Partial Substitution Research Articles

Apatite-related Na+, Cu2+, Zn2+, CO3 2− containing calcium phosphates nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties for medical application

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize the calcium phosphates modified by different amount of Na+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and CO3 2−, and to investigate their activity in model solution (at pH = 7.45 and 37 °C) and antibacterial properties against Streptococcus pyogenes. According to XRD and FTIR spectroscopy data the apatite-related phases with partial substitution РО4 3− → СО3 2− (B-type) have been prepared. Presence of sodium and carbonate ions led to increase of solubility in model solution during the first 48 h, while modification with both Cu2+ and Zn2+ cations (up to 0.6 wt%) significantly improved antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus pyogenes.

Boosting peroxymonosulfate activation over partial Zn-substituted Co3O4 for florfenicol degradation: Insights into catalytic performance, degradation mechanism and routes

Florfenicol (FLO) is a broad-spectrum halogenated antibiotic (containing F and Cl atoms), and the discharged FLO in wastewater exhibits potential biotoxicity. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation can generate reactive oxygen species (ROSs) to realize efficient degradation of organic pollutants. Herein, Zn-substituted Co3O4 (ZnxCo) catalysts were prepared and applied in PMS activation for FLO degradation. The physicochemical properties were systematically studied by combining experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The Zn partial substitution induced electron rearrangement and promoted oxygen vacancy (OV) formation in Co3O4. Zn0.03Co catalyst exhibited superior FLO removal, achieving a higher reaction rate of 0.112 min−1 than Co3O4 (0.053 min−1). The FLO degradation was highly dependent on the factors of PMS/Zn0.03Co/FLO dosage, temperature, initial pH, and coexisting inorganic anions. The Zn0.03Co also displayed outstanding performance in PMS activation for degradation of various typical organic pollutants. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra and quenching experiments indicated that both radical species (·OH, SO4·-, and ·O2-) and nonradical species (1O2) contribute to FLO removal. The redox cycle of Co3+/Co2+ and OVs played an essential role in PMS activation. The electron structure of FLO and parameters of PMS adsorbed on ZnxCo were calculated. The longer length of CoO and OO bonds for the adsorbed PMS could enhance its activation to generate ROSs. The intermediates were detected, and five degradation pathways were proposed. The acute and chronic toxicities of intermediates suggested that the dechlorination process is important for the toxicity attenuation of FLO. This study clarified the performance enhancement mechanism of Zn substitution on FLO degradation by PMS activation using Co3O4 based catalyst, which favors the development of PMS-based advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment.

Optimizing the sulfur-resistance and activity of perovskite oxygen carrier for chemical looping dry reforming of methane

Perovskite oxides has been attracted much attention as high-performance oxygen carriers for chemical looping reforming of methane, but they are easily inactivated by the presence of trace H2S. Here, we propose to modulate both the activity and resistance to sulfur poisoning by dual substitution of Mo and Ni ions with the Fe-sites of LaFeO3 perovskite. It is found that partial substitution of Ni for Fe substantially improves the activity of LaFeO3 perovskite, while Ni particles prefer to grow and react with H2S during the long-term successive redox process, resulting in the deactivation of oxygen carriers. With the presence of Mo in LaNi0.05Fe0.95O3−σ perovskite, H2S preferentially reacts with Mo to generate MoS2, and then the CO2 oxidation can regenerate Mo via removing sulfur. In addition, Mo can inhibit the accumulation and growth of Ni, which helps to improve the redox stability of oxygen carriers. The LaNi0.05Mo0.07Fe0.88O3−σ oxygen carrier exhibits stable and excellent performance, with the CH4 conversion higher than 90% during the 50 redox cycles in the presence of 50 ppm H2S at 800 °C. This work highlights a synergistic effect in the perovskite oxides induced by dual substitution of different cations for the development of high-performance oxygen carriers with excellent sulfur tolerance.

