Part Of Adaptation Research Articles

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE RESPONSE OF SUPPLY FOR WINTER TOMATO CROP DISPLAY IN EGYPT

Tomato crop is considered one of the most important strategic green crops at the national level. It is one of the food and manufacturing crops that some food industry uses it as pasle, it is alse an important source in its contribution to the Egyptian national agricultural income. The research aims at estimating the response supply for winter tomato crop in Egypt to determine the most important variables that can affect the response of the cultivated area of this crop. In addition to estimating the flexibility of the response to these variables, and the amount of the annual response to tomato farmers, and thus reach to the appropriate period necessary to achieve complete response. The response functions show has been estimated in accordance with the model of Marc Nerlov, and the model of Robert Solow. The results of estimating the response supply of the winter tomato crop in Egypt using the model Marc Nerlov for partial adaptation during the period (1995-2013) have shown that the production of the tomato crop per feddan is one of the most variables impact on the farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato., it has Also been clear that there is a response from winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans. Besides that the results of estimating the response functions show for the winter tomato crop have shown according to the model of Robert Solow that the production of the winter tomato crop per feddan is considered one of the best variables impact on farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato. It has also, been clear that there is a response from the winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans crops. The research recommends the need to activate the role of agricultural guidance and expansion of the establishment of the indicative fields in order to encourage farmers to use tomato varieties with high productivity. The research, also, recommends the expansion in tomato manufacturing so that it can make a kind of balance between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied and thus the possibility of maintaining the price stability.

The Mechanism of Adaptation of Breast Cancer Cells to Hypoxia: Role of AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway.

We studied the mechanisms of adaptation of human breast cancer cells MCF-7 to hypoxia and analyzed the role of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the maintenance of cell proliferation under hypoxic conditions. It was found that long-term culturing (30 days or more) of MCF-7 cells under hypoxic conditions induced their partial adaptation to hypoxia. Cell adaptation to hypoxia was associated with attenuation of hypoxia-dependent AMPK induction with simultaneous constitutive activation of mTOR and Akt. These findings suggest that these proteins can be promising targets for targeted therapy of tumors developing under hypoxic conditions.

Management of innovation projects in SMEs in the Czech Republic

IntroductionThere is a pending question whether SMEs can use routinely some of sophisticated approaches like Monte Carlo analysis (MC), Stage Gate Control Process (SGCP), or Post implementation review (PIR) which might seem to be demanding for staff skills, training, managing or funding. It has become apparent that in SMEs these activities are not prevalently used on daily basis [Frank & Roessl 2015]. Hardly can the company set up a dedicated team which would be in charge of permanent observation and control of these activities. The point is that these approaches should be in some extent simplified so as to be easily adopted by SME's company staff. Till now, there has been only a partial adaptation (e.g. in small food business [Howieson, Lawley & Selen 2014]) for the decision support concerning innovation project contribution for firm's value creating in the SME's segment. To fill this gap it was necessary to develop implementation models for the application of aforementioned methods which would be instructive enough and easily implemented and operated in SMEs. Research question to be raised in this respect is whether SMEs can easily master any of these methods under strictly confined conditions which are typical for SMEs and make them efficient company value drivers.Such implementation models have been developed in University of Economics in Prague over several past years. Moreover all implementation models had to be tested and validated on innovation projects taken from industrial practice. These real case studies illustrating the topics are described in this paper.1. Innovations and its impact on company value creationAccording to Drucker any company has just two sources for growth - marketing and innovations [Drucker 2008]. Moreover Pitman [2003] proved that long-lasting company value growth was still by far the best indicator of quality of company performance. Exploration of the impact of innovation on company growth is still in spotlight for many researches. Manez et al. [2013] as well as Rochina-Barrachina et al. [2010] examined the effect of process innovation on productivity growth with the emphasis on differences in company size. They concluded that innovation boosted company productivity no matter what company size was. For small firms the productivity growth was only temporary while for large firms the growth was long-lasting. The reason is that the innovation processes in small firms are rather incremental and easy to imitate while innovation processes in large firms are preferably of radical character and therefore unique. Similarly large companies introduce more complex processes dedicated to innovations that have become common knowledge with a longer delay. Rosenbusch, Brinckmann & Bausch [2011] examined relationships between innovation and company performance and found out that this relationship was ambiguous and depended on the context. Factors such as the age of the firm, the type of innovation and the cultural context affected the impact of innovation on firm performance to significantly larger extent [Ates, Garengo, Cocca & Bititci 2013].Winning competitive advantage is usually considered one of basic strategic goals which enables company to outplay competitors and generate value for shareholders. Any company has to possess dynamic capabilities which include difficult-to-replicate enterprise capabilities. These capabilities are required to adapt the company to changing customer and technological opportunities [Teece 2007]. One of the most significant capability is company ability to innovate. Strategic innovation consists of four different processes that are already challenging on their own: (1) strategising, (2) entrepreneuring, (3) changing, (4) investing. Managers must think of the entire process, from idea generation and managing the renewal process up to the successful implementation of the innovation [de Witt & Meyer 2014, pp. 437-440]. For the innovation to be a customer value generator is essential to be properly designed and timely launched. …

