Partial Cement Replacement Material Research Articles

Experimental study of the effect of senilia senilis as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production: towards sustainable construction materials

The world today, is plagued by several environmental problems including air pollution and global warming. These aforementioned environmental problems are prominently associated with the consumption of natural resources in manners that have proven to be unsustainable. The construction industry has been seen to play a major role in contributing to the natural resources consumption and environmental problems, at large. Cement production brings about the emission of toxic gases that pollute the atmosphere, thereby promoting these environmental problems. Consequently, concrete technology findings have been directed toward realizing alternative sustainable materials for utilization in the construction industry. Seashell waste has proven promising in the partial replacement of cement in concrete. This study had carried out experimental investigations on senilia senilis shell as a partial cement replacement material in concrete production. The senilia senilis shell was crushed into senilia senilis powder (SSP), processed, and utilized to partially replace cement at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% in concrete. Fineness, Initial and final setting, and specific gravity tests were carried out on seashell powder to ascertain its suitability for cement replacement. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out on the concrete samples produced. The mechanical properties of the various concrete specimens were also analyzed in this study. Also, the elemental composition and morphological analysis of the SSP and the various concrete specimens were examined in this study with the use of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The results of this study indicate that SSP concrete at 10% to 20% replacement of cement, can be utilized for various mix ratios in the construction industry.

Recycling of Waste Granodiorite Powder as a Partial Cement Replacement Material in Ordinary Concrete

Abstract In this study, the effect of using waste granodiorite powder (WGP) as a cement replacement material in percentages ranging from 1 to 9% on various physical and mechanical properties of ordinary concrete was investigated. The resistance of produced concretes with WGP to the high temperature effects on the 28 days compressive strength were studied as well. Granodiorite is one of the well-known igneous rocks that have been used in previous research as a replacement for coarse or fine aggregates due to the hardness of its grains. However, rare studies have investigated its powder as a partial cement replacement material. Results showed the ability of investigated WGP with high surface area to act as a supplementary cementitious material that contributed to enhance the results of mechanical and physical properties of concrete. At traditional room temperature, the optimal replacement percentage was 7%, where the 28 days compressive and tensile strengths were improved by 28.3% and 17.3%, respectively. The optimal replacement ratio varied between 7 and 9% in the case of high temperatures, according to exposure time and temperature degree. Statistical and sensitivity analysis was conducted on 66 available compressive strength value represents all variables before and after elevated temperature exposure. While the regression equation showed good R2 value of 85.3%, sensitivity analysis indicated that compressive strength value is most sensitive to temperature, followed by WGP ratio and exposure time, with importance values of 56, 26, and 18 %, respectively. Results showed also that the setting times and consistency was decreased with increasing the replacement ratio with WGP, while the workability was slightly improved up to 5% replacement ratio. Furthermore, microstructure analysis showed that WGP can help to densify the concrete matrix due to its small size and ability to fill the interstitial voids in the concrete matrix.

Investigation on the enhancement of crack restoration properties in cement incorporated with Arthrospira platensis cultured in modified medium.

This study investigated the potential use of microalgae as partial cement replacement to heal cracks in cement mortar. Microbially induced calcite (CaCO3) precipitation (MICP) from Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) (UMACC162) was utilised for crack-healingapplications. Microalgaewascultivated in Kosaric Media (KM)together with filtered cement water (FCW), andused asa cement replacement material. The microalgal species was furtherevaluated for its capacity and adaptability towards large-scale culturing. The results showed that A. platensis could adapt and survive in cement water solution and cement mortar, suggesting the potential for self-healing in cement mortar. Further, the cultured species grown in both conditions(KM and KM & FCW) were harvested and incorporated into the cement mortar as a partial cementreplacement material atdifferent levels of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of cementweight. The cement mortars partially replaced withmicroalgae were cured in water for 28 days. Pre-cracks were induced in the cured mortar with the 75% of their ultimate load. It took just 14 days for the microalgae-incorporated mortar to heal the cracks. The specimens with microalgae cultured in FCW showeda better performance and recovered 59% of their strength, with a maximum healed crack width of 0.7 mm. In terms of water tightness and porosity, they are comparable to the control mortar. The compressive strength measurements indicated the formation of calcite aggregate (crystal) that sealed the surface cracks, which was confirmed by a microstructural analysis. The results also demonstrate that the incorporation of microalgae into cement produced a self-healing effect, providing a new direction for crack healing. Additionally, the investigation indicated that replacing cement withmicroalgae reduced CO2 emissions by as much as 30%, with a substitution of 30% of microalgae. Exploring microalgae as a cement replacement could reduce carbon emissions and improve the state of the environment.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Limbah Abu Arang Briket Dan Serbuk Batu Bata Merah Sebagai Pengganti Sebagian Semen

