Partial Cement Replacement Material Research Articles

Implementation of Feldspar as a partial replacement material in cement mortar (exploration and application)

This paper aims to explore and evaluate the use of Jordanian Feldspar as a natural resource partial replacement material for cement and sand in cement mortar. First, Al-Jaishia area was explored through a global positioning system (GPS) navigation to gather site samples of Feldspar raw material. Then, cement and sand were partially replaced by Feldspar with substitution ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% for each. The study included the effect of cement replacement on normal consistency and setting time for cement paste. The water content along with initial and final setting times increased with the increment of cement replacement ratio. Moreover, mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and residual compressive strengths) of cement mortar with cement and sand replacement were evaluated. The compressive and flexural strengths after 3, 7, and 28 days of curing were examined for both cement and sand replacement. While, residual compressive strength for cement replacement after 28 days was measured at elevated temperatures of 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. The compressive and flexural strengths decreased by increasing the Feldspar replacement ratio for both cement and sand at all specimen ages. Whereas, heat resistance properties were improved by cement/Feldspar replacement. The best result for residual compressive strength was obtained at 15% replacement ratio and 400°C temperature.

Study of Using of Recycled Brick Waste (RBW) to produce Environmental Friendly Concrete: A Review

Several million tons of solid waste are produced each year as a result of construction and demolition activities around the world, and brick waste is one of the most widely wastes. Recently, there has been growing number in studies that conducted on using of recycling brick waste (RBW) to produce environmentally friendly concrete. The use of brick waste (BW) as potential partial cement or aggregate replacement materials is summarized in this review where the performance is discussed in the form of the mechanical strength and properties that related to durability of concrete. It was found that, because the pozzolanic activity of clay brick powder, it can be utilized as substitute for cement in replacement level up to 10%. Whereas, for natural coarse aggregate, recycled aggregate can be used instead of it, but in limited replacement level. Concrete manufacturing from recycled aggregate can give adequate strength and can be suitable for the producing medium or low strength concrete. On the other side, the utilization of fine recycled brick waste as aggregate in the concrete manufacturing provide development of the properties of concrete and it develops the durability of concrete in some cases when used with replacement level up to 10% by the weight of fine aggregate.

Thermomechanical evaluation of sustainable foamed concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash and eggshell powder

Increased usage of concrete contributes to urban thermal discomfort due to the Urban Heat Island effect. At the same time, the corresponding increased consumption of cement also causes a significant rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emissions. This experimental work aims at evaluating the thermal and mechanical performance of 1800 kg/m3 dry density green sustainable foamed concrete (GFC) incorporating agroindustrial waste such as Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Eggshell Powder (ESP) as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The POFA content varied from 15 to 35%, with increments of 5%, while being supplemented with 5% ESP. To evaluate the performance of the developed GFC, the flowability, mechanical strengths (compressive and splitting tensile strengths), and thermal performances (thermal conductivity and surface temperature) were investigated. Incorporation of 15-25% of POFA supplemented with 5% ESP as partial cement replacement materials resulted in enhanced mechanical strengths. Although usage of POFA can reduce the thermal conductivity, the POFA content must be limited to 15–25% to prevent excessive heat absorption by the exterior surface of the concrete. Overall, the optimum use of 15% POFA in a combination of 5% ESP is desirable to produce an eco-friendly sustainable foamed concrete.

Influence of Lime and Coal Bottom Ash as Partial Cement Replacement Material on Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a waste product collected at the bottom of the furnace from the coal operatedpower plants. However, its huge production becomes a major environmental issue that will bring a negative impact on the environment as it will lead to a higher risk of groundwater contamination. In this study selected 10% of CBA based on previous studies,but various percentages (5% to 15%) of lime content were used in this study by weight method. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strength tests were performed at 7 and 28days. Based on the results, the workability of concrete showed a reduction when the cement replacement level increased. The compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths were reduced when cement replacement level increase, but the strength was improved with the increase in curing age. However, the concrete with10% CBA indicated higher splitting tensile strength than the control.

