Of Local People Research Articles

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF URBAN CHANGE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY: A CASE FROM SOUTHERN LALITPUR METROPOLITAN CITY

Urbanisation in Kathmandu Valley (KV), comprising the capital city Kathmandu, accelerated after the restoration of democracy in the 1990s, as the neoliberal economic policy adopted by the country opened doors for investments in infrastructure development. Urbanisation further accelerated during the Maoist insurgency and heightened after the conflict resolution in 2006 and since then, the country has gone through multiple (spatial, demographic, political, and economic) transitions. With better access to education, hospitals, jobs, businesses, politics, Kathmandu Valley attracts people from all over the country, resulting in the densification in the core cities and an uncontrolled urban sprawl thereby unplanned growth of built-up areas in the periphery. This paper, taking reference of Lalitpur Metropolitan City in the valley with a focus on Khokana (Ward 21) analyses (1) the trend of urbanisation in KV with a reference to urban growth and land use change and (2) examines the contradictions and contestations brought by the centrally planned development and constructional projects as part of the drivers of the urbanisation process in and around Khokana. We examine how the infrastructural imperatives and real estate boom is shifting the core to the periphery and the periphery again is transforming into a new core due to the expansion of capital and market. The planned infrastructural projects, additionally, have also increased the risk of delinking local communities from their land, which is the main cause of community dissatisfaction. We, therefore, conclude with the policy suggestion to ensure the participation of local people and prioritisation of urban development projects based on local needs to achieve a resilient tomorrow’s cities.

The Survey of Affecting Factors on Tendency to Participation of Local People in the Restoration of Oak Forests Involved with Decline in Ilam Province

The Survey of Affecting Factors on Tendency to Participation of Local People in the Restoration of Oak Forests Involved with Decline in Ilam Province

How effective are marine parks in protecting their coral reef ecosystem? A study case in the Mexican Caribbean

Abstract In the Mexican Caribbean, marine protected areas have been established to tackle marine ecosystem degradation caused by the coastal development that started in Cancún in the 1970s and extended south to the border with Belize in the 1990s. It is crucial to assess their effectiveness for conservation of the reef ecosystem, but also the perception of stakeholders, because the objective would be unattainable without their participation. This study evaluated the conservation status and the management effectiveness of National Park Xcalak Reefs (PNAX), in the southernmost Mexican Caribbean. In addition to interviewing local stakeholders to recognize issues related to the administration and functioning of PNAX, four zones with different use restrictions inside the park were evaluated, using ecological indicators (diversity and abundance of fishes, coral diversity and cover, and macroalgal cover) and ecological knowledge by interviewing local stakeholders, mostly fishers and conservation personnel. The results suggest that one of the restricted‐use zones is in good condition, with a higher abundance of fishes and coral cover, and a lower cover of fleshy macroalgae and turf, compared with the other zones in the protected area. On the other hand, the core area presents bad indicators, such as a higher macroalgal cover and lower abundance of fishes, suggesting poor management or insufficient enforcement. Although mistrust and lack of communication between fishers and conservation authorities may limit the achievement of conservation goals, some programmes involving active participation of local people, for example lionfish culling and coastal vegetation restoration, have had a good impact on the coral reef community.

Scope of Public Participation for the Protection of Biodiversity in Bangladesh: Some Legal Reflections

Bangladesh is rich in biodiversity. However, the biological diversity of Bangladesh is declining day by day. Without the active participation of local people, biodiversity conservation initiatives may fail. Public involvement is vital for biodiversity conservation in the context of the biodiversity of Bangladesh. Public participation is necessary because it promotes the legitimacy of decisions concerning environmental matters, gives the public a chance to express its concerns, can reduce conflict among competing interests and can raise public awareness, educate people and strengthen the local community and indigenous people. The existing legal frameworks of Bangladesh on biodiversity provide some scope for public participation in biodiversity conservation. The current legal frameworks could be improved to ensure effective public participation in biodiversity conservation. Existing laws should be amended to include provisions like mandatory provision for co-management systems for the management of sanctuary, parks and other protected areas, provision for the development of skills and capacity of local people and provision to protect the traditional and the right of livelihood of the indigenous community The government of Bangladesh needs to take initiatives to revise the existing laws to broaden the scope of public involvement to ensure adequate and effective participation in biodiversity conservation efforts.