Concrete is defined as a mixture of its constituent materials consisting of hydraulic material (Portland Cement), coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water, with or without the use of added materials (admixture or additives). Cement production produces waste that is harmful to the environment. Utilizing charcoal briquette ash waste and red brick powder waste is an alternative. In this study, 12 cylindrical test objects were used (15 cm x 30 cm) with the use of red brick powder and charcoal briquette ash as a partial replacement for cement plus 3 pieces of normal concrete of the same size without the use of partial cement replacement materials. Percentage of partial replacement of cement with red brick powder 2% briquetted charcoal ash 6% (BB2A6), red brick powder 2% briquetted charcoal ash 9% (BB2A9), red brick powder 2% briquetted charcoal ash 12% (BB2A12), and red brick powder 2% charcoal briquette ash 15% (BB2A15) to the weight of cement. From the research, the effect of using variations of 2% red brick powder and 6% charcoal briquette ash is the variation that has the largest average compressive strength value of 14.29 MPa of all variation.

Wastepaper fiber‐reinforced concrete containing metakaolin: Effect on fracture behavior

AbstractPlasterboard, a commonly utilized construction material, comprises a gypsum core nestled between two paper layers. Gypsum after demolition of plasterboards is a recyclable waste that has been reused into new plasterboard or other purposes such as agricultural products. However, there is a lack of understanding on the potential for recycling the paper layers. This study investigates the use of wastepaper fibers, obtained from the paper layers, as a reinforcing material and metakaolin as a partial cement replacement material in concrete. This study demonstrates the ability of the paper from waste plasterboard for reinforcing concrete. Wastepaper fibers were used at different concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.5% by weight of binder. Bending test was conducted for assessing fracture behavior of concretes, including load bearing capacity, modulus of rupture, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) at the load bearing capacity, fracture toughness, and fracture energy. Slump, axial compression, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also conducted on the concretes. It is found that incorporating wastepaper fiber by up to an optimum content of 1.5% results in an increase in the compressive strength (57%), flexural load bearing capacity and modulus of rupture (31%), CMOD displacement at load capacity (14%), fracture toughness (37%), and fracture energy (73%) of the metakaolin‐based concrete. However, further increase in the wastepaper fiber content results in decreased mechanical properties of the concrete, which is due to the fiber agglomeration and non‐uniform distribution within the concrete matrix. Based on the results, the concrete with 20% metakaolin and 1.5% wastepaper fiber experiences similar mechanical properties to the conventional concrete. The results of this study underscore the substantial potential of leveraging waste materials such as wastepaper and by‐products like metakaolin to diminish reliance on conventional cement. This approach not only enhances the mechanical properties of concrete but also fosters sustainable building practices by promoting the recycling of waste materials, reducing carbon footprint, and mitigating the environmental impacts inherent in traditional concrete production.