Acoustic Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete with Eggshell Waste as Partial Cement Replacement Material

Nowadays, almost every industry needs to undergo green and sustainable industrial revolution due to pollutions like waste dumping and noise that deteriorating the environment. Therefore, feasibility study on application of eggshell waste as partial cement replacement in lightweight foamed concrete was conducted by aiming to solve environmental and acoustical issues, i.e. reduce eggshell waste and improve acoustic properties. In this study, compressive strength and acoustic properties of 1300 kg m-3 lightweight foamed concrete with and without 5% eggshell powder as partial cement replacement material were tested. Optimal water to cement ratio of 0.6 was obtained for acoustic properties test by comparing compressive strength result. The result shows that application eggshell powder has generally reduced 7 days compressive strength but improved 28 days compressive strength, and either improve or maintain acoustics properties, in which lightweight foamed concrete that containing eggshell powder has improved noise reduction coefficient at testing ages of 7, 28, and 90 days and improved sound transmission class at testing age of 56 and 90 days. Based on these results, 5% of eggshell powder is feasible to be incorporated into lightweight foamed concrete as partial cement replacement material for sound insulation and strength development purposes.

Utilization of Upgraded Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Recycled Concrete Fines in Cement Mortars

Waste concrete is the most predominant constituent material among construction and demolition waste. Current waste concrete recycling is limited to the use of recycled concrete aggregates as a road-base material and less as aggregates in new concrete mixes. Further, the production of recycled concrete aggregates results in the generation of a high amount of fines, consisting mainly of cement paste particles. Hence, this study aims to produce the cement mortars using the upgraded recycled concrete aggregates (sand granulometry) for the total replacement of natural aggregates and recycled concrete fines activated through a thermal treatment method as a partial cement substitution material. Cement mortar specimens were tested for their compressive and flexural strength, density and water absorption performance. The results showed that the combined usage of upgraded recycled concrete sand for total replacement of primary crushed sand and recycled concrete fines as partial cement replacement material is a promising option to produce cement mortars.

A prospective review of alccofine as supplementary cementitious material

The purpose of this review article is to effective utilization of alccofine as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. Concrete is the most extensively used man-made construction materials in the ecosphere. Cement is the binder material for producing the concrete. During the clinkering process in cement industry, large amount of CO2 is produced as a byproduct and emits into the atmosphere. This CO2 dominates the major share of total greenhouse gases (GHG) released in to the atmosphere. Hence to reduce GHG emission, research activities have been transforming from conventional materials to other supplementary materials. To support the recent research evident researchers are using, fly ash, GGBS, Rice husk ash (RHA), silica fume, Phosphogypsum, Metakaolin, etc. are widely used as a SCM in concrete due to pozzolanic reactivity. One among the SCM, alccofine (1203), is a recent trend microfine material that can be used in concrete as a partial replacement material for cement. This review paper presents a summary of the published literature by several researchers who have intended to highlight the importance of alccofine as a SCM in the various fields of the concrete industry. In this review article authors exhibiting a detailed review on utilization of alccofine as a SCM to improve the fresh, mechanical & durability properties of concrete. Each byproduct has a varying mineral content. Alternatively, there is huge problem for the disposal of the byproducts. They appraised the alccofine, when partly replaced with cement, showed a remarkable improvement in both mechanical as well as durability properties at all ages. But the micro structure and fire resistance properties were not yet approached by the current research, hence this gap is addressed as a future course of research.

Reliability based partial safety factor of concrete containing nano silica and silica fume

The influence of combination of nano silica and silica fume, as partial cement replacement materials, on the properties of concrete has been studied through the measurement of compressive strength. The compressive strength of concrete in terms of mean, standard deviation and with-in-test coefficient of variation related to the variation in the nominated parameters have also been developed. The compressive strength data developed experimentally has been analyzed using normal-probability distribution and partial safety factors of composite concretes have been evaluated by using first order second moment approach with Hasofer Lind's method. The use of Nano silica and silica fume in concrete decreases the partial safety factor of concrete i.e., increase the reliability of concrete. The experimental results show that the properties of concrete having nano silica and silica fume in combination were better than that of a plain concrete. The SEM test results showing the level of Ca(OH)2 in plain concrete and consumption level Ca(OH)2 of concrete containing nano silica & silica fume have also been presented.