Contribution of Society and Owners of Buildings in Conservation of Architectural Heritage in the Arab World. (Case Study: “Rawdat Sudair, Saudi Arabia”)

This research aims to study the experience of local people in conserving architectural heritage and to benefit from that in preserving other historical sites. The need for this study is important because: Conservation of cultural and architectural heritage is not merely a government responsibility. The participation of local people in architectural conservation has many benefits. Motivating people to preserve architectural heritage is the responsibility of cultural and educational bodies. The study discusses historical architectural sites in Saudi Arabia. It concentrates on the inhabitants' and owners' role in the conservation of architectural heritage, since, nowadays most of the historical sites were taken care of by the governments. The tools of this research are better than the previous working methods, because, previous models neglect the inhabitants' and owners' role in the conservation of architectural heritage, Methods of this study include literature review, site visits, and interviews with inhabitants and visitors of the Case Study. It also includes site visits to similar historical sites, lectures highlighting the importance of architectural heritage to improve public awareness and to motivate people to take part in the conservation of architectural heritage. The study found conserving, preserving, or rehabilitating traditional buildings cannot be the duty of the owner only or the responsibility of the governments alone.

Assessing community awareness for participatory conservation of cultural heritage: the case of Tepebağ Tumulus and its surroundings in Adana Turkey

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the levels of awareness of locals about conservation and cultural heritage, in order to develop suggestions and methods for them to participate in these processes.Design/methodology/approachThe method of research is based on face-to-face surveys, mainly questionnaires that were conducted with 1,200 local people. The data obtained was evaluated using the SPSS 25.0.0 V program.FindingsThe results show that locals mainly find appropriate the assets that reflect their culture but disregard archaeological remains. The participation of locals in the conservation process will end up benefiting them economically.Social implicationsIt is currently accepted that effective conservation cannot be achieved unless its technical considerations are considered together with social and cultural aspects. Ensuring the participation of local people in the conservation process has proved to be important in the development of holistic and sustainable outcomes. In places, where multilayered cultural heritage exists and local residents are from different cultural backgrounds, a detailed assessment of cultural heritage perception that involves local people gains significance.Originality/valueIt is project-based in the sense of adding the dimension of community awareness to the practice of cultural heritage conservation in the multilayered and multicultural places.

Community awareness and participation in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam

Abstract. Truong DD. 2021. Community awareness and participation in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 23: 583-594. Local community's perception and attitude towards biodiversity conservation are essential to the sustainable management of national parks in Vietnam. The conservation of biodiversity in national parks is facing pressures from economic development activities, which has led to the degradation of the ecological values ??of the national parks. People's awareness and their participation in conservation management are crucial to the sustainable management of national parks. This study examined the awareness and participation of local people in biodiversity conservation at Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (PN-KBNP), Vietnam. PN-KB is one of the national parks with the highest biodiversity values ??in Vietnam and is recognized by UNESCO as a world heritage site. To assess participation in conservation management, the study implemented a Contingent Valuation Method for estimating the willingness to pay of households in the buffer zone for biodiversity conservation in PN-KBNP. A survey was implemented to 358 households randomly selected in five communes adjacent to the park. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with selected key informants were also practiced for the management of insight information. The result showed that local villagers generally hold a fairly high perception of biodiversity values and positive attitudes towards biodiversity conservation at PN-KBNP. This positive perception comes from the close interaction between household livelihoods and the national park on a daily basis. However, awareness of national park management rules are not high. In addition, local people are willing to sacrifice part of their income to conserve biodiversity for current and future generations. On an average, each household was willing to pay 297,000 VND/year for biodiversity conservation. Payment levels, age, length of residency and education were observed to significantly impact on villagers' participation in biodiversity conservation initiatives. The balance between development and conservation was found to be the key in Park management, where communities need to be given more power to plan, monitor and implement conservation activities while establishing clear forest land user right for households and communities.

