Part Of Nose Research Articles

Application of bilateral facial perforator artery flap in repairing large area defect in middle and lower part of nose

To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of bilateral facial perforator artery flap in repairing large area defect in middle and lower part of nose. The clinical data of 18 patients with large area defect in middle and lower part of nose repaired by bilateral facial perforator artery flap between January 2019 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 13 males and 5 females, the age ranged from 43 to 81 years, with an average of 63 years. There were 3 cases of nasal trauma, 4 cases of basal cell carcinoma, 8 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 1 case of lymphoma, and 2 cases of large area solar keratosis. The size of the defect ranged from 3.0 cm×3.0 cm to 4.5 cm×4.0 cm; the size of unilateral flap ranged from 3.0 cm×1.3 cm to 3.5 cm×2.0 cm, and the size of bilateral flaps ranged from 3.3 cm×2.6 cm to 4.5 cm×4.0 cm. One patient developed skin flap necrosis after operation, and a frontal skin flap was used to repair the wound; 1 case gradually improved after removing some sutures due to venous congestion in the skin flap, and the wound healing was delayed after dressing change; the remaining 16 cases of bilateral facial perforator artery flaps survived well and all wounds healed by first intention, without any "cat ear" malformation. All 18 patients had first intention healing in the donor area, leaving linear scars without obvious scar hyperplasia, and no facial organ displacement. All patients were followed up 3-12 months, with an average of 6 months. Due to the appropriate thickness of the flap, none of the 18 patients underwent secondary flap thinning surgery. All flaps had good blood circulation, similar texture and color to surrounding tissues, symmetrical bilateral nasolabial sulcus, and high patient satisfaction. The bilateral facial perforator artery flaps for repairing large area defect in middle and lower part of nose can achieve good appearance and function, and the operation is relatively simple, with high patient satisfaction.

Morphometric Study of Nasal Parameters in Undergraduates at a Medical University in Central Uttar Pradesh

Abstract Background: Nasal morphometry is a technique which includes the study of a part, size, and shape of the human nose. The nasal index (NI), nostril shape, and philtrum shape are the parameters commonly studied. These may show variations according to regional, ethnic, and climatic differences. Hence, a study was done to calculate the NI among a subgroup and classify the nose type based on it. Also to assess the gender variations and to observe the nostril and philtrum shapes. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study consisted of 210 undergraduate students at a medical university. The nasal height and nasal breadth were measured in centimeters with a Digital Vernier Caliper. Subsequently, the NI was calculated. Based on these nasal indices, the nose was classified into the following: leptorrhine: <70, mesorrhine: 70–84.9, and platyrrhine: >84.9. The nostril shapes (rectangular/triangular/teardrop/round) and philtrum shapes (triangular/parallel/flat/concave) were also observed. Results: The mean NI was 76.06 ± 8.614 with a range from 54.7 to 110. Mesorrhine variety was the most common type. The predominant shape of the nostrils found was rectangular, whereas the most common shape of the philtrum found was triangular. Conclusions: Nasal anthropometric measurements are a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method to study the facial characteristics among a population. These measurements provide guidelines that may play a crucial role in forensics and facial reconstructive procedures.

Algorithm of reconstruction combined midface defects after resection malignant tumors

