Participation In International Organizations Research Articles

ЗОВНІШНЯ ПОЛІТИКА КАНАДИ НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ З КЛЮЧОВИМИ ПАРТНЕРАМИ

Ключові слова: Канада, зовнішня політика, США, Велика Британія, Мексика, СUSMA. The article is devoted to the comprehensive research of foreign policy of Canada at the modern stage. The article is aimed to research and analyze the peculiarities of the realization of foreign policy of Canada. In this article, the authors consider the main features of Canada’s foreign policy at the current stage, taking into account new reality. The authors focus on the main aspects of Canada’s foreign policy, namely the explanation of the concept of the “middle power”, usage of “soft power”, and relations with the United States, Mexico, and Great Britain. Canada-US relations as one of the most prominent are analyzed from the economic and security points of view. It is shown that these two countries maintain close relations in these spheres through the system of bilateral agreements and partnerships. Also, Canada and the USA have a special security program, aimed at the protection of aerospace territory. CanadaUK relations are characterized as constantly developing. Canada-Mexico relations are based on both bilateral and multilateral agreements, such as CUSMA, and bilateral agreements. Cooperation with Mexico plays an important role in Canadian foreign politics. In relations with the United States and Mexico, CUSMA (Canada-United StatesMexico) agreement plays an important role, which forms the basis of economic relations between these countries at the current stage. In relations with Great Britain, the Agreement on Continuity of Trade between Canada and Great Britain plays an important role. Canada’s interaction with mentioned countries in international agreements and joint projects is also highlighted in the article. Particular attention is paid to Canada’s participation in international organizations, namely NATO and the United Nations, and Canada's role in the activities of these organizations. As an active member of both these international organizations, Canada is actively involved in special activities devoted to helping those countries, that are suffering due to different reasons, or promoting ideas of peace and stability in regions, that are in or after the conflict period.

МЕДИКО-СОЦІАЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ ПІДТРИМКИ УКРАЇНИ МІЖНАРОДНИМ СПІВТОВАРИСТВОМ НА ТЛІ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ РОСІЇ

The article analyzes the medical and social aspects of international aid to Ukraine in conditions of Russia's armed aggression. The urgency of the problem is due to the need to highlight the most urgent areas of interaction between international governmental and non-governmental medical and social organizations and representatives of the Ukrainian medical community, taking into account the most urgent problems in the field of health care in the conditions of a full-scale war. The extremely difficult humanitarian situation in Ukraine is emphasized, especially regarding medical assistance to children. The modern capabilities and algorithm of medical evacuation of wounded servicemen and civilian victims of war for treatment and rehabilitation to European countries, Canada, the USA and the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in their organization are disclosed. The high effectiveness of the current humanitarian and medical initiatives of the Canada-Ukraine Foundation, in particular the International program #HelpUkraineNow; The Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal program; medical and educational program of the Canada Ukraine Surgical Aid Program (CUSAP) and the "Help Displaced Ukrainians in Canada" Appeal. Other international medical programs are briefly described. The author revealed the peculiarities of assistance to refugees and temporarily displaced persons from Ukraine in various European countries, as well as Canada, the USA. The article notes the importance of organizing rehabilitation measures for wounded servicemen and civilians at the state level both with the participation of international organizations and within Ukraine. It was emphasized the need to develop domestic medical programs, taking into account the large number of wounded people who need long-term treatment. The article focuses on the modern problems and challenges regarding international medical and social cooperation against the background of Russia's armed aggression.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE REGION

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of integration processes and their practical testing. One of the most important areas for im-proving the efficiency of production and the country's economy is the development of foreign eco-nomic activity in the region. The activities of the foreign trade operations on the regional level implies economic benefits in the future. Establishing international business relations is necessary in order to increase the volume of exports, and as a result, companies receive more profit. State participation in the development of foreign economic activity in the region is to create favorable conditions for its development at the national (system of support and regulation of foreign eco-nomic activity) and interstate (in the framework of cooperation with foreign countries and partic-ipation in international organizations and forums) levels.

Knowledge Transaction and State Making from Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic

This article proposes a reflection and avenues for research on Ottoman state policies aimed at collecting, producing, and translating knowledge across borders and learning from other macro-actors. Based on an archival study, we present and discuss a typology of knowledge “transaction” policies considering also the transition to the Turkish Republic. Our analysis covers the transformation of Ottoman diplomacy and diplomatic missions, the employment of foreign experts and international expertise, public officials’ training and studies abroad, scholarship programs, and various forms of international cooperation, including participation in international organisations and conferences. We discuss state formation in Ottoman and Republican Turkey as a hybridisation process of government technologies, techniques and knowledge translated from other states. The study focuses on public action aimed at the incorporation of governmental knowledge within the framework of continuous state-building and power struggles which were increasingly marked by the (contested) hegemony of a certain "West” and its ambiguities.

