Part Of Circuit Research Articles

Closed-circuit hypolimnetic withdrawal and treatment: impact of effluent discharge on epilimnetic P and N concentrations

Closed-circuit hypolimnetic withdrawal and treatment systems (HWTS) represent a novel lake restoration technique in which nutrient-rich near-bottom water is pumped through a treatment system and returned to the same lake. However, the design of such systems is not yet standardized and routing of effluent waters must be planned carefully to minimize the risk of adverse water quality impacts. Here we assessed the risk of HWTS effluent to elevate epilimnetic nutrient concentrations under a range of withdrawal and effluent discharge scenarios (4.5–45 L/s, sand filtration only and sand filtration combined with wetland) at Lake Kymijärvi, Finland. The filter of the HWTS removed most of the phosphorus (67%), but only a small fraction of nitrogen (14%). For both nutrients, filter effluent concentrations were elevated with respect to the lake epilimnion. However, the results of our calculations suggest only minor increases (0–12%) in epilimnetic phosphorus concentrations in all withdrawal and discharge scenarios. For nitrogen, somewhat higher increases (1–17%) are expected unless the filter effluent is first discharged into a wetland as part of the HWTS circuit. We conclude that the impacts of the filter effluent on the epilimnion do not mask the benefits gained in the treated lake by the closed-circuit HWTS, but use of a buffering system such as a wetland decreases the risks further.

MPMCT gate decomposition method reducing T-depth quickly in proportion to the number of work qubits

We propose a method for efficient mixed polarity multiple controlled Toffoli (MPMCT) gate decomposition from the perspective of a cost metric related to Toffoli gates, namely Toffoli-depth. When using the technique presented in a previous study, there is a range in which Toffoli-depth (consequently T-depth) of the implemented circuit increases proportionally as the number of provided (clean) work qubits increases. In other words, using the previous technique may result in more inefficient MPMCT gates even though the number of helpful work qubits has increased. In this work, a technique is devised to provide sufficient help from clean work qubits at the central part of the implemented circuit as many as possible, thereby addressing the issues with the previous technique. Meanwhile, one of the representative algorithms that use MPMCT gates is Grover’s algorithm. We show the implementation results for MPMCT gates according to the number of work qubits, using Grover’s algorithm as an example. It is experimentally demonstrated that T-depth decreases much more quickly when using our method than the previous method.

Design analysis of a multi-port 8-shaped inductor for RF applications

Portable wireless devices with a high-frequency range should also function with low voltage, providing low power dissipation and noise. Design engineers cannot successfully meet the above design objectives without using RF inductors. Since integrated inductors are an essential part of RF circuits, these devices are highlighted because of their enormous size in the circuit layout and unsettling radiations. As a result, there is a solid motivation to design, optimize, and model inductors made on Si substrates. This article presents the design of a multi-path multi-port 8-shaped inductor with dimensions of 150 × 150 μm, simulated using Cadence EMX simulator to analyze its Q-factor and inductance. The analysis provided that the simulated inductance has the highest value of 12.2 nH, which is the maximum value across all the conclusions of this research. Another significant discovery was that this Inductor is suitable for up to 45 GHz. To achieve an improved frequency of operation for the multi-path, multi-port 8-shaped Inductor, an analysis of the Inductor’s topology is conducted, focusing on enhancing the loop widths of metal layers and optimizing spacing between the metal tracks.

Simulation and optimization of rectenna systems

In this paper, we present an entirely simulation-based method to predict the performance of a complete rectenna system that includes all its components: the receiving antenna, the matching circuits between the antenna and the rectification circuit, and the load circuit. Whereas previous efforts to predict the performance of a rectenna system subdivided the system into the antenna part (radiation to AC power conversion) and the circuit part (AC power to DC power conversion), and made assumptions about the performance of the non-linear part of the rectenna based on a specified power level and frequency, in this method, the radiation part of the system is incorporated into the simulation by using Thevenin theorem. The method proposed in this work enables the rectenna designer to predict the performance of the complete rectenna system, at the design stage, for variation in the incident field’s power density, angle of incidence, and operating frequency. Such performance prediction was not available before. Furthermore, the proposed method enables the rectenna designers to optimize the entire system over a portion of or the entire range of the operating frequency. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the accuracy of the method.