Introduction. Surgical treatment of malignant tumors of maxilla and midface results to a combined defects of the soft tissues of the face (upper lip, buccal, zygomatic regions), upper jaw, hard and soft palate, retromolar region, orbit, nasoethmoidal complex. This is one of the most difficult localizations in terms of both the possibility of performing radical surgery and reconstruction. The purpose of reconstruction is not only the elimination of cosmetic deformity, but also the restoration of such vital functions as breathing, swallowing, speech and binocular vision. Till that time, no algorithm has been developed for choosing a method for the reconstruction and there is no comparative analysis of the available methods.The study objective is to improve the functional and aesthetic results of treatment patients with malignant tumors of the upper jaw and midface.Materials and methods. For the period from 2014 to 2020 in the Department of Head and Neck Tumors of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, ministry of Health of Russia microsurgical reconstruction after resections of the upper jaw and midface was performed in 80 patients. most often (25 (31 %) patients) the primary tumor was localized in the maxillary sinus, then hard palate (16 (20 %) patients), soft palate (11 (14 %) patients), retromolar trigone (13 (16 %) patients). primary location at alveolar process of the upper jaw was in 3 (3 %) cases, nasal cavity and cells of the ethmoid labyrinth - in 4 (5 %), frontal sinus - in 5 (6 %), the skin of the cheek and lower eyelid - in 3 (3 %) patients. we defined 4 main types of resection. Type I - combined lower resections of the maxilla and mucosa of the retromolar region, soft palate, lateral wall of the oropharynx (47 (60 %) patients). Type II - total radical maxillectomy (resection of all walls of the upper jaw, including orbital wall) (12 (15 %) patients). In 5 (42 %) cases, the resection was combined and included, in addition to the upper jaw, the skin of the buccal and zygomatic regions. Type III - combined partial resections of the upper jaw (13 (17 %) cases). In 9 (69 %) cases, the block of tissues to be removed included a fragment of the skin of the buccal region, part of the external nose, and lower eyelid. Type Iv - orbitomaxillary resection with orbital exenteration (6 (8 %) patients), including exenteration of the orbit, cells of the ethmoid labyrinth, resection of the frontal bone, medial wall of the orbit, a fragment of the dura mater (4 (67 %) cases), skin of frontal, buccal, zygomatic areas, upper and lower eyelids. for reconstruction of defects in 80 patients we used 82 free flaps. In 76 (93 %) cases, simultaneous resections of the primary lesion and reconstructions were performed, in 6 (7 %) cases, delayed reconstruction after previously performed combined or complex treatment were performed.Results. In type I resection with limited defects excellent functional and aesthetic results were obtained in all cases of using a radialis fasciocutaneous free flap. In case of subtotal and total defects of the hard palate and the alveolar margin of the upper jaw, the best aesthetic (excellent in 5-46 % of patients, satisfactory in 3-27 %) and functional (excellent speech quality in 8 patients) results were obtained with use free scapula tip flap. In type II resections excellent aesthetic results were obtained in 6 (55 %) patients. In all cases, a chimeric free flap consists of tip of the scapula, fragment of serratus muscle and skin of parascapular region was used. In type III resections in patients with limited defects, 5 (71 %) had excellent aesthetic results, and 2 (29 %) had satisfactory aesthetic results. In all cases a radial free flap was used. In case of half defects of the upper jaw anterior-lateral thigh flap and thoracodorsal free flap was used. In all cases satisfactory aesthetic result was obtained. In type IV resections satisfactory aesthetic results were obtained in all patients.Conclusion. Preoperative computer 3D modeling is necessary in planning of reconstruction. This allows to determining the type and volume of the defect, plan optimal method of reconstruction, model the required flap geometry, making a template for harvesting flap, calculating the position and number of titanium plates for fixation, and, if necessary, print an individual mesh of the infraorbital wall.

Radicular Cyst adjacent to Danger area of Face: A Case Report

Radicular cysts are the most common (57%- 87%) asymptomatic odontogenic cysts of inflammatory originaffecting the human jaws , it can result in slow growth tumefaction and involve many adjacent sound teethendangering their vitality and prognosis. It is usually a sequelae of the periapical granuloma originating as aresult of bacterial infection and necrosis of the dental pulp, nearly always following carious involvementtooth. We discussed a case of radicular cyst near the danger area of face. It can be threatening if the cyst ispresent in the dangerous area of the face. The dangerous area of face comprises the upper lip, the lower partof nose and the adjacent area. It has been named as dangerous area because boils, infections of the nose andinjuries around the nose, especially those that become infected can readily spread to cavernous sinus resultingin cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST). CST is generally a fulminant process with high rates of morbidity andmortality. In this case report, we are documenting a rare case of radicular cyst of “patient age and sex” in themention the name of exact location area of the face. We surgically excised the cyst with effectiveantimicrobial agents and save the adjacent teeth also.

Hypersonic drag and heat reduction mechanism of a new hybrid method of spike, multi-row discs and opposing jets aerodynamic configuration

