Parmelia Perlata Research Articles

Parmelia perlata mediated microwave-assisted one-pot green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles a noble approach: Antibacterial and photocatalytic activity evaluation

This study reports a green-mediated fabrication of NiO nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using Parmelia Perlata lichen extract as a sustainable source. The Physical, chemical, optical, and morphological behavior of the fabricated NiO NPs were analyzed by employing diverse analytical profiles like XRD, FTIR, UV, and SEM. FTIR spectrum demonstrates the involvement of various phytochemicals in the bio-fabrication of NiO NPs. Furthermore, the appearance of a band at 668 cm−1 indicates the successful formation of NiO NPs. The observations of the SEM analysis depicted that the average particle size was in the range of 40–50 nm. The result of the antibacterial study indicates that the NiO NPs significantly reduce the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm). The result of the photocatalytic research illustrated that the bio-fabricated NiO NPs exhibited superior photocatalytic activity in the degradation of acridine orange dye achieving 84 % degradation efficiency.

Assessment of Phytochemical Investigation and in vitro Anti Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Parmelia Perlata Lichen

Assessment of Phytochemical Investigation and in vitro Anti Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Parmelia Perlata Lichen

In vitro antifungal activity and phytochemical analysis of lichen Parmelia perlata (L.) Ach.

Fungal diseases like candidiasis and cryptococcosis are the commonest opportunistic infections. Since the difficulties associated with the management of antifungal infections, there is an urgent need for the development of new and effective antifungal agents. In this perspective, natural products are a viable alternative source. The lichen Parmelia perlata, commonly known as stone flower, is traditionally used in the Indian system of medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of petroleum ether extract of Parmelia perlata against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans and its phytochemical analysis. The anti-fungal activity of the extract of Parmelia perlata was determined by measuring the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) by microbroth dilution method as per the CLSI (NCCLS M27-A2) guidelines. The extract of Parmelia perlata showed the MIC and MFC against Candida species between 600±28µg/ml to 690±16µg/ml and between 750±90µg/ml to 820±45µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the respective values against Cryptococcus neoformans were 550±17µg/ml and 690±34µg/ml, respectively. Further, Parmelia perlata has yielded an acid named- (+)-6-deacetyl-9b-carbmethoxy-9b-dimethylusnic acid and, a quinine named -6-acetyl-11-carbmethoxy-1,4,7,10-tetrahydroxy-2,8-dimethyl naphthacene-5,12-quinone, which were identified on the basis of spectroscopic studies as 2-acetyl-9b-carbmethoxy-7,9-dihydroxy-8-methyl-1,3(2H,9bH)-dibenzofurandione and naphthacene-5,12-quinone derivative, along with four well known compounds-tridecyl myristate, 3-ketooleanane, arachidyl alcohol and (+) usnic acid, respectively. The results of this study showed that Parmelia perlata is a promising antifungal agent.

STUDY OF PARMELIA PERLATA FOR ITS POTENTIAL AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIARTHRITIC AGENT USING IN VITRO MODEL

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic potential of Parmelia perlata. Methods: The relative study is based on in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity using hydroalcoholic extract of P. perlata (HAEPP). The preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of various phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides since the lichen species of P. perlata has the folklore claim of anti-inflammatory activity, thus it was studied by human red blood cells membrane stabilization method, and arthritic activity was carried using protein denaturation method using diclofenac as a standard.Results: The results showed eminent anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity in a dose-dependent manner. The membrane stabilization showed the maximum effect at 78.54% at the concentration of 1000 μg/, and the protein denaturation was also found maximum at 1000 μg/ml concentration at 79.43%. Thus, our research states the potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic effect in P. perlata. Conclusion: The HEAPP has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic activity. A further study has to be conducted to establish the pharmacological evidence behind the compound and the mechanism of action of the HAEPP on the inhibition of the inflammation process.