Hello Sha-kitty-peare?: Shakespeares Cutified in Japanese Anime Imagination

The first decades of the twenty-first century witnessed a great proliferation of partial adaptations of and references to Shakespeare and his works, in Japanese manga comics and animation films. Such heterogeneous and fragmentary pieces of Shakespeare range from literal or visual quotations from his plays to sacrilegious cute recreations of the playwright himself. This essay will not only illuminate diverse ways of animating Shakespeare’s texts by primarily discussing three recent animated films, Romeo x Juliet (2007), and Zetsuen no Tempest [“The Blast of Tempest”] (2012), but also consider transmutations of Shakespeare himself in animated films such as Romeo x Juliet and Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere (2011), where the playwright is both demystified and cutified in the current fashion of manga-animation characters. This essay will also explore the ways in which the fans of such manga comics and animated films (are often expected to) collaborate and interact with each other to recognize and interpret Shakespearean texts in those works via blogs and fan sites on the Internet. How Shakespeare haunts the contemporary Japanese imagination will be expounded through the analyses of manganized-animated texts that bear “the signature of the Thing ‘Shakespeare’” (Derrida 25).

Pharmacogenetic comparison of CYP2D6 predictive and measured phenotypes in a South African cohort.

The relationship between genetic variation in CYP2D6 and variable drug response represents a potentially powerful pharmacogenetic tool. However, little is known regarding this relationship in the genetically diverse South African population. The aim was therefore to evaluate the relationship between predicted and measured CYP2D6 phenotype. An XL-PCR+Sequencing approach was used to determine CYP2D6 genotype in 100 healthy volunteers and phenotype was predicted using activity scores. With dextromethorphan as the probe drug, metabolic ratios served as a surrogate measure of in vivo CYP2D6 activity. Three-hour plasma metabolic ratios of dextrorphan/dextromethorphan were measured simultaneously using semi-automated online solid phase extraction coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Partial adaptation of the activity score system demonstrated a strong association between genotype and phenotype, as illustrated by a kappa value of 0.792, inter-rater discrepancy of 0.051 and sensitivity of 72.7%. Predicted phenotype frequencies using the modified activity score were 1.3% for poor metabolisers (PM), 7.6% for intermediate metabolisers (IM) and 87.3% for extensive metabolisers (EM). Measured phenotype frequencies were 1.3% for PM, 13.9% for IM and 84.8% for EM. Comprehensive CYP2D6 genotyping reliably predicts CYP2D6 activity in this South African cohort and can be utilised as a valuable pharmacogenetic tool.

Mental Health and Subjective Well-being of Individuals With Ménière's: Cross-sectional Analysis in the UK Biobank.