In this study, the drag force and aerodynamic heating reduction capacity of a novel combined spike root jet and multi-row disk (SRJ-MRD) model consisting of a blunt body, a spike, four aerodisks, and a counterflow jet was compared with geometric reported proposed in other studies. The proposed geometric model was numerically simulated using Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with second-order spatial accuracy and the SST k-ω turbulence model. The flow was steady, compressible, and axisymmetric at Mach number 6. The primary attention of the present study has been focused on investigating the effect of the novel configuration on the flow field, shock-shock interaction, location of reattachment shock wave, and intensity of shock wave at the reattachment point. Besides, the effect of these parameters on the specifications of lift force and aerodynamic heating has been studied. Results showed that the existence of four aerodynamic discs (one conical aero disc and three smooth aerodisks) in the proposed model would guide the shear layer and separation shock wave upward, which causes the reattachment shock wave to occur on the blunt nose near the shoulder. Furthermore, the shock-shock interaction does not occur near the nose wall. In addition, the intensity of reattachment shock wave is reduced by the root opposing jet, and the low-temperature outlet will directly cool the front part of the blunt nose. It was found that the spatial location of maximum heat flux on the conical nose's wall is 68.90˚, denoting the positive effect of the proposed configuration on the reattachment shock wave, separation shock wave, and shock-sock interaction. To evaluate the new proposed configuration, the obtained results were compared with nine designs simulated by other researchers which used the same flow conditions and configuration (i.e., diameter, blunt body type, spike length, aerodisks diameter, location, and pressure ratio) but different control approaches. The results revealed that the drag coefficient and maximum heat flux were 0.2619 and 25.13 kw/m2, respectively. Compared to the results of the best design proposed by other researchers, i.e., spike configuration by applying lateral jet and spike tip, the present configuration shows a reduction in total drag coefficient (Cd,all) and maximum heat flux (Qmax) by 7.9% and 10.05%, respectively.

On The Features of Changes In Hearing And Cerebral Hemodynamics In Patients With Nasal Obstruction Curvature

This article presents the characteristics of changes in the hearing and cerebral hemadynamics of patients with deviation of the nasal septum. The deviation of the nasal septum occurs in the cartilaginous and bone regions, both separately and in both at the same time. Deformations can be of a different nature (bend, crest, spike) and localization. They are one and two-sided. Spines and ridges are more often localized at the junction of the quadrangular cartilage and the perpendicular plate, ploughshare, and the crest of the upper jaw (“growth zone”). Less often, the upper sections of the perpendicular plate and the rear section of the ploughshare are deformed. For traumatic deformities, characteristic bends with sharp angles. Often, after injury, the anterior edge of the quadrilateral cartilage is displaced in the form of its subluxation. The deformation of the cartilaginous part of the external nose in the patients under our supervision was due to the deviation of the nasal septum. There were no patients with deformity of the nose, who would have been indicated for surgical intervention on the cartilage of the external nose, in our group.

PECULIARITIES OF THE STATE OF HEARING AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH DEVIATION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM

This article presents the characteristics of changes in the hearingand cerebral hemadynamics of patients with deviationof the nasal septum. The deviationof the nasal septum occurs in the cartilaginous and bone regions, both separately and in both at the same time. Deformations can be of a different nature (bend, crest, spike) and localization. They are one and two-sided. Spines and ridges are more often localized at the junction of the quadrangular cartilage and the perpendicular plate, ploughshare, and the crest of the upper jaw (“growth zone”). Less often, the upper sections of the perpendicular plate and the rear section of the ploughshare are deformed. For traumatic deformities, characteristic bends with sharp angles. Often, after injury, the anterior edge of the quadrilateral cartilage is displaced in the form of its subluxation. The deformation of the cartilaginous part of the external nose in the patients under our supervision was due to the deviationof the nasal septum. There were no patients with deformity of the nose, who would have been indicated for surgical intervention on the cartilage of the external nose, in our group.Keywords:cerebral hemadynamics, deviationof the nasal septum, quadrangular cartilage, septoplasty

Comparative Characteristics Of Surgical Treatment Methods For Patients With Nasal Septum Deviation

The methodological recommendation presents a comparative characteristic of surgical methods of treatment of deviation of the nasal septum. Deviation of the nasal septum occurs in the cartilaginous and bone regions, both separately and in both simultaneously. Deformations can be of different nature (bend, crest, spike) and localization. They are one and two-sided. Spines and ridges are more often localized at the junction of the quadrangular cartilage and the perpendicular plate, ploughshare, and the crest of the upper jaw (“growth zone”). Less often, the upper sections of the perpendicular plate and the rear section of the ploughshare are deformed. For traumatic deformities, characteristic bends with acute angles. Often, after injury, there is a displacement of the anterior edge of the quadrangular cartilage in the form of its subluxation. The deformation of the cartilaginous part of the external nose in patients under our supervision was caused by the deviation of the nasal septum. There were no patients with deformity of the nose who would have been indicated for surgical intervention on the cartilage of the external nose. When correcting the deformity of the external nose in patients, we used an exclusively closed technique of intervention with a transseptal access, and, if necessary, access under the upper lip, which allowed us to obtain a good cosmetic effect and minimize traumatic complications after surgery.