Optimization of glass powder content in self-compacting concrete as partial replacement of cement

The main aim of the present work is to investigate the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete by utilization recycled glass powder as partial replacement material for cement and to specify the optimum percent from performance and sustainability point of views. In this study, five mixes were designed with different percentage of grinded glass powder used as cement replacement at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. Slump flow diameter, time needed to achieve a flow diameter of 500 mm, sieve segregation resistance and L-box height ratio were utilized to examine the rheological properties of the produced self-compacting concrete. For the main mechanical properties, compressive strength at 7, 28, 56 days, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths test at 28 day were conducted. The test results illustrate that the increase in the partial replacement of cement by glass powder led to keep flow ability and caused small decrease in T500 mm time. However, there was slight decrease in the passing ability and better performance in segregation resistance compared to the mix without glass powder. The mechanical properties of the produced mixes increased up to the replacement level of 30%. However, the optimization results using Minitab 18 statistical software deduced that the optimum percent is 24% to achieve optimum performance in terms tested properties and evaluated sustainability aspects.

Interactive Relationship between Cementitious Materials and Acid Mine Drainage: Their Effects on Chromium Cr(VI) Removal

Elevated hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) levels in pervious concrete may undermine its successful application in water treatment. Portland cement CEM I 52.5R (CEM I), coal fly ash (FA), natural zeolite and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) were evaluated as adsorbents for removal of Cr(VI) from acid mine drainage (AMD). Adsorption experiments were conducted at dosages of 6, 10, 30 and 60 g of adsorbent in 200 mL of AMD, while the mixing contact time was varied from 15 to 300 min. It was found that the use of CEM1 and FA adsorbents strongly increased the Cr(VI) concentration in AMD. Conversely, zeolite and GGBS removed up to 76% and 100% of Cr(VI) from AMD, respectively, upon their use at dosages of at least 10 g of the adsorbent. Freundlich isotherm was found better fitted with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.998 for zeolite and 0.973 for GGBS) than to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.965 for zeolite and 0.955 for GGBS). Adsorption and ion exchange seem to be active mechanisms for the Cr(VI) removal. These results suggest that zeolite and GGBS can be considered as partial cement replacement materials for effective reduction or removal of Cr(VI) from the treated water.

Fibre reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell aggregate, fly ash and polypropylene fibre

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of polypropylene fibre addition into eco-concrete made with fly ash, an industrial by product, as partial cement replacement material, and coconut shell, an agricultural waste, as coarse aggregates, on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Two different mixes were developed, one with coconut shell only as coarse aggregates, and the other with the combination of both conventional aggregates and coconut shell as coarse aggregates. The cement content was replaced with class F fly ash at 10% by weight in the concrete mixes. The volume fractions of polypropylene fibres used in this study were 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%. The addition of polypropylene fibres slightly reduces the slump and density of coconut shell concrete. As the volume fraction of fibres increases, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of coconut shell concrete also increases by up to 0.5% of fibre volume fraction. The split tensile strength and flexural strength of coconut shell concrete were also enhanced with fibre addition. The addition of 0.75% and 1.0% volume fractions of polypropylene fibres slightly reduces compressive strength. Results of this study show that polypropylene fibres may be used in coconut shell concrete to improve the mechanical properties of the composite.

A Review of the Engineering Properties of Concrete with Paper Mill Waste Ash — Towards Sustainable Rigid Pavement Construction