SAT592 Sexually Dimorphic Modulation Of Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons Activity In Response To NPY

Abstract Disclosure: N.D. Mansano: None. R. Frazao: None. Kisspeptin neurons are part of an intricate brain circuit that receives neuronal inputs related tonutritional status from at least three neuronal populations, including NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) and cells in the ventral premammillary nucleus. Its well-known action on the HPG axis, hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons also modulate the activity of specific neurons of the paraventricular and the dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, regions involved in the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. However, it is not completely elucidated if NPY can influence the HPG axis through the modulation of kisspeptin neuron activity. To determine the NPY effect in the hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The hypothalamic slices were obtained from the adult Kiss1/hrGFP female (diestrus-stage) or male mice. Kisspeptin cells located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARHkisspeptin) and at the anteroventral periventricular and rostral periventricular nuclei (AVPV/PeNkisspeptin) were recorded. On female mice, ARHkisspeptin neurons exhibited a rest membrane potential (RMP) average of -52.5±2.5 mV (-40 to -62 mV) and 1.3±0.2 GΩ input resistance (IR). NPY induced the hyperpolarization of 45% of the ARHkisspeptin neurons (n= 9 of 20 cells, out of 9 mice). ARHkisspeptin neuron’s RMP hyperpolarization was followed by a significant decrease in IR and frequency of action potentials (fAPS). In the AVPV/PeNkisspeptin neurons showed RMP average of -69.6±1.9 mV (-51 to - 88 mV) and IR of 0.8±0.09 GΩ (n=18 cells out of 9 mice). No significant NPY-induced effect was noted when recordings were performed on AVPV/PeNkisspeptin cells from female mice. To elucidate if the ARHkisspeptin neuron’s hyperpolarization depends on action potentials (APs) mediated by synaptic transmission we further evaluated NPY effects in the presence of TTX and amino acid receptor antagonists (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10μM), DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5, 50μM), and picrotoxin (50μM). NPY induced no effect on ARHkisspeptin neuron’s RMP, and IR in the presence of TTX and amino acid receptor antagonists. Suggesting that NPY-induced hyperpolarization of ARHkisspeptin neurons is an indirect effect. To further verify whether sex must be considered as a biological variable to study the NPY effect, we recorded ARHkisspeptin cells from male mice. ARHkisspeptin neurons recorded from male mice exhibited RPM average of -55.6±1.5 (-45 to -66 mV) and IR of 1.5±0.15 GΩ (n= 13 cells out of 10 mice). Interestingly, NPY induced no effect on RMP, IR, or fAPs in male animals. In conclusion, our results suggest that NPY-induced hyperpolarization of ARHkisspeptin cells depends on AP’s mediate synaptic transmission, as a sex-specific effect. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

A MOSFET subdivision, MOSFET-only subthreshold voltage and current reference for LDO applications

This paper proposes a MOSFET-only voltage and current reference circuit, which can simultaneously provide a 2 V reference voltage and 300 nA reference current. This design is mainly used in a low-power Low-Dropout Regulator (LDO) project, after simulation verification, which works well in LDO applications. The circuit is performed by SMIC.18 CMOS technology and simulation with the Cadence platform, with different threshold voltage MOSFET circuit design. The whole circuit works in the subthreshold area, and the overall circuit consists of the start-up circuit, the current reference circuit, the voltage reference circuit, the MOSFET subdivision circuit, and the current mirror output circuit. The circuit has the characteristics of high precision and low power consumption, with a layout size of only 0.015 mm2. Under a temperature range of -30 to 70 °C and a power voltage of 3.3 V, the simulation and post-simulation temperature coefficients (TC) of the circuit are 5.4 ppm/°C and 19.4 ppm/°C, respectively. The post-simulation output reference voltage at room temperature is 2.0008 V, and the working power voltage within the circuit error range is 3.2 V to 3.4 V. Excluding the current mirror output circuit part of the Current-Quiescent (IQ) being 530 nA, the power consumption is 1.75 μW when the supply voltage is 3.3 V, and the design goal is reached.

Lesions of KNDy and Kiss1R Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus Produce Different Effects on LH Pulse Patterns in Female Sheep.