Three-dimensional mixed longitudinal study of facial growth changes and variability of facial form in preschool children using stereophotogrammetry.

Since the normal, non-pathological facial growth in preschool children is not sufficiently reported, the aim was to follow growth changes of facial surface, sex differences and facial variability in preschool children using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Mixed longitudinal sample of healthy Caucasian preschool children without head and facial trauma or craniofacial anomalies from 3.4 to 6.7years of age consisted of 25 girls and 17 boys. 136 3D facial models from optical scanner Vectra 3D were evaluated by geometric morphometrics (CPC-DCA, PCA, per-vertex t test). In both sexes, the lower face was widened and elongated, and the prominences of the superciliary arches, lower orbital region, nose, lips and chin increased. Facial surface increments were more even in girls with a maximum between the fourth and fifth year of age, while in boys, there was the most intensive growth between fifth and sixth year of age. Sexual dimorphism was very stable during investigated period, only less statistically significant at the age of 3years. Boys had more prominent lateral lower part of forehead, nose and lips than girls in every age category. The longitudinal growth of the face between third and sixth year of age was similar in both sexes, facial sex differences were found in terms of intensity, size and timing. Variability of facial form showed that boys' faces were larger on average and facial shape did not differ. The knowledge of facial growth is essential for diagnostics and clinical practice.

Enhanced detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by caffeine modified carbon nanotube junctions

Detection of vapor phase analytes and gas molecules is primarily essential for numerous applications including medical diagnostic, environmental monitoring, chemical threat detection, food quality control, and chemical warfare agents. Here, we developed Caffeine functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) random network based vapor quantum resistive sensors (vQRSs) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection. The localized transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirm migration of caffeine to CNT–CNT junction (CNTj). We have recorded more than one order of magnitude higher sensitivity and unique selectivity towards​ selective VOCs (e.g., acetone, toluene, ethanol, methanol, etc.) with short response time (few seconds) for caffeine modified CNT junction (Caf-CNTj) vQRSs. Molecular dynamics (MD) calculations suggest that the sensitivity of the sensor is diffusion limited, with an advective contribution for ethanol. The designed Caf-CNTj sensors can potentially be important candidate to be a part of electronic nose used for various application such as breath analysis and food quality monitoring.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RIVER NILE WESTERN BRANCH AT WARRAK ISLAND

Regulated rivers usually subjected to continuous morphological changes due to human interventions and the variation of the flow rates released through them. These changes sometimes affect island banks causing bank failure and deformation. On the other hand, the morphological changes cause the riverbed to aggrade/degrade. This, in turn, may affect the carrying capacity and conveyance of the river channel. To keep the channel conveyance as efficient as possible, bed aggradation should be minimized. This paper basically aims at increasing the efficiency of the River Nile western branch at Warrak Island. Eight scenarios are proposed to achieve this goal, which includes removing the unmanaged human intervention at the island southern nose, dredging the western branch to the safe navigation elevation (12.66 m) and propose a development plan for canalization of this branch. A 2-D numerical model (Delft 3D) was used to simulate this segment of the river to detect and predict the trend of the morphological changes. The ratio of flow passes through this branch is calculated for all cases, it was found to be 31.4% for the current case, while the maximum value of 45.52% occurred when removing of the southern part of the island nose and dredging the branch is applied. The morphological changes were predicted, and it is found that the entrance of the west branch is always subjected to sedimentation due to the general alignment of the river in this region. Results also indicates, for development scenarios, that deposition also occurred in the entrance of the west branch, like before, but the dredging was limited to few locations, which can be handled with dredging. So, it is recommended, in case of using the west branch for navigation in an emergency case, to follow the development of the west branch as a solution.