Land Use/Cover Changes and Surface Temperature Dynamics Over Abaminus Watershed, Northwest Ethiopia

The study investigates the impact of land use/cover changes on the dynamics of surface temperature in the Abaminus watershed, Northwest Ethiopia. Landsat-5 images of 1987, 1999, and 2010, and the Landsat-8 image of 2018 were used as the sources of data. The land use/cover changes were calculated using a land-use transition matrix. Data generated from household surveys were presented using percentage values to identify the driving forces of land use/cover changes. The land surface temperature (LST) result was quantified using the respective index equation. Results indicated that wetland, forest, shrublands, and grasslands declined by 96.6%, 72%, 77.7%, and 89.4% respectively over the analysis period. The encroachment of cultivation and overgrazing to marginal lands, weak institutional arrangement, sedimentation, high drainage of wetlands for crop production, and recurrent drought were the major driving forces behind the land use/cover change. Within this effect, the average land surface temperature was increased by 11.5°C, 3.22°C, and 2.02°C due to wetland loss, clearing of the forest, and decline of shrublands respectively for the last 31 years. LSTs had correspondingly decreased by 5.42°C and 3.77°C on the afforested barren surfaces and planted shrublands. Hence, there should be an improved institutional arrangement for managing open access resources through the participation of local people in the management for minimizing the increase of land surface temperature in the study watershed. Moreover, enclosure management and plantation of multipurpose species on degraded communal lands shall be scaled-up to significantly reduce land surface temperatures.

Community based tourism in Nagari Lawang, West Sumatera: Participation Approach Analysis

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is one of the emerging tourism models in the last few decades as an alternative to mass tourism in all over the world. This can be categorized as sustainable tourism because it includes local people participation, and conservation. Lawang Village (known as Nagari Lawang) is one of the village in the West Sumatera Indonesia that has been trying CBT since 2012 with rich potential tourisms: culture, nature, adventure, traditional culinary, and handycraft. However, this is not as easy for CBT conducted sucessfully benefiting stakeholders because of two major dominated private-owned tourism objects. Initally the CBT was promoted and initiated by one of the owner of private tourism, now it is just has lost its power and continuity and faced problems such as lack of human resources, loss global promotion, and finally the collaps of many homestays that have been designed before. However some local economic activities like traditional beverage production called “tebu lawang” and traditional gift shop are still running well. The purposes of this study are to find the community participation level in CBT Lawang and to determine the proper policy to recover CBT’s profitable business. To achieve the study purposes this research used qualitative research design through Focus Group Disucssion and SWOT Analysis. Primary data were collected through observation, interview, and focus group discussion (FGD). The study results shows that based on Arnstein Participation Theory, CBT Lawang lies on the second step of participation where local people support tourism but has no access to resolve problems. Based on the SWOT analysis, the local government rules needed to regulate private tourism object in order to evade competition and to strengthen cooperation with CBT.

Participation of Local People in the Payment for Forest Environmental Services Program: A Case Study in Central Vietnam

In 2010, Vietnam implemented the payment for forest environmental services (PFES) program that was expected to bring additional income to local people and improve the efficiency of forest protection. However, factors affecting the motivation to participate in PFES have rarely been examined. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify factors that influence local people’s participation in PFES, (2) examine how local people participating in the PFES program were involved in decision-making in the Thua Thien Hue Province, and (3) assess PFES impact on local people. We conducted a field survey of 32 households at the study site. We found no difference in the access to PFES between poor and non-poor households. Participation in PFES was considered a reward for labor work in forests and a means to compensate for the legal rights of participants. Local people could participate at many stages of PFES implementation; however, they were only passive spectators with regards to PFES management. Two-thirds of the participants did not participate in decision-making regarding PFES distribution. We conclude that the efficiency of future PFES programs may be increased by enabling and stimulating the participants to take a more active part in the process of PFES management and distribution.