The current model for the synchronization of GnRH neural activity driving GnRH and LH pulses proposes that a set of arcuate (ARC) neurons that contain kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (KNDy neurons) is the GnRH pulse generator. This study tested the functional role of ovine KNDy neurons in pulse generation and explored the roles of nearby Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1R)-containing cells using lesions produced with saporin (SAP) conjugates. Injection of NK3-SAP ablated over 90% of the KNDy cells, while Kiss-SAP (saporin conjugated to kisspeptin-54) lesioned about two-thirds of the Kiss1R population without affecting KNDy or GnRH cell number. Both lesions produced a dramatic decrease in LH pulse amplitude but had different effects on LH pulse patterns. NK3-SAP increased interpulse interval, but Kiss-SAP did not. In contrast, Kiss-SAP disrupted the regular hourly occurrence of LH pulses, but NK3-SAP did not. Because Kiss1R is not expressed in KNDy cells, HiPlex RNAScope was used to assess the colocalization of 8 neurotransmitters and 3 receptors in ARC Kiss1R-containing cells. Kiss1R cells primarily contained transcript markers for GABA (68%), glutamate (28%), ESR1 (estrogen receptor-α) mRNA, and OPRK1 (kappa opioid receptor) mRNA. These data support the conclusion that KNDy neurons are essential for GnRH pulses in ewes, whereas ARC Kiss1R cells are not but do maintain the amplitude and regularity of GnRH pulses. We thus propose that in sheep, ARC Kiss1R neurons form part of a positive feedback circuit that reinforces the activity of the KNDy neural network, with GABA or glutamate likely being involved.

Synergistic Use of All-Acceptor Strategies for the Preparation of an Organic Semiconductor and the Realization of High Electron Transport Properties in Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

The development of n-type organic semiconductor materials for transporting electrons as part of logic circuits is equally important to the development of p-type materials for transporting holes. Currently, progress in research on n-type materials is relatively backward, and the number of polymers with high electron mobility is limited. As the core component of the organic field-effect transistor (OFET), the rational design and judicious selection of the structure of organic semiconductor materials are crucial to enhance the performance of devices. A novel conjugated copolymer with an all-acceptor structure was synthesized based on an effective chemical structure modification and design strategy. PDPPTT-2Tz was obtained by the Stille coupling of the DPPTT monomer with 2Tz-SnMe3, which features high molecular weight and thermal stability. The low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the copolymer was attributed to the introduction of electron-deficient bithiazole. DFT calculations revealed that this material is highly planar. The effect of modulation from a donor-acceptor to acceptor-acceptor structure on the improvement of electron mobility was significant, which showed a maximum value of 1.29 cm2 V-1 s-1 and an average value of 0.81 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electron mobility in BGBC-based OFET devices. Our results demonstrate that DPP-based polymers can be used not only as excellent p-type materials but also as promising n-type materials.

Seasonal dependence of the equatorial electrojets generated by thunderstorms

A model for the distribution of the ionospheric potential which drives the ionospheric currents closing the electric currents from/to the atmosphere is constructed. It is a part of the global electric circuit (GEC). Only the internal electric fields and currents generated by thunderstorms are studied, and without any magnetospheric or ionospheric generators. The atmospheric conductivity profiles with altitude are empirically determined, and the topography of the Earth’s surface is taken into account. A two-dimensional approximation of the ionospheric conductor is based on high conductivity along the geomagnetic field. The model of the global distribution of thunderstorms obtained from the ground-based World Wide Lightning Location Network is used as a proxy for the electric currents to the ionosphere from the atmosphere above thunderstorm regions. The global distributions of the electric potential in the ionosphere are calculated for twelve months during a year with low solar activity. The designed models contain the equatorial electrojets. There are day-time electrojets, the strengths of which are up to 200 A, and night-time ones (which are up to only half this value), while the total current of the GEC is taken equal between 1.5 and 2.5 kA in our model to satisfy the Carnegie data for the simulated dates and UT. The results are presented as diagrams of the currents in the electrojets depending on the geomagnetic longitude and month for 04 and 18 UT. These times are chosen to be the times of minimum and maximum fair weather electric field in accordance with the Carnegie results. The diagrams could help us to choose optimal conditions for measurements of the magnetic perturbations observed on the ground or by satellites to find the electrojets of the GEC which are obtained in our simulations.