Investigation of structural, thermo–electrical, and morphological features of the (Bi2O3)1–x–y (Tm2O3)x (Yb2O3)y ternary systems for intermediate temperatures

In this paper, the (Bi2O3)1–x–y (Tm2O3)x (Yb2O3)y ternary systems were successfully synthesized by the solid–state reaction method under air conditions. All powder compositions were then heat treated for 100 h at 750 °C to allow for partial substitution of dopant cations, Tm3+ and Yb3+, between host Bi3+ cations. Characterizations of fabricated compositions were carried out by XRD, TG and DTA, FPPT, and FE–SEM techniques. Stacked XRD patterns verified that all compositions included solely single–phase peaks, with the exception of Bi0.92Tm0.04Yb0.04O1.5–δ and Bi0.88Tm0.04Yb0.08O1.5–δ, whose patterns suggested mixed phases. The DTA curves, depending on temperature, detected the endothermic peaks at around 600 °C, implying that an order–disorder transition occurs in the anion sublattice of the doped crystal. At 700 °C, the conductivity of the Bi0.88Tm0.08Yb0.04O1.5–δ system was found to be 0.432 S/cm, surpassing the conductivity of a single–doped (Bi2O3)0.80 (Er2O3)0.20 system, which had a value of 0.37 S/cm at the same temperature.

Potential use of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) shell powder in muffin production by partial substitution of wheat flour: Color, bioactive, textural, and sensory properties

In this study, different muffin samples were produced by substituting 0, 5, and 10% (w:w) hazelnut shell powder (HSP) into wheat flour and their color, bioactive, textural and sensory properties were determined. The results showed that both total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity did not change with the addition of HSP to the muffin formulation. Upon enrichment of muffins with HSP, L* and b* color values of muffins decreased in both crumb and crust, while a* values increased in crumb and decreased in crust. The more HSP used in the muffins, the more visible pore formation was determined. Textural analysis revealed that hardness, gumminess, chewiness values decreased while the springiness, cohesiveness and resilience values increased as the amount of HSP increased in the muffin formulation. The partial substitution of wheat flour with 5% (w:w) HSP received the highest crust, crumb, chewiness, taste/aroma and overall acceptability scores by the panelists. Overall, HSPs, which are a waste and by-product of hazelnut processing, can be successfully used in fiber-rich muffin production, both expanding their potential areas of use and contributing to their economic value.

Unstable Metal Hydrides for Possible On-Board Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen storage in general is an indispensable prerequisite for the introduction of a hydrogen energy-based infrastructure. In this respect, high-pressure metal hydride (MH) tank systems appear to be one of the most promising hydrogen storage techniques for automotive applications using proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. These systems bear the potential of achieving a beneficial compromise concerning the comparably large volumetric storage density, wide working temperature range, comparably low liberation of heat, and increased safety. The debatable term “unstable metal hydride” is used in the literature in reference to metal hydrides with high dissociation pressure at a comparably low temperature. Such compounds may help to improve the merits of high-pressure MH tank systems. Consequently, in the last few years, some materials for possible on-board applications in such tank systems have been developed. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art developments of these metal hydrides, mainly including intermetallic compounds and complex hydrides, and offers some guidelines for future developments. Since typical laboratory hydrogen uptake measurements are limited to 200 bar, a possible threshold for defining unstable hydrides could be a value of their equilibrium pressure of peq > 200 bar for T < 100 °C. However, these values would mark a technological future target and most current materials, and those reported in this review, do not fulfill these requirements and need to be seen as current stages of development toward the intended target. For each of the aforementioned categories in this review, special care is taken to not only cover the pioneering and classic research but also to portray the current status and latest advances. For intermetallic compounds, key aspects focus on the influence of partial substitution on the absorption/desorption plateau pressure, hydrogen storage capacity and hysteresis properties. For complex hydrides, the preparation procedures, thermodynamics and theoretical calculation are presented. In addition, challenges, perspectives, and development tendencies in this field are also discussed.

Mosquitoes harvested from rice fields as alternative protein ingredient in broiler feed: insights from the first pilot study.

Global population continuous growth and increasing consumers' demands for protein-rich diets have posed sustainability challenges for traditional livestock feed sources. Consequently, exploring alternative and sustainable protein sources has become imperative to address the environmental burden and resource limitations associated with conventional ingredients. With respect to food security assurance, insects have emerged as a promising solution due to their exceptional nutritional profile, rapid reproduction rates, and low environmental impact. In the present pilot study, 10% of a soybean meal-based diet was replaced by adult mosquitoes harvested from rice fields. The objective was to assess the effect of this partial substitution on meat quality aspects and consumer acceptance. A total of 40 Cobb hybrid broiler chickens were randomly placed in a control and a mosquito-fed group. The study was conducted for 42 days and carcass physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological characteristics, as well as sensory attributes were evaluated. Overall, results regarding quality attributes were comparable between the control and the treatment group. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the thighs from the mosquito-fed group had the highest overall consumer acceptance. These outcomes indicate that mosquitoes could be successfully used as a protein source for broiler feed without compromising the quality and acceptability of the meat.