Evaluation of Sustainable Rural Tourism. The Case of Uzundere District, Erzurum, Turkey

The Uzundere district, which is located in NE Turkey, has attractive rural tourism areas with noticeable potentials and rural tourism development activities. This paper concentrates on sustainability development of rural tourism. Sustainable tourism concentrates to conserve environmental and cultural resources and emphasizes on the responsibility of tourists and participation of local people for economic growth of the region. In this study, Delphi method is used to identify important factors for evaluating sustainable development of rural tourism in the Uzundere region. It consists of thirty-three indicators in four dimensions: service quality, facilities, management system, and results. Indicators are advisers for future tourism development activities at all levels of planning. These indicators plainly reflect the situation of area tourism. In this study, a questionnaire was prepared to evaluate the rural tourism developments in the Uzundere region, based on the Delphi method. Expert opinions were taken with the participation of ten experts of the region. This study showed that tourism development projects in this region are promising in order to achieve the goals of sustainable rural tourism. In addition, in cases identified during the research, there is a need to develop approaches and experiences to address the relevant shortcomings and deficiencies.

ARCHITECTURE OF NEW MOSQUE- A DESIGN PROPOSAL OF MOSQUE IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA

Thisstudy examines the parameters to analyze the form of local mosques in 21st century India. Since the advent of Mughals in India, mosque architecture has been immensely celebrated due to the fact that many inventions happened in building techniques and styles. Till today it has continued, though implicitly, and has been absorbed in the architecture of mosques which are mostly locally built. This is evident from their forms, especially, replicating those arches, minarets and domes. So, in this scenario, the question is what should be the form of local mosques in contemporary India when Islamic countries like Bangladesh, despite regarded as a developing country, is building creatively innovative and modern mosques? To respond to the question, local mosques built after the 1970s in India and Bangladesh are selected based upon their funding, year of construction, number of occupants, and built-up area. They are analyzed according to parameters of the form of mosques deduced from the literature study. According to results after analysis, it is found that there is a high grade of religious symbolism that is still prevalent in India unlike in Bangladesh. Besides, there is no participation of local people in mosque construction as well as in design with no interaction with the architects and clients who are involved in the process. The idea of Postmodernism and its features seems to have no role when local mosques in India are analyzed.

Key stakeholders and operation processes in the regeneration of historical urban fabrics in Iran

This article is a comprehensive study about the process of regeneration of historical urban fabrics of Iran through the role played by its main stakeholders. A thorough analysis of the relevant legislation was carried out to establish the background of the research, followed by a survey to identify the main bodies and their importance in the regeneration process. The analysis of the results shows the existing conflicts among the different bodies with responsibilities in the regeneration process, due to the absence of a codified duty description, and the deficiencies arising from the lack of adequate participation of local people and NGOs in the process. The analysis underscores the necessity of implementing both a comprehensive legal system and an integrated management system. The study proposes a preliminary solution to deal with governance and institutional problems in the regeneration process of historical fabrics in Iran that could be useful for countries with similar political structures and the need to preserve their urban heritage.

