Park Planning Research Articles

Management plans for Korean national parks to conserve the habitat of the Korean fir (Abies koreana)

The Korean fir (Abies koreana) is dying and declining due to recent increases in temperature, water stress, and competition from temperate trees. Therefore, it is becoming crucial for national parks to have effective management plans for the conservation of the Korean fir's predicted potential habitat. This study was conducted in three Korean national parks—Deogyusan National Park (NP), Jirisan National Park, and Hallasan National Park—that are known to have the representative natural habitat of the Korean fir. The variables were selected by species experts.In this study, we used the MaxEnt model to represent potential habitats for 59 Korean fir presence points and environmental variables created with 10-meter spatial resolution to reflect the microclimate. There were 10 environmental variables for Deogyusan NP, 12 for Jirisan NP, and nine for Hallasan NP. The model's area under the curve (AUC) was 0.993 for Deogyusan NP, 0.968 for Jirisan NP, and 0.975 for Hallasan NP, with these values greater than 0.9 indicating a high degree of fit.Forest type and elevation were analyzed as the most influential variables affecting the distribution in Deogyusan and Jirisan NPs, while Hallasan NP showed the most pronounced effects from artificial disturbances. In addition, the numerical ranges for high probability of distribution were different for each variable, suggesting the need for a regional-scale analysis. Current species distribution models are projected on future changes in climate. According to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) 2–4.5 and 5–8.5 scenarios, the Korean fir is at significant risk of disappearing from Deogyusan and Jirisan NPs in the near term (2030s), mid-term (2060s), and long-term (2090s), while the area of suitable habitats for the Korean fir is slightly increasing in Hallasan NP. Given that both climate and the environment affect the distribution of Korean fir in different regions, this study suggests that national parks' conservation management plans for the preservation of the predicted habitat of the Korean fir, which is vulnerable to climate change, should reflect the characteristics of the region. For the effective conservation and restoration of the species in the future, it is necessary to categorize status and conservation strategies by region.

Urban Park Design and Pedestrian Mobility—Case Study: Temuco, Chile

Pathway design features in urban parks are vital in facilitating leisure walking and maintaining a minimal rate of physical activity, hence enhancing public health. This study investigated the relationships between the design aspects of Cautin Park, Chile’s largest urban park in the Araucania Region, and the tendency for walking, as well as walking behavior. The objectives were investigated using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Several design elements were discovered to be connected to walking tendency and walking behavior in this urban park, including path paving, pathway width, (dense) trees, green spaces and vegetation, connectivity with programs and activity zones, tranquility along pathways, more shade along pathways, pathways that provide better connectivity between different parts of the park, and the presence of benches along the urban park’s pathways. These insights could be used by urban planners and designers in the future planning of urban parks in this region.

Park Ziyaretçilerinin Sosyo-Demografik Özellikleri ile Park Kullanımı Arasındaki İlişkinin Doğrusal Olmayan Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi ile İncelenmesi: Konya Örneği

Modern cities have seen urban parks evolve from mere green spaces into integral components supporting human well-being and environmental sustainability. These parks offer individuals serene settings to unwind and reconnect with nature, promoting mental health by alleviating stress. However, as urbanization increases and public park demand surges, designing and planning these spaces becomes more challenging. To optimize park design, understanding user profiles and utilization patterns is crucial. By examining how visitor demographics intertwine with park usage, policymakers and planners can make informed decisions for future development.
 This study employs Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis (NLCC), a robust statistical tool, to explore the intricate connections between socio-demographic attributes of urban park visitors and their usage patterns. Focused on Konya, Turkey, the research delves into the non-linear relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and park usage. Survey data from 444 participants forms the basis of the analysis, unveiling inherent dataset structures and assessing correlations between attributes and usage patterns.
 Results highlight the substantial impact of occupation, income, and age as determinants of socio-demographic characteristics affecting park use at an individual level. These findings hold significant implications for urban park planning and management. The research underscores the nuanced interplay between socio-demographic factors and usage patterns, offering targeted strategies for diverse visitor needs. As urban landscapes evolve, this study contributes to refining policies and practices that cultivate sustainable, equitable, and enjoyable park experiences for urban communities.