Optimization of the Parameters of the Magnetizing Device of the Electromagnetic-Acoustic Transducer

Contactless electromagnetic-acoustic transducers have a set of significant advantages over contact transducers, but at the same time they have significant disadvantages that require the development of effective magnetizing devices. Compared to magnetizing devices that are using permanent magnets, electric current magnetization devices are easily removed from the object of testing and cleaned from contamination by metal particles. Unfortunately, such transducers have significant dimensions and weight.A transducer containing a magnetic circuit magnetized by an electric current coil and two independent electromagnetic inductors located in the gap between the central part of the magnetic circuit and the object of testing has been developed. Inductors are two flat coils, each of them has form like a butterfly. The inductor conductors located in the working area have mutually perpendicular directions; they allow exciting and receiving the transversely polarized acoustic waves without rearranging the transducer. In order to reduce the overall dimensions and mass of the transducer, the mass and dimensional parameters of the magnetizing device were optimized for operating conditions when the magnetization of the object of testing and measurement are performed during the active measurement phase. During the passive measurement phase, which is three times longer than the active phase in time, the magnetizing device cools down. The cyclic mode with alternating active and passive phases made it possible to reduce the weight of the transducer by more than 3 times. In the working area of the transducer with a size of 15×15 mm, with a gap of 1 mm between the magnetic field concentrator and the object of testing, a field with a normal component of 2.4 T is created. The transducer has protection of the magnetization device from overheating, and the cyclic mode of operation allows for continuous performance of up to 30 measurements per minute at an ambient temperature of 20 °C.The developed magnetizing device can be used in solving a number of problems of structuroscopy, thickness measurement, flaw detection by electromagnetic-acoustic methods based on accurate measurement of the propagation time of elastic waves in the object of testing.

A steady-state initialization procedure for generic voltage-source converters in electromagnetic transient simulations

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations are often performed to analyze disturbances which occur during a steady-state operation of the power grid. In modern transmission and distribution power grids, a number of voltage-source converters (VSCs) are used for renewable energy interconnections and system control. To perform EMT simulations with such VSCs, a time step of the order of microseconds is used to represent the switching operations of the VSCs. In order to avoid a prohibitively-long computation time, a steady-state initialization method is required to directly start from a steady state. This paper proposes a systematic and heuristic procedure for the steady-state initialization of generic VSCs. Using an AC steady-state solution, detailed portions in the circuit part and the control-system part of a VSC are systematically initialized. For validation, EMT simulations of a 6.6-kV distribution grid with two VSCs are performed with and without the proposed initialization procedure in this paper. Practically no transient is observed in the result with the proposed procedure, and therefore it is confirmed that directly starting from a steady state is made possible. On the other hand, the result without the proposed procedure does not reach the steady state even after continuing the EMT simulation for 300 ms.

Short Distance Detection and Control System Based on Photoelectric Sensor and Its Application in Target Detection of Handling Robot

The photoelectric sensor is an electronic device that is widely used in industrial automation processes. The device uses light to detect whether an object exists. The photoelectric sensor detection control system is the core part of the photoelectric sensor. The system includes sensor processing chip, control circuit, detection optical structure and automatic teaching control algorithm. In this research, the core control chip of the automatic teaching system and the core part of the control circuit of the short-distance photoelectric sensor are set up. The modular circuit around the above chip is designed. The optical structure of the sensor is designed by Position sensitive sensor (PSD) photoelectric accessories and triangulation method. Meanwhile, the core circuit control chip (CSP) is applied to complete the basic functions of the short-distance photoelectric sensor. Among them, the optical structure is designed to collect and process the optical signal of the detected object. Based on this, the I/V conversion is needed after collecting the optical signal by PSD, and then the signal processing is carried out. The fuzzy PID control model is used to solve the problem that the control object cannot accurately establish the mathematical model. The designed photoelectric sensor is used for the handling robot, and the D-H mathematical model of the handling robot is established. The Robotics toolbox provided by MatLab is used to simulate the movement of the robot, and the sensor is used to detect the target of the robot grabbing. The experimental results show that the sensor uploads the coordinate information of the object to be grabbed to the software interface, and the handling robot can accurately grab the object with the help of the photoelectric sensor, and place it in the corresponding position according to the appearance color of different objects to be grabbed.