STUDY OF PARMELIA PERLATA FOR ITS POTENTIAL AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIARTHRITIC AGENT USING IN VITRO MODEL

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic potential of Parmelia perlata. Methods: The relative study is based on in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity using hydroalcoholic extract of P. perlata (HAEPP). The preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of various phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides since the lichen species of P. perlata has the folklore claim of anti-inflammatory activity, thus it was studied by human red blood cells membrane stabilization method, and arthritic activity was carried using protein denaturation method using diclofenac as a standard.Results: The results showed eminent anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity in a dose-dependent manner. The membrane stabilization showed the maximum effect at 78.54% at the concentration of 1000 μg/, and the protein denaturation was also found maximum at 1000 μg/ml concentration at 79.43%. Thus, our research states the potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic effect in P. perlata. Conclusion: The HEAPP has a potent anti-inflammatory activity and antiarthritic activity. A further study has to be conducted to establish the pharmacological evidence behind the compound and the mechanism of action of the HAEPP on the inhibition of the inflammation process.

Дослідження мінерального складу сланей пармелії перлинової

Introduction. Parmelia perlata is a widespread lichen that belongs to the Parmeliaceae family. In Ayurvedic medicine thalli of Parmelia perlata are used for the treatment of a series of diseases of different genesis. Literature data contain information that the representatives of Parmeliaceae family show a wide spectrum of biological activity, in particular, possess anti-bacterial, cardiotonic, spasmolytic, antioxidant and other types of activity.The aim of the study – to learn the mineral composition of parmelia perlata thalli of Kazakh and Russian production.Materials and Methods. For the study of the composition of micro- and macroelements by the atomic-absorption spectroscopy method Parmelia perlata thalli of Kazakh and Russian production were used.Results and Discussion. As a result of the study the content of 19 mineral elements in Parmelia perlata thalli of Kazakh and Russian production was determined. The dominating elements in both studied objects were calcium and silicon. The content of calcium in the raw material of Kazakh production comprised 2270.00 μg/100 g, and in the raw material of Russian production – 1938.00 μg/100 g. The content of silicon in the raw materials studied comprised 1815.00 μg/100 g and 1619.00 μg/100 g respectively. The content of iron and magnesium in both samples was almost identical, while the content of sodium and potassium in the raw material of Russian production was 1.5 times higher than in the raw material of Kazakh production. Both samples were found to accumulate magnesium and zinc in quite high concentration. The content of heavy metals in both raw material samples was within the limit of maximum permissible concentration for medicinal plant material and food products according to the requirements of the current legislation.Conclusions. The obtained results can be used at working out medicines on the basis of Parmelia perlata thalli and the quality control methods for the raw material.

Evaluation of antiurolithiatic effects of Parmelia perlata against calcium oxalate calculi in hyperoxaluric rats

Hepatoprotective activity of Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. against CCl4 induced liver toxicity in Albino Wistar ratsSunita Shailajan, Mayuresh Joshi, Bhavesh Tiwari

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants Reported in Ancient Ayurveda Traditions

Background: Free-radical can cause disruption of cell metabolism. A single free radical can damage so many molecules in our body, preventing our body from functioning properly. This molecular destruction is continually occurring in our body. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the balance, either by reducing the unnecessary oxidative stress, or by increasing the antioxidant in our body, or both. Normally, sufficient amounts of antioxidants are present in our foods, but under adverse conditions (poor quality diet, limited food supply, environmental pollution etc.) the balance can be disturbed. Objective: Certain foods contain significant quantities of potentially therapeutic antioxidants to help sustain human health and well-being. Antioxidant activity of chloroform, acetone and methanolic extracts of six medicinal plants, such as Murraya koenigii (leaves), Parkinsonia aculeata (stems), Parmelia perlata (whole lichen), Solanum surattense (aerial parts), Strychnos potatorum (seeds) and Thevetia peruviana (stem bark) was carried out. Method: DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to identify the antioxidant activity. Conclusion: After the DPPH inhibition, it was evaluated that the methanolic extract of Parkinsonia aculeate (stems), Parmelia perlata (whole part of lichen) and Solanum surattense (aerial parts) indicated better antioxidant activity rather than their acetone and chloroform extracts. This might be due to the presence of more active antioxidant compounds in methanolic extract. Keywords: Antioxidant, chronic disease, DPPH, extracts, in vitro, phytochemicals, solvents.