Effect of Crab Shell on Properties of Soil: A Mini Review

Soil stabilization is crucial for infrastructure development, cost savings, environmental protection, construction efficiency, and overall project safety. Cement and lime are frequently used conventional materials for stabilizing soils worldwide. The production of these materials releases huge amounts of greenhouse gasses. There is a need to minimize the utilization of these materials. Researchers are finding alternative materials to cement or lime. The fly ash, silica fume, and crab shells are utilized as partial replacement material for cement. Crab shell waste, generated from the seafood processing industry, has gained attention as a potential sustainable partial alternative to cement or lime for soil stabilization due to its abundance and eco-friendly properties. In this study, an attempt has been made to review the effectiveness of crab shells as a soil-stabilizing material in various applications. Also, the physical and chemical parameters of the crab’s shell powder as well as the variables that affect its qualities were also reviewed. The literature shows that the addition of crab shell powder as a partial replacement for cement enhances the strength of the soil. The crab shell possesses an ultimate strength of 36 N/mm2 due to this the soil properties are enhanced when crab shell powder has been added as soil stabilizer. The review suggests that the inclusion of crab shell powder as a replacement to cement up 20% for enhancing the properties of soil and brick.

Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement for cement in paste and mortar formulation – A case in the Philippines

The quality of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) varies significantly from one locality to another. It greatly influences its performance when used as cement replacement, thus requiring actual empirical data to be generated. This research explored the potential of locally available SCBA in the Philippines as a partial cement replacement material and assessed the appropriate formulations of the paste component with SCBA as part of the cement to be used for mortar and concrete production in the future. Mixtures with different SCBA-to-binder ratios (SBR) up to 20%, and water-to-binder ratios (WBR), were formulated to determine their effects on the consistency and setting time of paste, consistency of fresh mortar, density, and compressive strength of hardened mortar. Multivariate regression analysis was adopted to better interpret the influence of SBR and WBR on the different responses and generate models for their subsequent prediction, including the water requirement, to achieve normal consistency. It was found that increasing SBR from 0.00 to 0.20 increased the water demand for the paste from 0.27 to 0.36 WBR. An increase in the WBR subsequently increases the initial setting time to as much as 198 ± 16 min and the final setting time to 288 ± 4 min. The water demand for mortars also increased with increasing SBR to achieve the same workability. Generally, the models generated enabled good predictability (≥90% accuracy) of the water requirements of both paste and mortar. The density and compressive strength of mortars improved with SBR at 0.05 but then decreased as the SBR was increased. However, mixtures with SBR at 0.10 reached a compressive strength comparable to mixtures with pure cement, rendering the maximum amount that the cement can be replaced at 10%.

Flexural Performance of RC Beam with the Partial Replacement of Cement with EggshellPowder(ESP)

Abstract: It's a renowned fact that concrete used around the globe is second only to water. The cement industries have been categorized as highly polluting industries by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The production of ordinary Portland cement contributes 5-7% of total greenhouse gas emission and also consumes large amount of energy, hence it is crucial to discover substitute to cement. Eggshell is a waste material that can be obtained from restaurants, bakeries and households. Eggshell powder (ESP) has high amounts of calcium and can be combined with pozzolanic materials, such as fly ash, which have low calcium content. If effective uses for eggshell can be found, it would create an opportunity for a sustainable solution. Eggshell waste is among the most abundant agro-waste material discharged from food processing industries. Despite the exceptional properties and several applications, eggshell is castoff in huge quantity without any further use. This review paper focuses on appraising the potential uses of eggshell waste as a feedstock for production of sustainable construction materials. The emphasis is on the need to exploit extensively eggshell waste as a partial cement replacement material in cement-based construction materials. This study focuses on the viability of using calcined eggshells (CES) as a partial replacement of cement by analysing early age performance. Compressive, Flexural and Split Tensile Strength of concrete with 10%, 15%, 20% cement replacement with eggshell powder. The utilization of PES which offers a low-cost and energy-efficient resource for construction.

Experimental Study on Recycling of Brick Waste in Concrete as Coarse Aggregate

Concrete is made of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, cement in specific mix proportion. Coarse aggregates occupy the largest volume in concrete which is one of the most widely used construction material as per industry surveys. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using brick wastes as coarse aggregate in producing concrete, this study was undertaken. Several million tons of solid waste are produced each year due to construction and demolition activities worldwide, and brick waste is one of the widest wastes. Recently, a growing number of studies have been conducted on using recycling brick waste (RBW) to produce environmentally friendly concrete. The use of brick waste (BW) as potential partial cement or aggregate replacement material is summarized in this review.