A novel Pd-doped perovskite-based LaCo0·9Pd0·1O3–Ba/Al2O3 catalyst enhances NOx to ammonia reaction

The effect of Pd doping on the NOx removal efficiency and NH3 selectivity was studied over lean NOx trap LaCo1-xPdxO3-Ba/Al2O3-type catalysts. Two catalysts were prepared by the sequential impregnation of 15 wt% of LaCo1-xPdxO3-type perovskites and 20 wt% of barium over alumina. The results of X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, temperature programmed techniques, UV–vis diffuse reflection absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that perovskite and barium grains uniformly distribution over the alumina surface. Cobalt partial substitution by palladium changed the chemical coordination environment, thus leading to the redox properties of perovskites getting different. Moreover, the LaCoO3–Ba/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited a high reduction on NOx by H2 between 450 and 550 °C. Whereas Pd-doped LaCo0·9Pd0·1O3–Ba/Al2O3 catalyst decreased the best activity interval around 100 °C, as well as improved the NH3 selectivity. The NOx reduction conversion of the LaCo0·9Pd0·1O3–Ba/Al2O3 catalyst increased significantly from 72.9% to around 100% at H2/NO ratio = 1, and the production of NH3 was increased from 20.1% to 58.6% at H2/NO ratio = 3.

The use of Egyptian volcanic glass powder as a potential source for improving the properties of alkali-activated fly ash cement

In this article, for the first time, the potential use of Egyptian volcanic glass powder (VGP) has emerged as an intriguing option. The intriguing potential advantages of incorporating VGP into alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) cement were explored. The volcanic glass (VG) was brought from the Egyptian eastern desert quarry in the form of lumps and fragments. To utilize it effectively, the VG was crushed and ground before being mixed with fly ash (FA). Various proportions of VGP ranging from 10% to 70% were blended with FA as a partial substitution. Both plain FA and those blended with VGP were then activated using an alkaline activator, resulting in the creation of alkali-activated cement. An investigation was conducted to assess the effect of various ratios of VGP on the flowability, compressive strength up to 90 days, resistance of drying/wetting cycles, crystalline phases, hydration products, and microstructures of AAFA cement. The results confirmed a positive effect of AAFA properties with including VGP. The obtained blended cement can be used in several potential applications such as in roadways, bridges and tunnels, facades and cladding, indoor and outdoor floorings, as well as aerospace and defense industries due to its high durability to resist the degradation caused by wetting/drying cycles.

Optimization of nutrient management improves productivity, quality and sustainability of albino tea cultivar Baiye-1.

Proper nutrient management is crucially important to the sustainable development of tea production. Compared to normal green-leaf cultivars, albino tea cultivars produce green tea of superior quality characterized by high contents of amino acids as a result of the hydrolysis of chloroplast proteins at albinism. However, the advantage of albino tea cultivars was offset by inferior growth and yield performance because of low contents of chlorophylls and limited photosynthesis capacity. Our understanding about the nutrition characteristics of albino tea cultivars was very limited. A four-year field experiment was conducted to develop proper nutrient management for Baiye-1 to overcome its weakness of low productivity without a tradeoff in tea quality and environmental risks. The nutrient management schemes were formulated by optimizing the rate and ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus, potassium and magnesium together with substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic manures. The total amounts of nutrients in the optimized schemes were reduced by 25% compared to the local farmers' practice (FP). Results showed that optimized rates and ratio of nutrients together with partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with rapeseed cake manure more considerably improved albino tea yield, the contents of free amino acids, total polyphenol and catechins relative to FP. Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with commercial livestock manure decreased tea quality, which was likely caused by a dilution effect of increasing tea yield and decreasing N status of tea plants. Full organic substitution of chemical fertilizers by rapeseed cake manure improved tea yield and quality but had relatively low agronomic efficiency and profit. The effect of optimized nutrient management schemes was associated with the improvement of nutritional status in tea plants. The present work demonstrated that the optimization of nutrient management considerably improved albino tea yield, quality and profit while decreased the application rate of fertilizers and the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions.