Optimization of extraction protocol of Parmelia perlata and its validation for protective effects against oxalate-induced renal injury in NRK-52E cells

The objectives of the present study are to optimize the extraction protocol for preparing a hydro-ethanolic extract of Parmelia perlata, to investigate the extract for its protective effects against calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and oxalate-induced injury in NRK-52E cells. The full factorial design of experiment was used to optimize the extraction process. Three extraction variables (i.e. extraction time, temperature and drug-solvent ratio) were studied at two levels and one central point was included. A total of nine experimental runs were set by randomization. A polynomial mathematical equation was obtained by regression analysis using JMP software for predicting the experimental model. The response (yield of extract) was found to be significantly affected by two factors i.e. time and temperature. The optimized P. perlata extract (PPE) so prepared was screened by HPTLC, evaluated for its inhibitory effects on CaOx crystallization by turbidimetric assay and on oxalate-induced injury in NRK-52E cells. PPE significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the CaOx crystallization in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, the oxalates injured the NRK-52E cells, promoted the cellular damage, increased LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release and decreased the cell viability to approximately 46.01%. PPE significantly (p < 0.05) prevented this cellular injury, reduced the LDH release and improved the cell viability to 92.45%. PPE showed antiurolithiatic effects, probably by inhibiting the crystallization of CaOx and preventing the tubular retention of crystals by protecting the renal epithelial cells against oxalate-induced injury. Such experimental substantiation of PPE for antiurolithiatic potential has not been previously carried out and this is the first scientific report.

Cytotoxic Activity of Parmelia perlata Extracts against Artemia Salina

The brine shrimp lethality bio assay represents a rapid, inexpensive and simple bioassay for testing plant extracts bioactivity which in most cases correlates reasonably well with cytotoxic and antitumor properties. The assay is considered to be a very useful tool for preliminary assessment of toxicity. In the present study the lichen Parmelia perlata was extracted with solvents of varying polarity such as hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol and tested for hatch inhibition of cysts of Artemia salina and cytotoxic activities against Artemia salina naupilii. The highest cytotoxic potential among all the plant extracts tested was explored from the hexane extract of P. perlata which showed 100% brine shrimp mortality at 100ppm. The least activity among all the plant extracts was found in the methanol extract of P. perlata.

Cytotoxic Activity of Parmelia perlata Extracts against Artemia Salina

The brine shrimp lethality bio assay represents a rapid, inexpensive and simple bioassay for testing plant extracts bioactivity which in most cases correlates reasonably well with cytotoxic and antitumor properties. The assay is considered to be a very useful tool for preliminary assessment of toxicity. In the present study the lichen Parmelia perlata was extracted with solvents of varying polarity such as hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol and tested for hatch inhibition of cysts of Artemia salina and cytotoxic activities against Artemia salina naupilii. The highest cytotoxic potential among all the plant extracts tested was explored from the hexane extract of P. perlata which showed 100% brine shrimp mortality at 100ppm. The least activity among all the plant extracts was found in the methanol extract of P. perlata.

Hepatoprotective activity of Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. against CCl4 induced liver toxicity in Albino Wistar rats

Article history: Many plants have been claimed to possess liver protecting activity. But, due to scarcity of potent modern medicine to treat severe liver diseases, many folk remedies of plant origin have been scientifically evaluated for their potential hepatoprotective activity in experimental animal models. Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. (lichen, Parmeliaceae), commonly known as Dagad phool or stone flower in India, is mentioned in Indian Materia Medica as useful in treating a number of ailments. In the present study, hepatoprotective activity of aqueous slurry of P. perlata was investigated in CCl4 intoxicated Albino Wistar rats and the results were compared with, Silymarin. Intraperitoneal injection of CCl4, produced a marked elevation in the level of biochemical markers such as Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), bilirubin, cholesterol and triglycerides. Oral administration of P. perlata aqueous slurry at 0.7 g / kg and 1.0 g / kg in CCl4 intoxicated rats showed marked decrease in the level of biochemical markers and results were at par with the effect shown by Silymarin. The results of histopathological analysis were in compliance with the findings of blood biochemical parameter analysis. This study confirms that P. perlata aqueous slurry has phyto- components with hepatoprotective potential.

Gastroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Parmelia perlata in rats

Gastric ulcer disease (GUD) is one of the major gastrointestinal disorders which occur due to an imbalance between offensive (acid, pepsin and Helicobacter pylori) and defensive (mucin, prostaglandin and bicarbonate) factors. Objective: The present study was to evaluate the ethanol extract of the Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach. (family Parmeliaceae) the gastroprotective activity against the cold restraint (CRU), aspirin (AS), alcohol (AL) and pyloric ligation (PL) induced gastric ulcer models in rats. Materials and methods: Adult Sprague Dawley rats of either sex, weighing 180-200g were housed in raised bottom mesh cages to prevent coprophagy and were kept in environmentally controlled rooms (25 + 2°C, 12 hours light and dark cycle). Results and conclusion: Potential anti-ulcer activity of the ethanol extract of the P. perlata was observed against CRU (50.0%), AS (37.5%), AL (65.41%) and PL (50.00%) induced ulcer models. The reference drug omeprazole (10mg/kg, p.o.) showed 77.40% protection against CRU and 57.08% against AS and 69.42% against PL model. Sucralfate, another reference drug (500 mg/kg, p.o.) showed 62.50% protection in AL induced ulcer model. The ethanol extract of the P. perlata reduced free acidity (19.04%), total acidity (14.43%) and upregulated mucin secretion by 14.17% respectively. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the P. perlata was found to possess anti-ulcerogenic activity which might be due to its secretary activity and subsequent strengthening of the defensive mechanism.

STUDY ON EXTRACTS OF PARMELIA PERLATA ACH. FOR ITS ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL AGAINST CERTAIN MICROORGANISMS

A significant increase in the trend of infectious diseases and alarming shoot up of resistance to existing antimicrobial agen ts demands a renew ed effort to seek agents effective against pathogenic bacteria resistant to current antimicrobials. Different extracts of Parmelia perlata (Chhadela), were studied for their screening of antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains by Agar well diffusion method on inoculated Media plates. It was found that P. perlata has a significant activity towards Bacillus cereus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris , Staphylococcus aureus , Corynebacterium xerosis , Escherichia coli and Klebseilla pneu omoniae while no activity towards S. epidermidis, S. mutans and S. pyrogenes . Moreover it was seen that 50 % hydro - ethanolic extracts produced more significant ZOI than 90 % ethanolic extract in all tested strains. The antibacterial activity so found, can be due to the presence of chemical constituents as Usnic acid which can halt infection and is effective against various gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria species. It can be concluded that due to their antimicrobial effects, extracts of the lichen ca n be used for the infectious diseases caused by these microbes. This study provides an in - vitro proof of the antibacterial activity of Parmelia perlata.

English

The species of&nbsp;Parmelia&nbsp;mentioned in India Materia Medica are useful in treating a number of ailments and they are used in large quantities as food supplement in India. In this study, the crude extracts obtained from the&nbsp;Parmelia perlata&nbsp;by cold and hot extraction method using different solvents were tested for their antimicrobial activity. Results indicated that the antibacterial activity of&nbsp;P. perlata&nbsp;crude extracts was more on&nbsp;Clavibacter michiganensis, moderate on&nbsp;Pseudomonas solanacearum&nbsp;and it was less on&nbsp;Escherichia coli&nbsp;than streptomycin. The&nbsp;Fusarium oxysporum&nbsp;and&nbsp;Rhizopus nigricans&nbsp;were more susceptible, andAspergillus niger&nbsp;was less susceptible to all crude extracts than bavistin. The antibacterial activity was also high in compound-I and compound-II and it was least in compound-III, than streptomycin. The antibacterial activity of compound-II acted highly against&nbsp;C. michiganensisand&nbsp;P. solanacearum; it was less against to&nbsp;E. coli.&nbsp;The compound-I and compound-III were more active against&nbsp;C. michiganensis, moderately active against&nbsp;P. solanacearum&nbsp;and less active against to&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;when compared to streptomycin.&nbsp;The antifungal activity was more in compound-II and moderate in compound-I and it was less in compound-III .The compound-II was more active against&nbsp;F. oxysporum&nbsp;and&nbsp;R. nigricans&nbsp;than compound-I and compound-III, and less active against&nbsp;A. niger&nbsp;than bavistin. The compound-I and compound-III did not show any activity against&nbsp;A. niger.&nbsp;The overall data presented indicates that the crude and isolated compounds of&nbsp;P. perlata&nbsp;extracts have antimicrobial property, in that antibacterial activity was found in all extracts than antifungal activity. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Antimicrobial activity, extraction, agar diffusion.