Russia`s Participation in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

INTRODUCTION. The article examines problematic issues of Russia’s participation in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. According to the authors, the form of Russia’s participation in the Convention, associated with membership in the council of Europe, is unacceptable for its sovereignty. When ratifying the Convention, the degree of objectivity and impartiality of the ECHR in relation to the Russian Federation and the properties of the legal norms of the Convention were not taken into account.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials for the research are international agreements, resolutions of international organizations, decisions of the ECHR and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federa- tion, as well as doctrinal sources on the topic. The methodological basis of the article was formed by general scientific and special research methods. The article critically analyzes the arguments in favor of Russia’s participation in the European Convention and examines the reasons why the ECHR can hardly be called an objective court for a country that is not a member of the EU.RESEARCH RESULTS. The authors believe that the unenforceability of ECHR judgements is only part of the problem of enforcing binding decisions of international organizations. According to the authors, it is necessary to determine the fundamental foundations of Russia’s participation in international organizations that can make decisions legally binding for our country, and to limit their circle to the participants of the integration association with Russia, organizations of strategic partners, as well as organizations in which Russia can influence the adoption decisions. The principles of Russia’s participation in international organizations that make legally binding decisions should be included in the Federal Law “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation”.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The subordination of Russia to the jurisdiction of an interstate human rights body must meet a number of conditions that the ECHR does not meet. Because of this, problems arise with the implementation by Russia of the decisions of the ECHR. The authors share the point of view that the ECHR is an effective mechanism for the protection of rights and freedoms, but only for a group of states – European integration participants bound by common interests, values, and coordinated foreign and domestic policies. Therefore Russia needs to return to the rules of cooperation in the field of human rights with European states, set out in the Helsinki Final Act on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Penolakan Indonesia dalam Meratifikasi Konvensi UNESCO Tahun 2001 tentang Perlindungan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air

The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage houses countries that have a vision and mission to protect underwater relics. By emphasizing the aspects of cooperation based on notification and reporting, this convention normatively measures the implementation of programs that depend on the capabilities of its member countries as a regime for archaeological relics preservation that sank on the seabed. Until now the Indonesian government has not ratified the convention and even tends to reject it. In fact, Indonesia as an archipelagic country has the responsibility to preserve the legacy of underwater cultural heritage in its sea area. This article analyzes the strategic decision of the Indonesian government to delay ratifying the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. The theory of state participation in international organizations suggests that a convention requires commitment from the parties involved to solve global problems. Ratification is needed by the state to be bound by the convention to achieve national interests. In the end the decision not to join the convention was due to its impact which did not provide benefits for the state.

Threats or Opportunities? Chinese “Proto-Elite” Perceptions of their Regional Neighbours

ABSTRACT Realists perceive China’s rise as a threat to the international order. Liberals see China’s increased participation in international organisations as examples of greater integration in the global order. Both sets of analyses frequently overlook the opinions of the Chinese public or conflate them with those of the state. To better understand how the Chinese people, particularly those among the elite, perceive the international order we conducted a large-scale survey among China’s “proto-elite” youths concerning their views of the international order. Our findings suggest that the current dichotomy between realist and liberal scholars is too simplistic. The respondents to the survey demonstrated aspects of both positions – supporting co-operation with the neighbouring states yet, simultaneously, considering most of the same neighbours as threatening to Chinese interests. Given the increasing presence of Chinese people seeking to have an impact on the country’s foreign affairs and the way the state seems to episodically permit such societal voices to infuse foreign policy issues, it is argued that a deeper analysis of this complex array of views is essential for a more complete understanding of the domestic context to China’s rise.

Twenty years of the Armenian Astronomical Society (ArAS)

A review on the activities and achievements of the Armenian Astronomical Society (ArAS) and the Armenian astronomy in general is given on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the official foundation of ArAS. ArAS membership, ArAS electronic newsletters (ArASNews), ArAS webpage, Annual Meetings, Annual Prize for Young Astronomers (Yervant Terzian Prize) and other awards, international relations, participation in international organizations, Byurakan International Summer Schools (BISS), regional and local schools, Byurakan science camps, astronomical Olympiads and other events, other matters related to astronomical education, astronomical heritage, amateur astronomy, astronomy outreach and ArAS further projects are described and discussed.