Properties of cement bricks containing sago fine waste (SFW) with different water-cement ratio

Cement is a key material in the construction industry. However, this widespread use adversely affects the environment. The replacement of cement with waste materials, mainly agricultural wastes, can reduce the impact of environmental pollution and result in sustainable construction. Sago fine waste (SFW) is a fibrous residue from waste from sago milling operations where physical treatment has been made. This study used SFW as a partial cement replacement material in cement brick and the effect of adding SFW to cement brick properties. Brick samples are designed with five different percentages of 2,4,6,8, and 10% of cement replacement, including control cement brick. The mortar mix is based on a ratio of 1:3, which follows Malaysian brick production standards. For compressive strength, density, and water absorption tests, all the specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The strength of cement bricks was investigated based on the difference of two water-cement ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The brick properties investigated in this study are density, water absorption and compressive strength. The experimental results show that the brick’s density, compressive strength, and water absorption decreased as the replacement percentage increased. However, it still meets the requirements of the standard for load-bearing structures. Analysis of this study is according to extensive data collection, the ideal composition for SFW in cement brick was 2% and 0.6 water-cement ratios. This demonstrates SFW’s promise as a novel pozzolanic material for producing more sustainable bricks. As a result, SFW as a cement replacement material could improve bricks’ physical and mechanical properties as curing time increases.

A Review on The Compressive Strength and Workability of Concrete with Agricultural Waste Ash as Cement Replacement Material

Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important properties is broadly utilized as development materials within the development segment. Unfortunately, the component of cement within the concrete results in many side-effects such as affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper presented the review of essential to seek out an alternative materials which may be utilized as cement replacement materials by reutilizing agricultural waste ash. Selected agricultural waste ash which are Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) were review in terms of their compressive strength and slump height of the mixture. The treated palm oil ash which is going to be used as partial cement replacement material for the proper design mix and optimal ash replacement. The replacement percentage of palm ash in the concrete were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with the optimal replacement ratio of the supplementary cementitious content. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is a material that having sufficient requirements to be a good pozzolana and cementitious material according to ASTMC618 in terms of chemical composition. POFA is a material that consists high silica contents. By having more silica contents, it will help to improve the properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance. After conducting several research, it was concluded that the optimal replacement for POFA is 20% and it is better to have finer POFA. POFA also proved some of the important properties is the CO2 emissions would be reduce.

Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete.

The palm and date sector is one of the most important sectors in Saudi Arabia. The total number of fertile palm trees in Saudi Arabia is about 31 million. In the production of pitted dates, date molasses, date paste, and date confectionery, a considerable number of date kernels are usually discarded as waste. This study reports experimental investigations conducted to evaluate the potential of waste date kernel ash (DKA), obtained by the calcination of date pits at 800 °C, as a partial cement replacement in concrete. DKA has low silica oxide and does not qualify as a pozzolanic material. The effect of DKA partially replacing the cement and acting as a filler material in concrete was investigated, and its properties were compared with two pozzolanic materials, fly ash (FA) and natural pozzolan (NP). Twelve concrete mixes in which cement was replaced with different proportions of calcined DKA (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%), NP (10%, 20%, and 30%), and FA (10%, 20%, and 30%) were investigated in the experimental program. The properties of DKA, FA, and NP concrete mixes were evaluated in fresh and hardened states, including the heat of hydration, mechanical characteristics, and thermal properties. The results show that replacing cement with 5% date kernel ash increases the compressive strength by 0.42%, 3.2%, and 2.5% at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, while the 28-day compressive strength decreases by 2.4%, 5.4%, 16.3%, and 26.69% when the cement is replaced with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% DKA, respectively. Date kernel ash concrete mixes with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement levels demonstrated higher compressive and tensile strengths and lower thermal conductivity, density, and workability when compared to natural pozzolan and fly ash. DKA is a promising partial cement replacement material; nevertheless, additional research is required to assess the durability of DKA in concrete.