Penyuluhan pentingnya pelestarian ekosistem Danau Timbang Bunga Pengantin di Desa Sungai Sorik Kecamatan Kuantan Hilir Seberang Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi

Oxbow lake ecosystem have been used by local people traditionally along with the human history. The ecosystem were of important for clean water resources, fishing and cage culture, collecting aquatic fauna as well as rice field. However, more intense human intervention has brought about recently an effect on the sustainability of the ecosystem in term of ecological, social economical perspective. Danau Timbang Bunga Pengantin of Sungai Sorik, were developed for tourist destination especially for water attraction activities, floating restaurant, and fish cage culture. As such, the ecological burden stressors increased significantly. The present study aimed at promoting awareness and participation of local people on conservation and protection of the ecosystem from unsustainable uses, by attending group extension in classroom and observation outdoor. The results showed that 60% of the community were just aware of the effect of certain activities done to the sustainability of the lake. Responses of the participants in the classroom categorized high and curious to participate on the conservation of the lake.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Lokal Dalam Pengembangan Pariwisata Di Kawasan Pariwisata Prioritas Pembangunan Pemerintah Provinsi NTT Tahun 2019

The Tourism Sector was chosen as the primemover of economic development in East Nusa Tenggara Province. One of the problems encountered in tourism development efforts in East Nusa Tenggara Province is related to the low participation of local communities. This study aims to (1) Explain the form and the level of participation of local communities and (2) Explain the obstacles / barriers faced by local communities in the development of tourism in the six priority development locations of the NTT provincial government in 2019. The type of this research is qualitative research. The data collection techniques used are in-depth interviews, observations, and library studies. Determination of the informants in this study is using snowball sampling. The results of the study indicate that the forms of local community participation consist from participation in activities directly related to tourism activities and participation in activities not directly related to tourism activities. Meanwhile, in terms of the level of participation, based on the concept of ladder of participation, the level of participation of local people in the six locations of this study is on the second ladder namely tokenism where local people are given the opportunity, invited to participate in the tourism sector but on the other hand they are not equipped with the ability adequate in the form of knowledge and skills as well as adequate infrastructure. As for the obstacles faced by local communities in participating in the tourism sector are (1) Lack of knowledge and skills to manage the potential of their resources; (2) There is no holistic, integrative and thematic and sustainable training concept, (3) Does not yet have a tourism activist in the village and a role model / pilot project location that has succeeded in developing the tourism sector as an example, (4) Apathy towards the program programs related to tourism development, (5) unfavorable infrastructure conditions, and (6) Lack of cooperation between local governments, non-governmental organizations engaged in the tourism sector and local communities.Keywords: participation, ladder of participation, community-based tourism

Sustainability of Wildlife Tourism: Tourist Perceptions on Threats to Wildlife Tourism in Two State Protected Areas in Zimbabwe

The study sought to determine tourist perceptions on the threats to the sustainability of wildlife tourism using a case study of two state protected areas in Zimbabwe. Using close-ended questionnaires, we collected data from 128 tourists in December 2015. Results show respondents generally perceived all the seven tested threats as serious, i.e., illegal hunting, destruction of wildlife habitats, human-wildlife conflict, lack of involvement of local people in national park tourism, lack of benefits from the national park to local communities, negative attitudes towards tourism by local residents, and poor local community and national park relationships. Moreover, respondents generally had similar perceptions on the impacts of the threats on the sustainability of wildlife tourism regardless of their gender, age, level of education and income. We conclude tourists are more environmentally conscious and well informed of the threats to wildlife tourism in Zimbabwe, which may indicate willingness to support conservation. It is thus necessary for park management to promote local people participation in ecotourism, enhance innovative law enforcement measures as well as motivate tourists to participate in conservation. Results could help broaden policy decision-makers' knowledge base in response to sustainable wildlife tourism development challenges.

Irrigation System Of Turkestan In The Second Half Of 19th Century And Early 20th Century

This article describes the state of irrigated agriculture in Turkestan, water sources, classification of major rivers and their tributaries, geographical location, irrigation system, sources of water supply, types of traditional irrigation methods used by the local population in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, an attempt is made to reveal the participation of local people in the construction, repair, cleaning of irrigation facilities, the implementation of centuries-old rules of irrigation, the rights of local people to use water through a number of sources, statistical collections, scientific literature and research works in the article.