Ghrelin’s orexigenic action in the lateral hypothalamic area involves indirect recruitment of orexin neurons and arcuate nucleus activation

ObjectiveGhrelin is a potent orexigenic hormone, and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) has been suggested as a putative target mediating ghrelin’s effects on food intake. Here, we aimed to investigate the presence of neurons expressing ghrelin receptor (a.k.a. growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) in the mouse LHA (LHAGHSR neurons), its physiological implications and the neuronal circuit recruited by local ghrelin action. MethodsWe investigated the distribution of LHAGHSR neurons using different histologic strategies, including the use of a reporter mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the GHSR promoter. Also, we investigated the physiological implications of local injections of ghrelin within the LHA, and the extent to which the orexigenic effect of intra-LHA-injected ghrelin involves the arcuate nucleus (ARH) and orexin neurons of the LHA (LHAorexin neurons) ResultsWe found that: 1) LHAGHSR neurons are homogeneously distributed throughout the entire LHA; 2) intra-LHA injections of ghrelin transiently increase food intake and locomotor activity; 3) ghrelin’s orexigenic effect in the LHA involves the indirect recruitment of LHAorexin neurons and the activation of ARH neurons; and 4) LHAGHSR neurons are not targeted by plasma ghrelin. ConclusionsWe provide a compelling neuroanatomical and functional characterization of LHAGHSR neurons in male mice that indicates that LHAGHSR cells are part of a hypothalamic neuronal circuit that potently induces food intake.

Methodology and Tools for Forensic Engineering Analysis of Electrical Shocks

Forensic engineering analyses of electrical shock incidents are challenging because many factors need to be considered to understand how and why the incident happened. The goal is to determine how and why the victim’s body became part of an electrical circuit that caused the shock injury. To do this, the engineer needs to determine, if possible, all of the connected portions that combined to make the complete circuit at the time of the shock, including the energized and non-energized conductors. Then, failures (defects) of components and violations from standards by parties involved with manufacturing, installing, inspecting, operating, and servicing the electrical circuits/systems involved need to be determined and their relation to the cause (failure-modes) evaluated. There will often be multiple circuits in the vicinity of the shock victim, some of which are pertinent to the shock and others that are not. These circuits need to be analyzed and non-pertinent circuits ruled out. When the pertinent circuit is determined, all the conductive elements and connections that form the (often three-dimensional) circuit should be identified. This paper outlines the scientific methodology and tools, logical decision analyses, and procedures for performing a shock analysis and provides examples based on actual investigations.

Demonstration of a Bosonic Quantum Classifier with Data Reuploading.

In a single qubit system, a universal quantum classifier can be realized using the data reuploading technique. In this study, we propose a new quantum classifier applying this technique to bosonic systems and successfully demonstrate it using a silicon-based photonic integrated circuit. We established a theory of quantum machine learning algorithm applicable to bosonic systems and implemented a programmable optical circuit combined with an interferometer. Learning and classification using part of the implemented optical quantum circuit with uncorrelated two photons resulted in a classification with a success probability of 94±0.8% in the proof of principle experiment. As this method can be applied to an arbitrary two-mode N-photon system, further development of optical quantum classifiers, such as extensions to quantum entangled and multiphoton states, is expected in the future.

Accuracy Improvement of Polynomial Computing RSFQ Circuits Based on Stochastic Computing by Partial Duplication

This study proposes a design method for RSFQ stochastic computing (SC) circuits. The method generates circuits with improved accuracy compared to a previously proposed method. This improvement in accuracy is realized using partial duplication. SC requires a large number of clock cycles to obtain a calculation result owing to lengthy observation of the output bitstream. The proposed method can either enhance the accuracy while maintaining the latency or mitigate the latency in clock cycles while maintaining the same accuracy. The design method duplicates a small part of the original circuit considering effectiveness for accuracy improvement. Therefore, the number of additional gates in circuits designed with the proposed method is negligible. The evaluation results indicate that, compared to circuits without duplication, the mean absolute error of circuits including one duplicated part designed with the method is reduced to approximately 60%.