Fault-sand combination modes and hydrocarbon accumulation in Binhai fault nose of Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

Based on seismic and logging data, taking the downthrow fault nose of Binhai fault in Qikou Sag as the object of study, we analyzed fault characteristics, sand body distribution, fault-sand combinations and hydrocarbon accumulation to reveal the hydrocarbon enrichment law in the fault-rich area of fault depression lake basin. The results show that the Binhai Cenozoic fault nose is characterized by east-west zoning, the main part of the western fault segment is simple in structure, whereas the broom-shaped faults in the eastern segment are complex in structure, including several groups of faults. The difference of fault evolution controls the spatial distribution of sand bodies. The sand bodies are in continuous large pieces in the downthrow fault trough belt along the Gangdong Fault in the middle segment of the fault nose, forming consequent fault-sand combination; whereas the fault activity period of the eastern part of the fault nose was later, and the sand bodies controlled by paleogeomorphology are distributed in multi-phase north-south finger-shaped pattern, forming vertical fault-sand combination pattern matching with the fault. The configuration between faults and sand bodies, and oil sources and caprocks determine the vertical conductivity, plane distribution and vertical distribution of oil and gas. Two oil and gas accumulation modes, i.e. single main fault hydrocarbon supply–fault sand consequent matching–oil accumulation in multi-layers stereoscopically and fault system transportation–fault sand vertical matching–oil accumulation in banded overlapping layers occur in the middle and eastern segments of the fault nose respectively, and they control the difference of oil and gas distribution and enrichment degree in the Binhai fault nose.

Gas Sensors Modified with Zeolite Y for Assessing Wine Aroma Compounds

The present work develops a MOS-based e-nose with sensors modified with zeolite Y. For this purpose, the following SnO2 doped with Pd and/or Pt have been prepared: M1 ((0.25 Pd/0.75 Pt)/SnO2), M2 ((0.50 Pd/0.50 Pt)/SnO2), M3 ((0.75 Pd/0.25 Pt)/SnO2), Pd/SnO2, and Pt/SnO2, at the total concentrations of the noble metals of 0.1% and 0.2% for use in gas sensors and be part of the electronic nose. Then, the sensors were assembled with the oxides using the screen printing method. Different electronic noses of four sensors were prepared by combining tin oxides doped with palladium and/or platinum and zeolite Y. The physicochemical characterization of oxides using FRX, FTIR, sorption of N2, and RAMAN has been performed. Measurements for the detection of wine volatile compounds such as ethanol, methanol, 1-phenyl ethanol, propionic acid, and acetic acid were carried out with these sensors located in a gas chamber and using a program that includes the Labview software, which serves to automate the sensing process. It was found that the sensors modified with zeolite were the ones that in general had higher detections of volatile compounds and PCAs showed positive correlations only for ethanol and the mixture of ethanol at 12% and methanol at 3%. This is related to better detection of these sensors.

Clinical effects of nasal glabellar flap on reconstruction of nasal dorsal and tip

Objective To introduce an excellent one-stage procedure for repairing defects of the middle and distal part of the nose: nasal dorsal glabellar flap. Methods According to the size, shape and location of nasal defect, homologous nasal dorsal glabellar flap was selected to cover the nasal defect in 17 cases. Among 17 cases, there were 7 men and 10 women, with age of 38 to 76 years. The locations were nasal tip in 9 cases and dorsum of nose in 8 cases, The area of the defect ranged from 15 mm×15 mm to 30 mm×26 mm. The nasal dorsal glabellar flap, which received a versatile axial blood supply from branches of the facial artery and ophthalmic artery, took tissue from the lax glabellar skin and might appear to be too aggressive for closure of a distal nasal or mid-nasal defect. However, because its design was primarily that of a rotation flap with a back-cut in the glabella region, it was greater than the primary defect in order to maximize tissue movement and decreased wound closure tension at the flap donor site. The secondary defect of donor site was directly sutured. Results The nasal defect was successfully repaired in all patients, and the all flaps survived. The patients were available for follow-up of 1 to 6 months, no tumor recurrence occurred, and the repaired tissue were good match with surrounding tissue in color, thickness and texture, good nasal contour was obtained and no secondary deformity occurred, and therefore the cosmetic results were satisfactory. Conclusions The nasal glabellar flap has evolved into a choice flap for nasal defects of cover since it provides local skin with an exact color, thickness, and texture match for the nasal skin. It allows large reconstructions for up to 30 mm defects leaving minimal scars. It represents an interesting alternative for the reconstruction of defects of the nasal tip or supra tip of the nose. Key words: Nose; Skin; Reconstructive surgical procedures; Surgical flaps; Nasal glabellar flap; Defects

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Epistaxis among the General Population of Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia

Background: epistaxis is a fairly common problem, which has been reported to be occurring in about 60% of the population. It defined as a bleeding from nose or nasal cavity and it is considered as one of the most common emergencies presenting in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Department and Accident and Emergency Department worldwide. Objectives: this study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of the general population of Tabuk City, KSA towards epistaxis, its causes, and management. Materials and Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted on 540 participants of age less than 20 years to 51 and older in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected by using a pre-designed online questionnaire, which was distributed among the general population of Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia. Results: this study included 540 participants, 71.9% females and 28.1% males. Most of the participants (50.4%) were from 21 to 30 years. Epistaxis was found in 45.2% of them. Among participants, 34.8% knew that chronic diseases cause epistaxis, 42.2% stated that drugs cause epistaxis and 68.9% knew that excess nose manipulation caused epistaxis. Tilting the head forward was the best position to stop epistaxis which reported by 45.2% and 42.2% reported cartilage as a part of nose should be pressed on to stop epistaxis. There were no significant correlations between educational level and different knowledges of the causes and how to deal with epistaxis case (p>0.05). However, we found that there was a significant correlation with the action should be done if the epistaxis continues (p=0.001), the best position to stop epistaxis (p= 0.02) and nose manipulation as a cause of epistaxis (p=0.01). Conclusion: our results showed that high percent of the participants were suffering from nasal bleeding (Epistaxis) in Saudi Arabia. And there was good a knowledge about causes of epistaxis and how to deal with epistaxis cases.

СПОСОБ УДАЛЕНИЯ ИНОРОДНОГО ТЕЛА ВЕРХНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОЙ ПАЗУХИ

Maxillary sinus foreign bodies are interrelated with different types of treatment of pathologies of teeth of the maxilla. Foreign bodies can be presented by pins, sillers, impression materials, teeth, dental implants etc. Features of anatomical development of maxilla, degree of pneumatization of it and many other factors promote hit of the foreign body to the maxillary sinus. Detection of the foreign body in the maxillary sinus during the operation sometimes can become a serious technical difficulty and needs a surgeon to be a man of experience. Important part of success of the surgery is selection of access to the maxillary sinus based on the 3D computed tomography data. We represent a clinical case of treatment the patient with the maxillary sinus foreign body after two non-resultative surgeries. After the implantation of dental implant, patient appealed for medical treatment, complaining on the discomfort, passing pain at the right buccal region and secrete from the right part of nose. We know from the anamnesis, that the patient was operated through the anterior maxillary wall under the general anesthesia for two times. The foreign body was removed only during the third surgery, that was done under the local anesthesia under the control of the rigid endoscopes. The patient was conversed to the out-patient treatment at the day of the surgery. The efficacy of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the maxillary sinus through the inferior nasal meatus in case of maxillary sinus foreign body was approved.

Food Freshness Using Electronic Nose and Its Classification Method: A Review

Generally, E-nose mimics human olfactory sense to detect and distinguish an odor or gasses or volatile organic compound from a few objects such as food, chemicals, explosive etc. Thus, E-nose can be used to measure gas emitted from food due to its ability to measure gas and odor. Principally, the E-nose operates by using a number of sensors to response to the odorant molecules (aroma). Each sensor will respond to their specific gas respectively. These sensors are a major part of the electronic nose to detect gas or odor contained in a volatile component. Information about the gas detected by sensors will be recorded and transmitted to the signal processing unit to perform the analysis of volatile organic compound (VOC) pattern and stored in the database classification, in order to determine the type of odor. Classification is a way to distinguish a mixture odor/aroma obtained from gas sensors in an electric signal form. In this paper, we discussed briefly about electronic nose, it’s principle of work and classification method and in order to classify food freshness.

Orientation information in encoding facial expressions

Previous research showed that we use different regions of a face to categorize different facial expressions, e.g. mouth region for identifying happy faces; eyebrows, eyes and upper part of nose for identifying angry faces. These findings imply that the spatial information along or close to the horizontal orientation might be more useful than others for facial expression recognition. In this study, we examined how the performance for recognizing facial expression depends on the spatial information along different orientations, and whether the pixel-level differences in the face images could account for subjects’ performance. Four facial expressions—angry, fearful, happy and sad—were tested. An orientation filter (bandwidth = 23°) was applied to restrict information within the face images, with the center of the filter ranged from 0° (horizontal) to 150° in steps of 30°. Accuracy for recognizing facial expression was measured for an unfiltered and the six filtered conditions. For all four facial expressions, recognition performance (normalized d′) was virtually identical for filter orientations of −30°, horizontal and 30°, and declined systematically as the filter orientation approached vertical. The information contained in mouth and eye regions is a significant predictor for subject’s response (based on the confusion patterns). We conclude that young adults with normal vision categorizes facial expression most effectively based on the spatial information around the horizontal orientation which captures primary changes of facial features across expressions. Across all spatial orientations, the information contained in mouth and eye regions contributes significantly to facial expression categorization.