CHINA'S INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING CONTRIBUTIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF CONTEMPORARY CHINESE STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS

Following the end of the Cold War and significant changes in the international community, Chinese leaders moved from a reluctant stand in United Nations (UN) activities to a position of active cooperation in UN peacekeeping. In fact, China became the biggest contributor of troops to UN peacekeeping operations among the permanent members of the Security Council. Towards the mid-2000s, China was involved in all seven UN peacekeeping operations on the African continent. This dramatic surge in Chinese peacekeeping participation coincided with Beijing's efforts in the early 2000s to deliberately expand its economic and diplomatic influence globally through trade and diplomatic links, as well as through its participation in international organisations, including UN peacekeeping operations. However, there have always been limits to China's involvement in peacekeeping operations. Beijing's views on peacekeeping have consistently been based on a sound respect for state sovereignty and the principle of non-intervention. In this context, this article points out that on the one hand, China is increasingly expected to concern itself with the global responsibilities of a great power,but as its strategic and material interests have become more integrated and entangled with the African continent, Beijing is more and more compelled to consider its national interest and to protect those interestsin Africa. Consequently, China's growing involvement in peacekeeping has become more difficult to reconcile with the country's commitment to non-interventionism, particularly as witnessed in the case of South Sudan.

O papel da "civilização ecológica" chinesa na nova ordem ambiental internacional: ideias para um mundo pós-COVID

A Construção de uma Civilização Ecológica responde à grave crise ambiental na China e está começando a causar mudanças de paradigma na política ambiental doméstica. No decorrer da pandemia da Covid-19, ficou evidente a ambição geopolítica e importância do país como poder normativo em questões da governança global. Utilizando-se a teoria construtivista, analisa-se a atuação de Pequim em instituições, o estabelecimento de normas nacionais e seu potencial para redefinir a ordem ambiental global. Discutem-se a atuação chinesa em organizações internacionais e eco-compensações para indicar possíveis comportamentos futuros do país na definição de agendas ambientais. Concluímos que a China contribui com visões normativas na área ambiental, principalmente nos países do Sul Global.

Introduction to Special Issue on 'Legal Dimensions of Chinese Globalization': China and Global Health Governance

China has emerged as a champion of economic globalization, particularly through building global supply chains, financing overseas infrastructure and energy projects, and exporting labour to developing countries throughout the world. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), announced in 2013, is a keystone in China’s economic globalization. The BRI emphasizes connectivity: policy, infrastructure, trade, financial, and ‘people-to-people’. Despite the broad significance of Chinese economic globalization, its legal dimensions are still poorly understood. China, Law and Development (CLD) is an international and multi-disciplinary research project that aims to study the legal and regulatory aspects of this stage of globalization. This symposium is comprised of articles by CLD research associates who investigate various questions, including labour rights, skilled migration facilitation, investment review, multilateralism, and patronage and clientelism. This article introduces the symposium, and it does so through the example of China’s role in global health governance. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in late 2019 in China, which has since become a worldwide pandemic, has obstructed BRI connectivity through delinking global supply chains, blocking labour migration, freezing markets, and exacerbating Sinophobia. In response, China has sought to lead an effort in improving global health governance through participation in international organizations and strengthening its bilateral ties through health aid and technology export. The coronavirus pandemic may offer the Chinese an opportunity to lead a more circumscribed re-globalization, although China faces significant challenges.

Balancing International Police Cooperation: INTERPOL and the Undesirable Trade-off Between Rights of Individuals and Global Security

With 194 members, INTERPOL is the most influential actor in matters of transnational policing. Regrettably, the organisation is vulnerable against cases of misuse. Certain states manage to exploit the tools of the organisation, to persecute and track political dissidents or non-aligned members of the media outside their borders. As such, INTERPOL has become a prime example on how non-democratic countries can exert their influence and expand their reach well beyond their domestic jurisdictions via their participation in international organisations. Not wanting to allow the proliferation of criminal havens in certain regions, the organisation has opted to connect with and bring together as many police forces of different states as possible. Evidently, such connections are created with little or no consideration of the state of criminal justice systems and forms of government of the countries involved, as well as any subsequent risks. Such a complex state of affairs demands a thorough reflection on whether it is acceptable to compromise between the need for security and the rights of individuals and procedural justice. The issue has vast legal and practical ramifications, and it is ultimately a question pertaining to the realm of global constitutionalism. Does INTERPOL have the legal authority to be in charge of finding a balance between security and procedural justice? If so, on what legal basis, and to what extent?