Signal Transition Graphs for Asynchronous Data Path Circuits

The paper proposes a method for constructing signal transition graphs (STGs), which are directly mapped into asynchronous circuits for data processing. The advantage of the proposed method is that the resulting circuits are not only output-persistent, but also conformant to the environment. In other approaches, the environment is specified implicitly and/or inexactly and therefore they guarantee only output persistence. The conformation can be verified if both the circuit and its environment are specified by STGs. As an example, we consider a module realizing the function AND2. This module can either wait for both 1s or evaluate the function as soon as at least one 0 arrives. For each case, we draw up a separate STG (scenario) and map it into NCL gates. To provide such a mapping, we specify the behaviors of NCL gates by STG protocols. For data path, such an STG always contains alternative branches with the so-called garbage transitions at the gate inputs. The garbage transitions on a certain wire mean that the circuit is sensitive to the delay in this wire. Ignoring the garbage may lead to a violation of conformation or/and output persistence. For example, in the combinational part of the NCL circuits, the garbage appears on the inputs of NCL gates, and therefore these circuits are not delay insensitive.

Non-anticoagulant factors affecting coagulation in the extracorporeal circulation circuit and the development of an individualized regional citrate anticoagulation protocol for hemodialysis: A real-world retrospective study.

To investigate non-anticoagulant factors that affect blood coagulation in the extracorporeal circulation (ECC) circuit of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) protocol for hemodialysis (HD). The clinical characteristics of patients undergoing an individualized RCA protocol for HD between February 2021 and March 2022 were collected; Coagulation scores, pressures in various parts of the ECC circuit, the incidence of coagulation, and citrate concentrations in the ECC circuit during treatment were determined, and non-anticoagulant factors affecting coagulation in the ECC circuit were analyzed. The lowest clotting rate was 2.8% in patients with arteriovenous fistula in various vascular access. Patients on Fresenius dialysis had a lower rate of clotting in the cardiopulmonary bypass line than patients on other brands of dialyzer. Low-throughput dialyzers are less likely to clot than high-throughput dialyzers. There are significant differences in the incidence of coagulation among different nurses during citrate anticoagulant hemodialysis. In the process of citrate anticoagulant hemodialysis, non-anticoagulant factors such as coagulation status, vascular access, dialyzer selection, and operator quality will affect the anticoagulant effect.

Efficacy and safety of inhaled nitric oxide administered during cardiopulmonary bypass for pediatric cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

A systematic literature search was conducted on 26 July 2022, using the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science to include randomized controlled trials, with no restriction regarding the date of study conduction. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane tool. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze data in the inverse variance method, with pooling data as mean difference (MD), risk ratio, and 95% CI. Six trials were included comprising 1666 children who had undergone the interventions of interest. All studies amenable to assessment were of good quality. NO was significantly superior to the control treatments regarding ventilation time (MD=-8.34; 95% CI [-14.50 to -2.17], P=0.008), postoperative interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (MD=-0.50; 95% CI [-0.54 to -0.46], P<0.001), 24-h IL-6 levels (MD=-0.30; 95% CI [-0.32 to -0.20], P<0.001), and 24-h tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels (MD=-1.72; 95% CI [-3.44 to -1.00], P=0.05). The side effects of NO and the control treatments were comparable (P=0.9). NO administered as part of the CPB circuit during cardiac surgeries is efficacious in terms of reducing ventilation time, postoperative IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared to control, with a comparable safety profile.

Discontinuous conduction mode approach of ultra-lift DC-DC converter based on three windings coupled inductor

These days, DC-DC boost converters play an essential role in a variety of applications. Therefore, a variety of techniques were proposed in the literature to achieve the highest voltage gain. A large number of passive elements are typically used in high-voltage DC-DC converters. Increasing the order of the system would make modeling and controlling the output voltage of the converter more complex. This paper examines an ultra-lift DC–DC converter using a three-winding inductor and a super-lift construction in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). This converter provides substantial voltage gain by utilizing the three-winding coupling inductor topology without increasing the duty cycle or passive circuit parts. Because the DCM operation mode occurs in the converter, it is necessary to investigate and analyze it. The DCM operation mode of an Ultra-Lift converter is examined in this study, and then simulation results are shown to validate the equations.