Ménière's disease significantly impacts on an individual's mental health and subjective well-being (SWB). Ménière's disease is an unpredictable illness that impacts on mental health. The symptom triad of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss all contribute to the disabling nature of the condition. To date, limited research has investigated the mental health and SWB impact of Ménière's disease. We investigated the mental health and SWB of 1,376 Ménière's sufferers in the UK Biobank and compared this to over 500,000 controls. Participants in the Biobank were asked 38 questions pertaining to mental health and SWB. We utilized crude and adjusted linear and logistic regression to investigate the association between Ménière's and mental health and SWB. We also investigated how mental health and SWB might be related to length of diagnosis to see whether people might adapt to Ménière's over time. Ménière's was associated with increased frequency of depression, tiredness, tenseness, and unenthusiasm in the 2 weeks before recruitment. Ménière's was associated with longer periods of depression than controls (10.2 wk [95% CI: 5.2-15.2 wk]). Reduced health satisfaction was associated with Ménière's, but in other aspects of life (general happiness, work, family, friends, financial), individuals with Ménière's were as happy as controls. Mental health and SWB in individuals diagnosed for longer was better than in those who were recently diagnosed suggesting at least partial adaptation. This is the largest population study investigating the mental health impact of Ménière's. Our findings suggest that Ménière's adversely impacts on mental health, an individual's emotional state, and their life satisfaction. However, our findings raise the importance of supporting social relations for people with Ménière's and that although a cure is not currently available, we can still learn much about the adaptation strategies developed by long-term sufferers to help individuals with new diagnoses.

Containerization in Australia: The formation of the Australia-Japan Line

This note discusses the international origins of container shipping operation. During the Vietnam War, the concept of containerization spread. In the 1960s, the Australian route was one of the earliest markets to attract container shipping due to heavy labor costs. There were sharp rivalries between Britain and Japan on that route. However, the huge investments involved made the shipping companies work together in building the initial container vessels and a kind of international pooling system worked. As Australia imposed protectionism, politics were involved and the container shipping business became a complicated matter among the various companies, as well as their foreign allies, particularly when it came to the political preferences of the Australian Government. Eventually either full or partial adaptation to containerization followed, according to the nature of routes and port infrastructure, while Australia had its own containerization.

La traducción de la «Arcadia» de Sannazaro por Jerónimo Jiménez de Urrea. Estudio y edición crítica de la égloga XII

Sannazaro’s Arcadia ’s success in XVI century Spain was preceded by and coexisted with other translations. Their analysis offers remarkably interesting data about the Arcadia ’s reception, recognition and acceptance at the time. After a partial adaptation of Prose viii by Garcilaso in his Eclogue II, and Diego Lopez de Ayala’s and Diego de Salazar’s first complete translation published in 1547, there were three other ex novo versions, the ones by Jeronimo de Urrea, Juan Sedeno and Licenciado Viana, which still remain unpublished nowadays. An extract of Jeronimo de Urrea’s translation is published, for the first time in a critical edition, in this essay. In order to accomplish it we have chosen the Eclogue xii, which is the most ambitious and thorough. Eclogue XII also embodies and summarises the sense and significance of Sannazaros’s work. We depict his manuscript whose permits and licenses guarantee and confirm a process clearly aimed at text printing.

Arginine-vasopressin marker copeptin is a sensitive plasma surrogate of hypoxic exposure.