Introduction to the Symposium on Legal Dimensions of Chinese Globalization: China and Global Health Governance

China has emerged as a champion of economic globalization, particularly through building global supply chains, financing overseas infrastructure and energy projects, and exporting labour to developing countries throughout the world. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), announced in 2013, is a keystone in China’s economic globalization. The BRI emphasizes connectivity: policy, infrastructure, trade, financial, and ‘people-to-people’. Despite the broad significance of Chinese economic globalization, its legal dimensions are still poorly understood. China, Law and Development (CLD) is an international and multi-disciplinary research project that aims to study the legal and regulatory aspects of this stage of globalization. This symposium is comprised of articles by CLD research associates who investigate various questions, including labour rights, skilled migration facilitation, investment review, multilateralism, and patronage and clientelism. This article introduces the symposium, and it does so through the example of China’s role in global health governance. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in late 2019 in China, which has since become a worldwide pandemic, has obstructed BRI connectivity through delinking global supply chains, blocking labour migration, freezing markets, and exacerbating Sinophobia. In response, China has sought to lead an effort in improving global health governance through participation in international organizations and strengthening its bilateral ties through health aid and technology export. The coronavirus pandemic may offer the Chinese an opportunity to lead a more circumscribed re-globalization, although China faces significant challenges.

The Future of Central Asian Countries: Intergovernmental Dialogue or External Management

Today's world economy, due to the ambiguity of the consequences of its key trends for economies at different levels of development, carries many contradictions. One of them is the effectiveness of state participation in international structures. In theory, the dialogue of countries at various international forums should help solve the problems of development of their member countries, in fact, for which these structures are created. In practice, however, it turns out that this idea does not always work. In most cases, the leaders of globalization receive maximum benefit from participation in international organizations, while most developing countries experience neutral effects, at the best, and negative effects, at the worst. In this context, the Central Asian region will not be an exception, and its development is in no way facilitated by participation of the countries concerned in international structures. Moreover, their economic situation is aggravated by the use of «soft power» by the world's leading powers, which consider the region concerned not only as a supplier of raw materials but also as unique geo-economic and geopolitical territories.

Centenário Celso Furtado (1920-2020)

Nascido em 1920, Celso Furtado está, certamente, entre os principais pensadores sociais brasileiros e sua relevância extrapola as fronteiras nacionais. Ao longo de mais de 50 anos escreveu sobre temas variados; abordou as dimensões políticas, econômicas, culturais, burocráticas etc., da sociedade e do Estado brasileiro; participou de eventos políticos importantes da história do país e teve destacadas participações em organizações internacionais. Autor de obra vasta e profunda, Furtado deixou um legado relevante para o pensamento social e político brasileiro, assim como deixou pistas abertas para o prosseguimento de investigações sobre o Brasil. A riqueza de empreendimentos como esses, de junção de diversos artigos sobre um autor e sua obra está, justamente, na possibilidade de ampliar o leque de olhares e perspectivas sobre os temas, objetos e problemas tratados por um pensador de grande envergadura como Celso Furtado. 
 Palavras-chave: Celso Furtado; pensamento social brasileiro; intelectuais; subdesenvolvimento

Міжнародні організації та інші суб’єкти міжнародного права як суб’єкти контролю за діяльністю судово-експертних установ

It is noted that international cooperation in ensuring the quality of forensic institutions is important for ensuring the European integration of Ukraine. It is noted that the participation of international organizations and other subjects of international law in the process of control over the activities of forensic institutions is currently quite limited. Emphasis is placed on the fact that some control over the activities of forensic institutions is exercised through the activities of international organizations in the field of human rights protection. Despite the fact that such international organizations do not directly affect the quality of expert activity of forensic institutions, but the level of quality of such activity is promoted by ensuring that judicial experts inviolability of human rights and legitimate interests, avoidance of corruption and others. It was emphasized that further development of international control over the activities of forensic institutions should be aimed at improving the quality of forensic examinations, as well as increasing confidence in the activities of forensic institutions of Ukraine and thus ensuring international recognition of their expert opinions. These objectives can be achieved through the implementation of the following measures: 1) accession of other forensic institutions to the European Network of Forensic Institutions - ENFSI; 2) participation in international training programs for forensic experts; 3) further work on accreditation of laboratories of forensic institutions not only of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Justice, but also of others; 4) assessing the suitability of expert research methods, bringing them to international standards and expert research methods, etc.