Enabling sustainable rapid construction with high volume GGBS concrete through elevated temperature curing and maturity testing

Nowadays, low carbon footprint concrete for construction relies heavily on ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a partial cement replacement material (CRM) in places where other CRMs are in short supply. However, it is relatively well-known that the low early-age strengths of GGBS concretes discourage the maximisation of cement replacement in most applications; a constraint which can be potentially overcome through exploitation of hydration acceleration under elevated temperature curing. Concrete and mortar mixes of 47 MPa 28-day target mean cube strength were developed and investigated in this study with various percentages of GGBS (0, 20, 35, 50 and 70%) and cured under isothermal and non-isothermal regimes (20, 30, 40 and 50 °C and adiabatic). Higher temperatures appeared to significantly accelerate the strength gain of GGBS concretes, particularly those containing high GGBS percentages. In-situ strength development may be estimated through maturity functions which were initially developed for neat Portland cement concretes. The accuracy of several maturity functions, such as the Nurse-Saul, Arrhenius, Weighted Maturity, Weaver-Sadgrove and Rastrup ones, were examined together with two strength-maturity/time correlations. It was found that although maturity methods can be used to optimise a concrete mix in terms of GGBS content and depending on the application, it is not possible to obtain consistently reliable estimates for GGBS concretes from the current functions. Nonetheless, from the current models considered, the Arrhenius, Weighted Maturity and Rastrup functions appear as more appropriate for higher replacement levels of cement with GGBS. Overall, the present study highlighted a need for further improving maturity functions to account for the strength development of GGBS concrete.

Using Natural Pozzolans to Partially Replace Cement in Pervious Concretes: A Sustainable Alternative?

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials all around the globe. Associated with urban expansion, concrete pavements increase the impermeable surfaces that affect the hydrological cycle and generate urban heat islands. Cement is one of the main components of concrete, and its production is one of the main sources of worldwide CO2 emissions. Pervious concrete with partial cement replacement represents a more sustainable alternative. In this paper, the use of natural pozzolans zeolite and pumicite, as partial cement replacement materials in pervious concrete mixtures, is analyzed. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of pervious concretes using different percentages of pumicite and zeolite to replace cement (0% to 20%) were evaluated by a series of tests on compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, porosity, and a microanalysis by SEM for the samples. Additionally, experiments with a plasticizer additive were conducted. The results show that mixtures with 0.35 W/C ratio present better mechanical and hydraulic properties; pumicite shows a better performance than zeolite, with the better properties achieved at 10% cement replacement; and the addition of plasticizer increased the final strengths. It is recommended to partially replace cement by adding 10% pumicite and to consider using 0.7% of plasticizer.

Investigation into the Effect of Rice Husk Ash in Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement material in concrete production based on analysis of its contribution to strength in comparison with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The analysis was focused on: the chemical properties of RHA, workability, density, compressive strength, and tensile strength of concrete. The RHA was obtained from Mwea, Kirinyaga County, Kenya and burned in a kiln to produce white ash which was tested. Chemical analysis to determine the pozzolanic properties of RHA was done using the Gravimetric method, Flame Photometry and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy while particle size distribution of RHA was carried out using sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis. Concrete mixes with different ratios of OPC to RHA binder were cast into cuboid and cylindrical samples. The binder was made by replacing OPC with RHA at intervals of 10% by mass to a maximum of 50% replacement. A binder, sand, and ballast ratio of 1:1.5:3 were maintained with a constant water-cement ratio of 0.6. The cast samples were subjected to water curing on the third day at room temperature. Workability tests were performed on fresh concrete while compressive strength tests and tensile strength tests were performed on hardened concrete in all the mixes. The results were compared with OPC concrete. Results indicated that Kenyan RHA has high silica, alumina, and iron oxide content of about 92%. The workability slightly improves with 10% partial replacement of OPC with RHA but decreases with further addition of RHA. It was also deduced that the optimal binder mix was 10% partial replacement of OPC with RHA however the compressive strength was lower than the OPC concrete by 2.3%. The tensile strength of concrete increased with the addition of RHA up to an optimum of 10%.