BackgroundA reduced oxygen supply puts patients at risk of tissue hypoxia, organ damage, and even death. In response, several changes are activated that allow for at least partial adaptation, thereby increasing the chances of survival. We aimed to investigate whether the arginine vasopressin marker, copeptin, can be used as a marker of the degree of acclimatization/adaptation in rats exposed to hypoxia.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10% oxygen for up to 48 hours. Arterial and right ventricular pressures were measured, and blood gas analysis was performed at set time points. Pulmonary changes were investigated by bronchoalveolar lavage, wet and dry weight measurements, and lung histology. Using a newly developed specific rat copeptin luminescence immunoassay, the regulation of vasopressin in response to hypoxia was studied, as was atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) by detecting mid-regional proANP.ResultsWith a decreasing oxygen supply, the rats rapidly became cyanotic and inactive. Despite continued exposure to 10% oxygen, all animals recuperated within 16 hours and ultimately survived. Their systemic blood pressure fell with acute (5 minutes) hypoxia but was partially recovered over time. In contrast, right ventricular pressures increased with acute (5 minutes) hypoxia and normalized after 16 hours. No signs of pulmonary inflammation or edema were found despite prolonged hypoxia. Whereas copeptin levels increased significantly after acute (5 minutes) hypoxia and then returned to near baseline after 16 hours, mid-regional proANP levels were even further increased after 16 hours of exposure to hypoxia.ConclusionPlasma copeptin is a sensitive marker of acute (5 minutes) exposure to severe hypoxia, and subsequent regulation can indicate recovery. Copeptin levels can therefore reflect clinical and physiological changes in response to hypoxia and indicate recovery from ongoing hypoxic exposure.

Проблемы недооценки стоимости ценных бумаг российских компаний при проведении IPO в сравнении с зарубежными в период с 2008 по 2014 г.

On the base of profitability analysis of shares at the close of the first day of trading and price range of issuer´s share offering price in the «inter-crisis» period from November 2008 to June 2014 the effect of partial adaptations to the IPO of Russia, the United States, Europe and Asia is considered. Conclusion is made, that there was a phenomenon of the partial adaptations of the IPO market and the existence of the phenomenon of the partial IPO market on United States, Europe, Asia, and it was proved empirically. At the last market phenomenon of partial adaptation is discernible most clearly in comparison with other markets.

Genomics of sponge-associated Streptomyces spp. closely related to Streptomyces albus J1074: insights into marine adaptation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis potential.

A total of 74 actinomycete isolates were cultivated from two marine sponges, Geodia barretti and Phakellia ventilabrum collected at the same spot at the bottom of the Trondheim fjord (Norway). Phylogenetic analyses of sponge-associated actinomycetes based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated the presence of species belonging to the genera Streptomyces, Nocardiopsis, Rhodococcus, Pseudonocardia and Micromonospora. Most isolates required sea water for growth, suggesting them being adapted to the marine environment. Phylogenetic analysis of Streptomyces spp. revealed two isolates that originated from different sponges and had 99.7% identity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicating that they represent very closely related strains. Sequencing, annotation, and analyses of the genomes of these Streptomyces isolates demonstrated that they are sister organisms closely related to terrestrial Streptomyces albus J1074. Unlike S. albus J1074, the two sponge streptomycetes grew and differentiated faster on the medium containing sea water. Comparative genomics revealed several genes presumably responsible for partial marine adaptation of these isolates. Genome mining targeted to secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters identified several of those, which were not present in S. albus J1074, and likely to have been retained from a common ancestor, or acquired from other actinomycetes. Certain genes and gene clusters were shown to be differentially acquired or lost, supporting the hypothesis of divergent evolution of the two Streptomyces species in different sponge hosts.

The Influence of Culture in Creative Strategy and Execution of International Advertising: A Content Analysis Approach

Since the advent of globalisation, advertisers are faced with a dilemma regarding whether to standardise or localise their advertising strategy. Both strategies present advantages and disadvantages, and the decision is strongly influenced by culture. This paper examines the impact of culture on international advertising from an ad content perspective by interpreting advertising messages and transcribing the embedded values on advertisements. Quantitative content analysis is used to infer a pattern of advertising practices for MNCs. Specifically the ads aired in the UK are compared to those in Malaysia in terms of creative strategy and execution and with locally produced ads in automotive, fast moving consumer goods and banks. Subsequently, the difference of the cultural values embedded in Malaysian ads against UK ads was evaluated. Findings indicate either a partial adaptation or full localisation strategy is necessary for advertising in the Malaysian market. When compared with a local competitor, the results showed a mixed outcome. For some MNCs, creative strategies applied were similar while some were different to those of local companies. Interestingly, the executional elements applied were different from locally produced ads for all MNCs. Findings suggest that more cultural cues were visible in MNC ads in Malaysia as compared to MNC ads which support the idea that culture does have an impact towards international advertising.