Understanding Local Peoples’ Participation as “Means” and “Ends” in Protected Areas Management: A Qualitative Study in the Heart of Borneo

ABSTRACT Local people’s’participation is highly recommended in protected areas (PAs) management. This study aimed at understanding local people’s participation as “means” or tool and “ends” or empowerment in the management of Kinabalu National Park (KNP) in Sabah state of Malaysia and the Kayan Mentarang National Park (KMNP) in North Kalimantan of Indonesia, two important PAs located in the Heart of Borneo. Following Bali Guidelines by UNEP, three important aspects of public participation at the local level were evaluated by deploying qualitative research methods for key-informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD), and content analysis of policy documents. In KMNP, policies and legal framework primarily supported local peoples’ participation as “means” in park management, which was also revealed from interviews with KII and in FGD. Local communities had access to surrounding natural resources for livelihoods which is considered to be participation as “ends.” There was no policy support for formal participation of local people in KNP management, but recent informal permission to use designated park areas for farming and eco-tourism can be seen participation as “means” and as “ends.” To achieve both of “means” and “ends” fully, participation needs to be integrated into national parks’ legal system.

Discourses on sustainable forest management and their integration into climate policies in South Africa

In South Africa, forests can play an important role in achieving the broader goals of climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, national policies on climate change mitigation and adaptation seem to narrow the potential contributions of the forest sector to climate protection targets. This is largely because of the divergence between the management goals of forests for climate protection, and products for both industries and livelihoods. This article uses discourse analysis as a methodological tool to analyze South Africa's climate and forest policies to identify the discourses shaping forest policy goals and mandates, and their integration into climate policy targets for forest-based climate change interventions. Four discourses, namely, preservation of forest integrity, social inclusiveness, equitable benefit sharing, and inclusive development of forests and forest-based communities, were identified as the dominant discourses influencing forest policy goals in South Africa. Their influence on forest management programmes has a mix of costs and benefits outcomes. For example, policy responses to the discourse on the preservation of forest integrity have resulted in ecologically sustainable forests in some cases and in other cases restricted the participation of local people in forest enterprise development. Additionally, climate policies recognized six possible interventions with respect to forest-based climate change mitigation and adaptation in South Africa but were silent about the four discourses shaping forest policy goals. Consequently, existing climate policies do not contain regulations to guide forest management for climate change mitigation and adaptation. We therefore recommend that forest-related goals in climate policy be grounded in the past experiences and lessons of forest policy implementations in order to take advantage of the synergies and reduce the trade-offs with respect to multipurpose management of forests for livelihoods, enterprise development, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Human-Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflict in Upper Mustang of Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal

Human-wolf conflict has been one of the major issues in the Himalayan region of Nepal. It has obstructed the sustainable management initiatives in Annapurna Conservation Area. The aim of this study is to assess the status of human-wolf conflict, conservation threats to wolf and people’s perception towards this endangered carnivore. Questionnaire survey was conducted in different wards of three rural municipalities (RM) of the Upper Mustang. Similarly, key informants were interviewed followed by several discussions with stakeholders. The results indicate “wolf’s preference for domestic livestock” as the most probable cause of depredation with IRR value 0.91. The number of victims was found highest in Lomanthang RM (ward number 2) where 90% of respondents reported to be victims. However, in terms of the loss in monetary value, Lo-Ghekar Damodarkunda RM (ward number 4) ranked highest with the loss of NRs. 55,880 (≈$479.1)/HH/year and Barhagaun Muktichhetra (ward number 3) is the least affected. Similarly, by number, mountain goat casualties (172) were highest in last 5 years, but the maximum economic loss was due to the horse depredation (NRs. 68,00,000 or $57,347.20) among sampled households. The results indicate that the negative perception of local people is the major threat to wolf. Active participation of local people in conservation and awareness program can play a vital role to reduce and mitigate the human-wolf conflict at community level.