The drastic surge in urbanisation and construction-related activities is increasing the demand for cement and aggregates, especially for concrete production. Concrete is utilised for a wide variety of structural applications, including rigid pavements construction, due to its superior strength and durability performance. However, the production of cement increases carbon footprint; and the source of natural aggregates depletes. Hence, there is an increased demand for pavement designs that incorporate sustainable materials and maintain a consistent level of service. In rigid pavements construction, this can be achieved with the integration of alternate binder systems, such as paper mill ash (PMA). This paper presents a systematic review of the engineering properties of PMA as a partial cement replacement material for sustainable concrete production. The review is focused on the influence of PMA on the engineering properties of concrete. The main advantages and limitation of using PMA were highlighted and discussed. Grey areas for possible research exploit were also identified. Based on the superior tensile strength (2.68–3.98 MPa) and flexural strength (4.04–5.01 MPa) documented in the various works of literature reviewed, it can be concluded that PMA is a feasible alternative binder material for rigid pavement applications. This, coupled with its negligible CO2e emission value, indicate that PMA is beneficial to the sustainability and serviceability states of rigid pavements. The viewpoint of this review will be useful for researchers and stakeholders in the construction industry to acquire more understanding of PMA concrete.

Solidification and Stabilization (S/S) of Toxic Waste: Potential Binder for Partial Cement Replacement Materials (PCRM)

Solidification and stabilization (S/S) in toxic waste treatment has been used widely in transform waste into sustainable construction materials. However, some parties is just using this treatment method in modify the toxic waste into a non-toxic form for its suitability in landfill. This action should not occur as proper waste management, should include both ‘treat’; reduce toxicity (e.g: immobilize contaminants) and ‘control’; reduce amount of waste generation (e.g: recycle). The perspective of ‘dump is cheaper than recycle’ has closed the eyes of the parties on the mesmerizing effect of S/S method in develop a sustainable construction masterials. Based on the past research, this happened due to the inability of the solidified waste to meet the construction materials requirements. Strength reduction and existence of toxic elements in leachate have been identified as the main factors that limit the application of solidified waste in construction industry. Nevertheless, the issue can be mitigate by using a proper binder to immobilize and encapsulate the toxic waste. Thus, this study aims to mitigate the issue by proposing a few binders that promotes high quality and sustainability to improve the S/S product. From the analysis, selection of binder relies on the chemical (e.g; high silica content) and physical (e.g; size) composition of the materials. Hence, pozzolanic materials have been chosen as usage of additional pozzolanic materials as partial cement replacement materials is promising in increase the strength of solidified waste and reduce its porosity. The pozzolanic materials mentioned in this study are industrial waste in approach to promote sustainability. Consequently, this study recommended the combination of pre-treatment such as thermal treatment, in reduce toxicity of toxic waste before S/S process to tackle the leachant or leachate issue and further adding pozzolanic materials for further strength development.

Absorption and strength properties of lightweight foamed concrete with egg shell powder as partial replacement material of cement

Around 85 thousand tonnes of egg shell waste were yield in Malaysia at 2017, and when its utilization rate is low and not treated and disposed properly, it might result in environmental problem. By partially replacing cement with egg shell powder, the waste can be reduced and meanwhile reduce cement production that results in depletion of natural limestone and emission of carbon dioxide. Therefore, this study was carried out by aiming to mitigate the environmental issue by reducing eggshell wastes and pure cement production, and meanwhile, to promote the application of lightweight foamed concrete. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects on spread diameter, stability water absorption, initial surface absorption, sorptivity, and compressive strength of lightweight foamed concrete with fresh and hardened density of 1000 ± 50 kg/m3 and 1400 ± 50 kg/m3 when the cement is partially replaced by egg shell powder at replacement levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by mass. The results showed that with incorporation of egg shell powder at all levels, the water absorption, initial surface absorption, sorptivity were improved, but spread diameter was reduced. Besides, stability of foam and compressive strength were improved in overall at replacement level of up to 7.5%. Therefore, it is feasible to use up to 7.5% egg shell powder as partial cement replacement material.

Peat-Wood Fly Ash as Cold-Region Supplementary Cementitious Material: Air Content and Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Air-Entrained Mortars

AbstractFluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBCFA) is a promising industrial side stream to be used as a partial cement replacement material. Untreated and milled FBCFAs from cocombustion of peat and...