Marriage, adaptation and happiness: Are there long-lasting gains to marriage?

This paper uses 23 waves of German panel data and investigates if individuals who decide to marry become permanently happier. Following the same persons over several years we show that they do, thereby challenging a number of recent longitudinal studies in psychology and economics which suggest that individuals fully adapt to the positive impact of marriage. Further, we compare different empirical approaches to measure the extent of adaptation and show that depending on the approach the same sample may generate evidence of full or partial adaptation. This result may be equally important for studies that analyze the nexus of loss compensation and habituation in the context of other life events.

Effects of robotic manipulators on movements of novices and surgeons

Robot-assisted surgery is widely adopted for many procedures but has not realized its full potential to date. Based on human motor control theories, the authors hypothesized that the dynamics of the master manipulators impose challenges on the motor system of the user and may impair performance and slow down learning. Although studies have shown that robotic outcomes are correlated with the case experience of the surgeon, the relative contribution of cognitive versus motor skill is unknown. This study quantified the effects of da Vinci Si master manipulator dynamics on movements of novice users and experienced surgeons and suggests possible implications for training and robot design. In the reported study, six experienced robotic surgeons and ten novice nonmedical users performed movements under two conditions: teleoperation of a da Vinci Si Surgical system and freehand. A linear mixed model was applied to nine kinematic metrics (including endpoint error, movement time, peak speed, initial jerk, and deviation from a straight line) to assess the effects of teleoperation and expertise. To assess learning effects, t tests between the first and last movements of each type were used. All the users moved slower during teleoperation than during freehand movements (F(1,9343) = 345; p < 0.001). The experienced surgeons had smaller errors than the novices (F(1,14) = 36.8; p < 0.001). The straightness of movements depended on their direction (F(7,9343) = 117; p < 0.001). Learning effects were observed in all conditions. Novice users first learned the task and then the dynamics of the manipulator. The findings showed differences between the novices and the experienced surgeons for extremely simple point-to-point movements. The study demonstrated that manipulator dynamics affect user movements, suggesting that these dynamics could be improved in future robot designs. The authors showed the partial adaptation of novice users to the dynamics. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether it will be beneficial to include early training sessions dedicated to learning the dynamics of the manipulator.

Resistance to Change

Established firms often fail to maintain leadership following disruptive market shifts. We argue that such firms are more prone to internal resistance. A radical adjustment of assets affects the distribution of employee rents, creating winners and losers. Losers resist large changes when strong customer goodwill cushions the consequences. Partial adaptation may lead winners to depart to form new firms with no goodwill, but no internal resistance.

Popular tourism in Western Europe and the US in the twentieth century: a tale of different trajectories

Historians have labelled the development of modern mass-consumer societies in Europe as a process of ‘Americanisation’. Until today, the consumption of immaterial goods like vacations has been rather neglected by historiography. The purpose of this article is to verify the hypothesis that the United States served as a role model for European vacationing patterns and the evolution of the European travel industry. The paper demonstrates that a simple model of ‘Americanisation’ does not adequately represent the process of partial imitation, adaptation and alteration of American travel patterns through European societies and, more particular, through European holiday providers. National traditions and cultural differences of vacationing continue to exist until today.