Astronomy in Armenia: Recent Activities

A report on the activities and achievements of the Armenian Astronomical Society (ArAS) and the Armenian astronomy in general during the last years is given. ArAS membership, ArAS electronic newsletters (ArASNews), ArAS webpage, Annual Meetings, Annual Prize for Young Astronomers (Yervant Terzian Prize) and other awards, international relations, participation in international organizations, Byurakan International Summer Schools (BISS), regional and local schools, Byurakan science camps, astronomical Olympiads and other events, other matters related to astronomical education, astronomical heritage, amateur astronomy, astronomy outreach and ArAS further projects are described and discussed.

ПРАВОВІ ОСНОВИ МІЖНАРОДНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА МВС ТА ENFSI

The article considers the principles of the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the tasks of international cooperation, including establishing relations with law enforcement agencies, forensic institutions, etc. of other states and their international associations, participation in international organizations to pay membership fees and their use within competences of the relevant information databases of public authorities, the state, including government, communication and communication systems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, other technical means and networks. The main normative legal acts regulating the international activity of expert institutions are given. The basic rights of the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in the field of international cooperation are highlighted. It is emphasized that the basis of cooperation is the principle of cooperation between states, which is the norm of jus cogens (indisputable law, firm law) enshrined in the UN Charter. The main structural parts of ENFSI (The Quality & Competence Committee, The European Academy of Forensic Science, The Expert Working Group Committee) and their areas of work are considered. The legal basis on which international cooperation takes place is highlighted. The main promising areas of further cooperation of the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with ENFSI are presented, including recognition of the results of Ukrainian forensic experts by international and / or foreign courts, proper control over the quality of forensic examinations in accordance with international requirements, involvement of Ukrainian forensic experts, the use of global and European expert methods in conducting forensic examinations, ensuring international standards of judicial activity, constant monitoring of the latest developments, methods and equipment to improve the efficiency of forensic experts, exchange of expertise with colleagues, implementation of world best practices in forensic practice Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The main advantages of Ukraine's membership in ENFSI are presented.

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS COOPERATION OF UKRAINE

The article considers the processes of institutional and legal support of international customs cooperation of Ukraine. In the world practice, relevant rules and regulations have been formed, defining approaches to customs affairs and procedures and at the same time contributing to an intensive development of international cooperation. International customs law consists of international treaties, international customs, customs legislation, practices in the field of international customs relations and decisions made by international organizations. The Ukrainian customs policy was formed under the conditions of establishment of customs authorities, development of the national system of customs regulation, accession to international organizations and conventions. Economic, international, political and ideological factors also influence the formation of the state customs policy. Today, the transformation of Ukraine’s customs policy is taking into account global trends and existing rules and regulations in force in the international community. Ukraine’s obligations to the World Customs Organization (WCO) are revealed in the activities aimed at implementing the Organization’s Standards, including the automation of customs technologies, combating smuggling and violations of customs rules, compliance with the conditions of current WCO conventions. All these measures take place in the legal field defined by international customs law, which regulates interstate relations in the area of customs relations. The existing customs legislation in Ukraine consists of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Customs Code and other normative legal acts of Ukraine. Bilateral agreements with customs administrations of other countries are getting of great importance. The process of European integration of Ukraine provides for unification and approximation to European norms and standards, in particular in the customs policy, which is stipulated by the current Association Agreement between the EU and Ukraine, Title IV “Trade and Trade-related Matters”, Chapter 5 “Customs and trade facilitation”. To fulfil the requirements of the above mentioned document, a Customs Cooperation Subcommittee was established to consult and monitor the implementation and administration of customs cooperation issues. The areas of institutionalization of international customs cooperation include further measures in European integration; active participation in international organizations; improvement of the contractual and legal base of customs cooperation; interaction with the customs administrations of other countries; unification of customs procedures and standards.

Redes, experts e a internacionalização de políticas educacionais

This paper discusses the regional policy networks relevance for studies about the international local agendas alignment. The reform isomorphism adopted in different countries led us to research the borrowing policies phenomenon. We investigated an experts network invited by Unesco to develop a regional project on teaching policies for the Latin America. We analyzed their members, institutional filiations, documents and proposals. We mapped the previous expert participation in international organizations, political charge in State, universities and their joint actions. The network ethnography allowed us to point out the public-private permeability. Our approach highlighted that experts, engaged in regional networks disseminate their ideas, promote a policies international circulation and contribute for building the active reception of their recommendations at a local level. Mapping networks proves to be a fruitful methodological resource to investigate the policymaking complex process and experts role on establishing the Education agenda. Keywords: Public policies networks. Policy transfer. Experts.