Reuse of Clay Brick Waste in Mortar and Concrete

The application of recycled clay brick can not only solve the disposal problem of demolished solid waste but also reduce ecological environment damage caused by the excessive development of resources. Clay brick powder (CBP) exhibits pozzolanic activity and can be used as cement replacement. Recycled clay brick aggregate (RBA) can be used to substitute natural coarse aggregate. Recycled clay brick aggregate concrete (RBAC) can attain suitable strength and be used in the production of medium‐ and low‐strength concrete. Clay brick waste as potential partial cement and aggregate replacement material is reviewed herein. Performances in terms of mechanical and durability‐related properties of mortar and concrete are discussed. Understanding the properties of clay bricks is crucial to further research and applications.

Study on Strength Properties of Concrete by Using Bottom Ash and Foundry Sand as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate

The management of solid industrial waste is of big global concern nowadays. The majority of industries are not interested in the treatment and safe disposal of industrial waste due to its high cost involvements, causing environmental and other ecological impacts. The disposal of waste foundry sand is of prime importance due to the big volume produced from the metal casting industries all over the world as well as the waste bottom ash produced from the thermal power plant. The possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with industrial by-products such as bottom ash and foundry sand offers technical, economic and environmental advantages which are of greater importance in the present context of sustainability in construction sector. Concrete is the most important engineering material and the addition of some other material may change the properties of concrete. Studies have been carried out to investigate the possibility of utilizing the board range of material as partial replacement material for cement and aggregate in the production of concrete. Natural fine aggregate are becoming scarcity because of its huge utility in various constitution process the possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with industrial by product such as waste foundry sand and bottom ash in concrete. This study investigate the effect of waste of bottom ash and foundry sand is equal quantities as partial replacement of fine aggregate in 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% on concrete properties such as compression strength and split tensile strength. This study also aims to encourage industries to start commercial production of concrete products using waste bottom ash and foundry sand.

Potential Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (Scba) In Concrete – An Experimental Review

Sugar cane bagasse ash (SBCA) is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry. It is generated as a combustion by-product from boilers of sugar and alcohol factories. This is composed mainly by silica and this by-product can be used as a mineral admixture in mortar and concrete. This waste product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. On the other hand, the boost in construction activities in the country created shortage in most of concrete making materials especially cement, resulting in an increase in price. This study examined the potential use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial cement replacement material. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use into concrete.

Peat Stabilization by Using Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) as a Partial Cement Replacement Materials

Malaysia are covered approximately 2.6 million hectare of peat and facing serious geotechnical problems to develop infrastructure on peatland area. This study is to observe the basic geotechnical properties, strength and compressibility behavior of Pontian peat that stabilized by cement (OPC) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). The whole laboratory test standards and regulation that had been used in this study was adopted from American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and British standards (BS). In order to understand an improvement of peat stabilization, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and 1D-Oedometer consolidation test were conducted on untreated and stabilized peat. The results show that Pontian peat can be considered as hemic peat with average acidic. It was observed that the treated peat with 5% of SCBA (PCB5) has the highest UCS of 190 kPa and was discovered to be equivalent to PC specimen. There was a noteworthy decrease of void ratio, e for optimum PCB and PC mixtures as compared to untreated peat. The value of Cc and Cα was quite low at small effective stresses, however it improved after beyond preconsolidation pressure, σ’c. Compared to untreated Pontian peat which contributed the ratio of Cα/Cc about 0.056, stabilized peat for PC and PCB5 gave better ratio with 0.0316 and 0.0273 respectively. Results shows that the treated peat Cα/Cc ratios were drop dramatically from untreated peat which is representing the stabilized mixture can efficiently reduce the secondary compression.

The Effect of Wood Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement Material for Making Wood-Cement Panels.

The aim of this study was to consider the use of biomass wood ash as a partial replacement for cement material in wood-cement particleboards. Wood-cement-ash particleboards (WCAP) were made with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement with wood particles and tested for bending strength, stiffness, water absorption, and thermal properties. Test results indicate that water demand increases as the ash content increases, and the mechanical properties decrease slightly with an increase of the ash content until 30% of replacement. On the other hand, the heat capacity increases with the wood ash content. The WCAP can contribute to reducing the heat loss rate of building walls given their relatively low thermal conductivity compared to gypsum boards. The replacement of cement to the extent of approximately 30% by weight was found to give the optimum results.