Antibacterial activity of Parmelia perlata

ObjectiveTo test efficacy of Parmelia perlata (P. perlata), which is used in traditional medicine for rapid wound healing against test bacteria that cause wound infections. MethodsDifferent solvents such as methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone were used for extraction of P. perlata. The sensitivity of the test bacteria to solvent extracts of P. perlata was tested by measuring the zone of inhibition on growth media and by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration. ResultsMethanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. perlata have shown inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). ConclusionsThe results of the present study indicate that P. perlata has potential antibacterial compounds against S. aureus that causes multitude of skin infections among human beings. Development of drugs from natural compounds can help us to combat antibiotic–resistant bacteria.

Insulin Secretagogue, Alpha-glucosidase and Antioxidant Activity of Some Selected Spices in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Spices are extensively used to enhance the taste and flavor of foods and are known to possess several medicinal properties. Myristica fragrans, Parmelia perlata, Illicium verum, Trachyspermum copticum and Myristica malabarica, the commonly used spices in India were assessed for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. In the in vitro insulin secretion studies on isolated islets of Langerhans, M. fragrans, T. copticum and M. malabarica showed dose dependent insulin secretion. At 1 mg/ml, P. perlata showed significant in vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC(50) value of 0.14 mg/ml followed by M. malabarica (0.64 mg/ml), I. verum (0.67 mg/ml), M. fragrans (0.85 mg/ml) and T. copticum (0.92 mg/ml). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extracts at a concentration of 1 mg/ml was as M. malabarica (90.45%), M. fragrans (89.89%), I. verum (87.22%), P. perlata (76.70%) and T. copticum (38.14%). P. perlata showed the highest phenolic content (i.e., 118.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) followed by M. malabarica (84.13 mg gallic acid equivalents/g). M. malabarica showed the highest flavonoid content (i.e., 38.35 mg quercetin equivalents/g). Regular use of these spices may prevent postprandial rise in glucose levels through inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucosidase and may maintain blood glucose level through insulin secretagogue action.

Effect of colloidal silver concentrate on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of lichen &lt;i&gt;Parmella perlate&lt;/i&gt;

The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the lichen Parmelia perlata in combination with colloidal silver concentrate was assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus by the diameter of inhibitory activity using the agar- well diffusion technique. The ethanolic extract of the lichen was active against the test organism with an MIC of 5.0 mg/ml, while colloidal silver concentrate was inactive at the concentrations tested. Antibacterial activity of the extract increased two fold in the presence of colloidal silver concentrate with an MIC of 7.94 mg/ml, and a corresponding fractional inhibitory concentration, FIC index of 0.58 mg/ml, resulting in a relative potency of 1.58 mg/ml. These parameters therefore indicate a potentiating effect by colloidal silver concentrate on the antibacterial activity of the lichen.Keywords: Colloidal Silver Concentrate, antibacterial activity, ethanolic-extract, Lichen Parmelia perlata, antimicrobial, drugcombination, synergistic effectJournal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, Vol. 7 No. 3 (2010)

In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of extracts from the lichen Parmelia perlata (L.) Ach. against three RNA viruses

Substances extracted from lichens have previously been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against various groups of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Due to the high abundance of Parmelia perlata in the Eastern parts of Nigeria, we decided to explore whether it possesses antiviral activity against some common animal and human viruses. The dried and powdered lichen was extracted with acetone, water and 4% (v/v) NaOH (to yield a crude polysaccharide fraction) using standard methods. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was investigated on HEP-2, Vero and L20 cell lines. The antiviral properties were determined against yellow fever, poliomyelitis and infectious bursal disease virus of chickens using the end-point cytopathic effect assay. Phytochemical evaluations of the extracts were also carried out. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroidal aglycone, carbohydrates and also the presence, in trace amounts, of some oligodynamic elements. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that while L20 was susceptible to the extracts at a concentration of 50 microg/ml, the extracts were generally toxic to the cell lines at concentrations above 500 microg/ml. The order of sensitivity of the cell lines was L20 > HEP-2 > Vero. The water and acetone extracts showed no activity against the viruses when tested at concentrations below the cytotoxic level while the crude polysaccharide fraction showed activity against yellow fever virus with an IC50 of 15 microg/ml. The time of addition of the test extracts to the infected cells did not have significant effect on cytopathic effect inhibition. The results showed that the crude polysaccharide fraction from Parmelia perlata possesses specific antiviral activity against yellow fever virus. It is postulated that a major mechanism of inhibition of yellow fever infection by the crude polysaccharide fraction of the lichen could be by attack on the viral envelope.

Two New Terpenes from the Lichen Parmelia perlata

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