Textual Translation/Textual Transformation of a Greek Pastoral Romance: The First Appearance of Longus’s Daphnis and Chloe in Golden-Age Spain

The Hellenistic Greek Romance Daphnis and Chloe was supposed to be unknown in sixteenth-century Spain. However, the Spanish romance of chivalry Lidamarte de Armenia (1568), by the minor Spanish humanist Damasio de Frias, contains a partial translation and adaptation of the first two books of that romance. Through a textual comparison with the Greek, French, Italian and neo-Latin texts (that last recently determined by the German Classicist Heinz Hofmann to be too late for a possible influence), I determined that Frias had used both the Greek and the French texts for his translation. Since Frias had probably studied Greek at the University of Salamanca, and was in the employ of the Admiral of Castile, one of the tutors of Prince don Carlos, at the time of Queen Isabel de Valois, wife of Philip II, the 2 texts would have been a natural choice for him.

Morphological and Physiological Changes in Mature In Vitro Neuronal Networks towards Exposure to Short-, Middle- or Long-Term Simulated Microgravity

One of the objectives of the current international space programmes is to investigate the possible effects of the space environment on the crew health. The aim of this work was to assess the particular effects of simulated microgravity on mature primary neuronal networks and specially their plasticity and connectivity. For this purpose, primary mouse neurons were first grown for 10 days as a dense network before being placed in the Random Positioning Machine (RPM), simulating microgravity. These cultures were then used to investigate the impact of short- (1 h), middle- (24 h) and long-term (10 days) exposure to microgravity at the level of neurite network density, cell morphology and motility as well as cytoskeleton properties in established two-dimensional mature neuronal networks. Image processing analysis of dense neuronal networks exposed to simulated microgravity and their subsequent recovery under ground conditions revealed different neuronal responses depending on the duration period of exposure. After short- and middle-term exposures to simulated microgravity, changes in neurite network, neuron morphology and viability were observed with significant alterations followed by fast recovery processes. Long exposure to simulated microgravity revealed a high adaptation of single neurons to the new gravity conditions as well as a partial adaptation of neuronal networks. This latter was concomitant to an increase of apoptosis. However, neurons and neuronal networks exposed for long-term to simulated microgravity required longer recovery time to re-adapt to the ground gravity. In conclusion, a clear modulation in neuronal plasticity was evidenced through morphological and physiological changes in primary neuronal cultures during and after simulated microgravity exposure. These changes were dependent on the duration of exposure to microgravity.

Two-Way Networks: When Adaptation is Useless

Most wireless communication networks are two-way, where nodes act as both sources and destinations of messages. This allows for adaptation at or interaction between the nodes-a node's channel inputs may be functions of its message(s) and previously received signals allowing for potentially larger rates than those achievable in feedback-free one-way channels where inputs are functions of messages only. However, examples exist of channels where adaptation is not beneficial from a capacity perspective. We ask whether analogous results hold for several multiuser two-way networks. We first consider deterministic two-way channel models: the binary modulo-2 addition channel and a generalization of this, and the linear deterministic channel, which models Gaussian channels at high SNR. For these deterministic models, we obtain the capacity region for the two-way multiple access/broadcast channel (MAC/BC), the two-way Z channel, and the two-way interference channel (under certain partial adaptation constraints in some regimes). We permit all nodes to adapt their channel inputs to past outputs (except for portions of the linear high-SNR two-way interference channel where we only permit two of the four nodes to fully adapt). However, we show that the two-way fully or partially adaptive capacity region consists of two parallel one-way regions operating simultaneously in opposite directions, i.e., adaptation is useless. We next consider two noisy channel models: 1) the Gaussian two-way MAC/BC, where we show that adaptation can at most increase the sum-rate by (1/2) bit in each direction and 2) the two-way interference channel, where partial adaptation is shown to be useless when the interference is very strong. In the strong and weak interference regimes, we show that the nonadaptive Han and Kobayashi scheme utilized in parallel in both directions achieves to within a constant gap for the symmetric rate of the fully (for some regimes) or partially (for the remaining regimes) adaptive models. The central technical contribution is the derivation of new, computable outer bounds which allow for adaptation.

The Novel H7N9 Influenza A Virus: Its Present Impact and Indeterminate Future

The Novel H7N9 Influenza A Virus: Its Present Impact and Indeterminate Future