Evolution of fundamental mechanical properties with aliovalent Co/Cu partial substitution and preparation method for Y-123 system

This study investigates the effect of aliovalent Co/Cu replacement and preparation method on fundamental mechanical performance features of YBa2Cu3−xCoxO7−δ (Y-123) ceramic system depending on the crack propagation mechanism by Vickers hardness measurements (Hv) and mechanical investigation models for the first time. All the findings are verified by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations. Besides, the electron-dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique verifies the successful substitution mechanism. Besides, the Vickers hardness parameters improve systematically with the increment in the Co/Cu partial substitution (serving as a barrier) level due to formation of operable slip systems, ionic bond formations, and decrement of stress-amplified strain fields. Moreover, the Y-123 ceramic produced by solid-state reaction method and molecular weight of 0.20% presents the densest and smoothest surface morphology with the largest particle distributions and well-linked cobblestone-like grains. On the other hand, the Y-123 ceramic compounds produced by the sol–gel method are more sensitive and responsive to the indentation test loads. All the findings are wholly supported by the mechanical performance properties, including the shear modulus, resilience, and degree of granularity. Furthermore, the mechanical models indicate that every compound prepared exhibits the untypical reverse indentation size effect (RISE). Additionally, the modeling studies display that the induced cracking (IIC) approach is found to be the most appropriate method to examine true Vickers hardness parameters in the plateau limit regions. All in all, this comprehensive study reports efficiently exploiting the process–structure–property relationships in Y-123 ceramic material design for physical science and mechanical application fields using the aliovalent partial substitution and preparation condition.

Gluten-free baked products formulated with Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) flour

Gluten-free baked products (GFBPs) usually present unbalanced nutritional and unappealing organoleptic characteristics (e.g. excessive hardness and pale color) when compared to cereal-based products containing gluten. Jerusalem artichoke tubers store inulin and fructooligosaccharides, compounds with nutritional and functional attributes suitable for the diets of persons with diabetes and obesity. This work proposes to improve the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of GFBPs formulated from a base gluten-free premix of maize and cassava starch, and rice flour, by partial substitution (0–70%) of both starches with Jerusalem artichoke flour (JAF). JAF proximate composition and technofunctional properties were evaluated, standing out its high water retention capacity (3.30 ± 0.21 g/g), which was 2 and 3 times higher than that of rice flour and corn and cassava starches, respectively. Firstly, a sweep of replacement percentages for cassava and corn starches with JAF was conducted. The GFBPs formulations assayed were: rice flour (30%), cassava starch (0–30%), maize starch (0–40%), and JAF (0–70%). From color and texture results, the formulations containing 20 (T20) and 40% (T40) of substitution were selected and scaled up, and the respective GFBPs were characterized by moisture content, aw, color, weight, volume, alveolar distribution, and crumb and crust texture properties. The luminosity (L*) of the dough and crust decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing JAF content (from 88.10 ± 0.96 to 44.31 ± 0.74 and from 81.19 ± 1.59 to 35.25 ± 1.50, respectively). Hardness was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by JAF replacement in T40 compared to the control, from 4.68 ± 1.60 to 1.71 ± 0.34 N for the crumb and from 31.67 ± 9.81 to 3.00 ± 3.31 N for the crust. The T20 samples presented greater alveolar area and circularity of the alveoli, resulting in a GFBP with better textural and organoleptic attributes. Both formulations were acceptable when subjected to a sensory analysis, but consumers showed greater preference for the samples with 40% JAF.

Effects of replacing of alfalfa hay with Plantago lanceolata hay on digestibility, methane production and microbial protein production of total mixed diet

The aim of current experiment was to determine the effect of replacement of alfalfa hay with ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) hay in ruminant diets on the fermentation parameters such as gas production, methane (CH4) production, true digestible dry matter (TDDM), true digestibility (TD), partitioning factor, microbial protein, and efficiency of microbial protein using in vitro gas production technique. The alfalfa hay was replaced with P. lanceolata hay in a diets isocaloric (2650 kcal/kg DM) and nitrogenic (17% CP kg DM) at the ratio of 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Partial substitution of alfalfa hay with P. lanceolata hay had no significant effect on gas and methane (ml/incubated substrate or %) production whereas the partial substitution had a significant effect on TDDM, TD, gas (ml/digested DM), CH4 (ml ml/digested DM) and microbial MP of diets. The replacement of alfalfa hay with ribwort plantain hay shifted the fermentation pattern from gas and methane production to microbial protein production. Therefore alfalfa hay can be replaced with ribwort plantain hay with high digestibility and anti-methanogenic potential in ruminant diets up to 15% to decrease methane production and improve microbial protein production. However further in vivo experiments are required to determine the effect of replacement on feed intake and animal production.