Prediction of the mechanical strength of concrete containing glass powder as partial cement replacement material

Prediction of the mechanical strength of concrete containing glass powder as partial cement replacement material

A STUDY ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT WITH SAWDUST ASH

This study is based on the use of sawdust ash as a partial replacement material for cement in concrete for property modifications. In the concrete mixes, cement was replaced by sawdust ash at 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight, and the effects on replacement were observed. The use of sawdust ash allows the reuse of sawdust as a waste product in the construction process. Due to the lightweight of the sawdust ash in comparison to cement, the concrete ultimately becomes lighter in weight. The grade of concrete designed here was M25 and concrete cubes measuring 150mm×150mm×150mm, beams of sizes 100mm×100mm×500mm and cylinder 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height were cast and their compressive, flexural strength, and split tensile strength are evaluated respectively after 7 and 28 days.

Cement Kiln Dust (CKD): Potential Beneficial Applications and Eco-Sustainable Solutions

Over many decades, cement has been the primary component in construction projects and is considered one of the essential industries worldwide. At the same time, it overconsumes natural resources and can negatively impact the environment through a few byproducts, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and cement kiln dust (CKD). The generated quantity of CKD is estimated to be 15–20% of the produced cement, which means CKD can be induced in hundreds of millions of metric tons synchronously with annual global cement production. Unfortunately, not all materials of CKD are suitable for recycling in cement manufacturing since it contains high levels of alkalis, sulfate, and chloride, leading to excessive concentrations in the final product. Therefore, CKD industrial utilization has become highly recommended in recent research as a potential beneficial application from economic, environmental, and sustainability perspectives. This review paper highlights and discusses the recently conducted research articles that investigate the industrial applications of CKD. The obtained outcomes showed that CKD has physical and chemical properties that make it practical in many fields, such as soil stabilization, concrete mix, chemical treatment, ceramic and brick manufacturing, and mine backfill. They also indicate a lack of studies investigating CKD in mine backfill applications as a partial replacement material for cement due to the high cost of binders, optimization, and sustainability purposes.

Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete With Ceramic Tile Wastes as Partial Cement Replacement Material

The production of concrete emits greenhouse gases which aggravate global warming. Meanwhile, ceramic tile wastes generated from manufacturing factories, construction sites, and building demolition projects disposed of by landfills create land and water pollution. Therefore, in this study, the suitability of ceramic tile wastes (CTW) in powder form to partially replace cement in lightweight foamed concrete was investigated with the aim to discover a greener construction material. Once the research outputs show that the ceramic tile dust can appropriately serve as a replacement, environmental impact on air, land, and water pollution can all be reduced. Three types of lightweight foamed concrete with 0%, 25%, and 50% ceramic tile wastes as partial cement replacement material were prepared with a target density of 1,200 kg/m3, namely, LFC-CTW0, LFC-CTW25, and LFC-CTW50, respectively. The effects of ceramic tile wastes on the engineering properties of lightweight foamed concrete were investigated. Concrete specimens were water-cured and tested for various mechanical properties at the concrete ages of 7, 28, and 56 days. Results from the lab experiments showed that the incorporation of 25% ceramic tile wastes into lightweight foamed concrete was more feasible than that of 50%. LFC-CTW25, which performed better than LFC-CTW0 for the splitting tensile strength test at day 56. The results for the compressive strength test, modulus of elasticity, and compressive toughness test showed a minor reduction after the incorporation of ceramic tile wastes. Based on the results, it can be concluded that it is feasible to use ceramic tile wastes up to 25% as partial cement replacement material to produce foamed concrete.

Biochar as a Partial Cement Replacement Material for Developing Sustainable Concrete: An Overview

AbstractBiochar (BC) is a porous carbon formed by pyrolysis of biomass at high temperatures under anoxic conditions. The use of pulverized BC as a cementitious materials mixture has recently gained...