Influence of Pig Farming on the Human Nasal Microbiota: Key Role of Airborne Microbial Communities

ABSTRACTIt has been hypothesized that the environment can influence the composition of the nasal microbiota. However, the direct influence of pig farming on the anterior and posterior nasal microbiota is unknown. Using a cross-sectional design, pig farms (n = 28) were visited in 2014 to 2015, and nasal swabs from 43 pig farmers and 56 pigs, as well as 27 air samples taken in the vicinity of the pig enclosures, were collected. As controls, nasal swabs from 17 cow farmers and 26 non-animal-exposed individuals were also included. Analyses of the microbiota were performed based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and the DADA2 pipeline to define sequence variants (SVs). We found that pig farming is strongly associated with specific microbial signatures (including alpha- and beta-diversity), which are reflected in the microbiota of the human nose. Furthermore, the microbial communities were more similar within the same farm compared to between the different farms, indicating a specific microbiota pattern for each pig farm. In total, there were 82 SVs that occurred significantly more abundantly in samples from pig farms than from cow farmers and nonexposed individuals (i.e., the core pig farm microbiota). Of these, nine SVs were significantly associated with the posterior part of the human nose. The results strongly indicate that pig farming is associated with a distinct human nose microbiota. Finally, the community structures derived by the DADA2 pipeline showed an excellent agreement with the outputs of the mothur pipeline which was revealed by procrustes analyses.IMPORTANCE The knowledge about the influence of animal keeping on the human microbiome is important. Previous research has shown that pets significantly affect the microbial communities of humans. However, the effect of animal farming on the human microbiota is less clear, although it is known that the air at farms and, in particular, at pig farms is charged with large amounts of dust, bacteria, and fungi. In this study, we simultaneously investigated the nasal microbiota of pigs, humans, and the environment at pig farms. We reveal an enormous impact of pig farming on the human nasal microbiota which is far more pronounced compared to cow farming. In addition, we analyzed the airborne microbiota and found significant associations suggesting an animal-human transmission of the microbiota within pig farms. We also reveal that microbial patterns are farm specific, suggesting that the environment influences animals and humans in a similar manner.

Topographic anatomy of facial artery and medial canthus artery

Objective To explore the layers of the facial and angular arteries between the orbital notch and the antegonial notch. Methods Anatomical studies were performed on 5 cases of adult cadavers (10 sides). Parallel lines were drawn on each cadaver through the position of the orbital incise, inner canthus, above of wing nose, nasal wing point, mouth angle, anterior incise. When the region of the arterial level changes, the parallel lines could be temporarily divided. The levels of the arteries that appeared on every horizontal line were recorded. Results The surface artery between the orbital notch (including the supraorbital notch) and the inner canthus (including the inner cantholes) was mainly in the orbicularis muscle layer. In the middle of the inner canthus and the highest point of the nasal wing, 1/3 of the arteries were mainly walking in the orbicularis orbicularis muscular layer, and the next 1/3 were mainly located in the superficial layer or subcutaneous fat layer of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The highest point of the nose wing was found in the middle of the subcutaneous fat. The main line between the top of the nose and the lower part of the nose was deep in the subcutaneous fat. At the bottom of the nose, the main line was located in the fat layer of the zygomaticus, the zygomaticus maximus. In the middle and upper part of the nose and the middle of the mouth, a third of the main lines were walking in the lower fat layer (from shallow to deep) under the zygomaticus, and the next 1/3 segment was found in the subcutaneous fat deep. On the outside of the corner of the mouth, the main line was walking the subcutaneous fat layer or the lower fat layer of the platysma. Conclusions This study preliminarily clarifies the walking level of the facial artery from the upper orbital notch and the anterior notch of the angle. Bearing in mind the depth and the location of the vasculature within each zone, clinical practitioners can tailor their injection techniques to prevent vessel injury and avoid cannulation. Key words: Facial artery; Angular artery; Layer; Anatomy; Injection