Influence of Sunflower Seed Husks Ash on the Structure Formation and Properties of Cement Concrete

The limitation of the application of non-renewable materials is one of the solutions to the problem of the sustainable evolution of civilization in the 21st century. Using additional binders in concrete obtained from plant waste will be economically and environmentally beneficial and will also allow us to move closer to achieving sustainable development goals. This study searches for rational composition components and a methodological approach regarding the technological characteristics to get the highest quality elements and prime concrete properties on the basis of sunflower seed husk ash (SSHA). Experimental concrete specimens were manufactured with partial Portland cement substitution with SSHA amounts ranging from 2% to 16% by weight in increments of 2%. This study focuses on investigating the density and workability of the concrete mixture, along with the compressive strength, concrete density, and water absorption. This article used granulometric, microscopic, and X-ray phase analysis methods. Including SSHA in all considered ranges reduces the slump in concrete mixtures. The optimal SSHA content in concrete is up to 12%. An 8% SSHA content has been found to deliver the most favorable mechanical characteristics of the concrete studied. The compressive strength of the investigated concrete has increased by 14.89%, and water absorption has decreased by 15.78%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-08 Full Text: PDF

INTERACTION BETWEEN GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT AND STONE AGGREGATES MIXED WITH TIRE-DERIVED AGGREGATES

The disposal of discarded tires creates a major problem, as they are non-biodegradable and occupy huge landfill space. The scrap tires can be utilized in civil engineering applications as an alternative material by partial or complete substitution of conventional materials. In many of these applications, scrap tires are not utilized directly; instead, they are shredded to produce a material known as tire-derived aggregate (TDA). In this study, an attempt is made to understand the interaction between geogrid reinforcement and stone aggregates mixed with TDA using a large-scale triaxial test with a specimen diameter of 150 mm and height (Hs) of 300. The geogrid reinforcement is placed at a spacing of Hs/2, Hs/3, Hs/4, and Hs/5 along the length of the sample. The results are analyzed to understand the effect of geogrid reinforcement on stone aggregate mixed with TDA, and it is noticed that the deviatoric stress increases with the inclusion of geogrid reinforcement in the mix proportion.

INTERACTION BETWEEN GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT AND STONE AGGREGATES MIXED WITH TIRE-DERIVED AGGREGATES

The disposal of discarded tires creates a major problem, as they are non-biodegradable and occupy huge landfill space. The scrap tires can be utilized in civil engineering applications as an alternative material by partial or complete substitution of conventional materials. In many of these applications, scrap tires are not utilized directly; instead, they are shredded to produce a material known as tire-derived aggregate (TDA). In this study, an attempt is made to understand the interaction between geogrid reinforcement and stone aggregates mixed with TDA using a large-scale triaxial test with a specimen diameter of 150 mm and height (Hs) of 300. The geogrid reinforcement is placed at a spacing of Hs/2, Hs/3, Hs/4, and Hs/5 along the length of the sample. The results are analyzed to understand the effect of geogrid reinforcement on stone aggregate mixed with TDA, and it is noticed that the deviatoric stress increases with the inclusion of geogrid reinforcement in the mix proportion.

Electronic structure and microenvironment modulation of Pd@UiO-66 enhances direct CO esterification to dimethyl carbonate

While the microenvironment around metal catalytic sites is recognized to be crucial in heterogeneous catalysis, its roles in CO esterification to dimethyl carbonate remain subtle. Herein, Pd nanoparticles are confined into the metal–organic frameworks with TiIV metal substitutions and functional linker groups, namely Pd@Ti-Zr-UiO-66-X (X = H, NH2, NO2). The partial substitution of metal nodes by Ti species can dramatically enhance the activity of CO, and synergistically improves catalytic performance with electron-withdrawing functionalized nitroxide linkers. As a result, Pd@Ti-Zr-UiO-66-NO2 exhibits superior conversion of CO (67.5%), selectivity for DMC (83.5%, based on all products) and WTY for DMC (1725 g·kgcat−1·h−1) much higher than those of Pd@Zr-UiO-66-H with conversion of CO (46.4%), selectivity for DMC (87%) and WTY for DMC (1175 g·kgcat−1·h−1). Based on results of experimental and DFT calculation, the synergistic effect of highly electronegative Ti species and nitro-functional linker groups with electron-withdrawing ability realizes the precise control of the electronic structure and microenvironment of Pd NPs. The number of charges transferred from Pd NPs to Zr-UiO-66 and Ti-Zr-UiO-66-NO2 increased from 1.83 to 2.69 e, respectively. The microenvironment of electron-deficient palladium species and Ti-Zr-UiO-66-NO2 promotes the activation of MN and CO, which exhibits a superior performance in direct CO esterification to dimethyl carbonate. This study not only provides a new approach for rational modulation of the chemical microenvironment of metal centers and optimization of catalytic performance but also offers important insights for the design of heterogeneous catalysts.

ACE-inhibitory peptides in sodium-reduced cheese with probiotic: Identification, in silico prediction and molecular interaction

The dual effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M3 and the partial substitution of NaCl on the release of ACE-inhibitory peptides in sodium-reduced cheese was investigated. The peptide profile was improved and the release of ACE inhibitory peptides was promoted by the addition of KCl and Lb.paracasei M3. Using in silico screening, novel ACE-inhibitory peptides were selected in order to predict their physicochemical characteristics. The peptides, KPWIQPK and VYPFPGPIPN, could remain intact in the gastrointestinal tract. Molecular docking results suggested that the peptides APFPEVFGK, KPWIQPK might interact with Tyr523 and Ala354 in the S1 active pocket of ACE. EPVLGPVRGPFP, VAPFPEVFGKE and VYPFPGPIPN were coordinated with Zn ions. The results suggested that sodium-reduced cheeses with added Lb.paracasei M3 could serve as potential functional foods with antihypertensive effects.

Pengaruh Abu Bonggol Jagung Sebagai Substitusi Semen Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Alir

Abstract The use of flow concrete is the main choice in construction because of its high workability that facilitates compaction. In this study, utilizing corn cob ash as a partial substitution material for cement because the content of corn cob ash makes the waste potentially used as a concrete mixing material. One of the most important silica content in concrete is silica (SiO2). Corn cob ash has a fairly high silica content of 59%. Silica plays an important role in concrete because it can increase the compressive strength of concrete. This study aims to determine the effect of corn cob ash with variations of 0%, 4%, 5%, 7%, 9% on the compressive strength of flow concrete with a proportion of superplasticizer 1.5% at the age of 7, 21, and 28 days. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the maximum compressive strength of concrete is in the CCA mixture of 7% at the age of 28 days of concrete, which is 35.22 MPa. The compressive strength of concrete with a mixture of 0% to 7% CCA continues to increase in each life of concrete. Based on the results of this study, corn cob ash as a partial substitution of cement can affect the compressive strength value of concrete. Keywords—Flow Concrete, Corn Cob Ash, Compressive Strength of Concrete

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A potential source of fibre and antioxidant, and its effect on rheological characteristics of soft wheat dough, and physicochemical properties of cookies

Ginger is the fresh rhizome of the ginger plant (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), and known to have various health benefits including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, hypoglycaemic, and gastrointestinal-protecting effects. In the present work, the effects of partially substituting soft wheat flour with ginger powder (GP) on the rheological characteristics of dough, and physicochemical properties of cookies were investigated. Results illustrated that partial substitution with GP had significant impact on rheological properties of soft wheat dough, especially at 4% or higher; the development time, energy, and resistance to extension of the dough were significantly different from the control (p &lt; 0.05). LF-NMR measurements indicated that the mobility and distribution of immobilised water influenced gluten strength, and dough stability. Sensory evaluation by panellists indicated that cookies incorporated with up to 2% GP were acceptable. Moreover, cookies prepared with incorporation of 2% GP had 1.60 ± 0.06 g/100 g crude fibres, 0.92 ± 0.05 mg/g total phenolics, 1.11 ± 0.01 mg/g total flavonoids, and 13.97 ± 0.04% ABTS+ radical scavenging activity, all of which were significantly different from the control (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, the results supported the potential application of GP in cookies as a functional food ingredient.