Does the Urban Park Provision Fit the Social Needs of the Community? Evidence for Semarang City, Indonesia

Urban Park is a green open space in the form of social facilities that play an essential role in improving the quality of life of urban communities. This study aims to determine the categories of urban park services that can fit the community needs in Semarang City, Indonesia, covering locations of observation: Simpang Lima Park, Indonesia Kaya Park, Pandanaran Park, Banjir Kanal Barat Park, and Sri Gunting Park. Data were obtained by using a semi-open questionnaire from 100 park users. The analysis process used a scoring technique and hypothetical score category. The results showed that urban park services were in the “medium’ category. It can be seen from the assessment of 17 ideal urban park variables, dominated by the “medium” category (335<=X<397). They are completeness of the facilities, quality of facilities, types and the number of trees, suitability of the distance between spaces, park cleanliness conditions, clean air quality, wind, and sun direction orientation, parks’ use for social interaction, and users’ interest to promote the parks. These results indicated that urban park services were not yet maximum in fitting the community needs. This study is expected to be used for evaluation and input for future urban park planning.

The Social Equity of Urban Parks in High-Density Urban Areas: A Case Study in the Core Area of Beijing

Urban parks beautify the environment and promote urban public health, and their spatial allocation is significant in maintaining environmental justice. However, the current allocation of urban parks focuses on quantity fairness and pays insufficient attention to accessibility and quality fairness. This study investigated the core area of Beijing and analyzed the fairness of urban park allocation based on park accessibility, area, and quality. We used big data crawling, the two-step floating catchment area method, comprehensive equity evaluation of parks, spatial autocorrelation, and non-parametric tests. The results showed inequality in terms of accessibility, area, and quality, with high spatial distribution in the north and low spatial distribution in the south. The accessibility, shortest distance, and total area of urban parks in high-income residential areas were 3.0, 2.1, and 1.8 times higher, respectively, than those of the low-income residential areas. This indicates that high-income groups have better accessibility, live closer to, and have access to larger urban parks. Middle-income and above groups had access to green space, whereas medium-to-low-income residential areas had poor access to parks, particularly high-quality parks. These findings provide decision-making and planning references for the optimal allocation and rational planning of urban parks.

Energy Management and Environmental Protection in Industrial Parks: A Comparative Study of Central Taiwan Science Park and Silicon Glen

This manuscript focuses on analyzing the growth dynamics of the Central Taiwan Science Park (CTSP) and Silicon Glen in Scotland with a specific emphasis on their approaches to energy, environmental conservation, and economic management. The objective is to provide insights into their sustainable development strategies. In terms of energy, CTSP addresses Taiwan’s energy security and green transformation challenges, while Silicon Glen concentrates on Scotland’s wind energy generation technologies. Both regions prioritize the advancement of renewable energy sources and smart grid technologies. In the realm of environmental conservation, both CTSP and Silicon Glen prioritize environmental protection and sustainability by implementing rigorous environmental monitoring measures. Regarding economic management, CTSP and Silicon Glen serve as vital technology industry hubs in Taiwan and Scotland, respectively, attracting a multitude of high-tech and startup enterprises. This growth is facilitated through various means, including policy support, access to research resources, and robust infrastructure. This manuscript presents a comparative analysis of these two industrial parks, focusing on their environmental and economic management strategies. It aims to elucidate the principles underpinning the sustainable development and economic growth of industrial parks, offering valuable insights to decision-makers and stakeholders involved in the planning of sustainable industrial parks.

COMPARISON OF FIELD AND FORECAST METOCEAN DATA IN THE GERMAN BIGHT

Offshore wind energy can contribute significantly to achieve greenhouse gas neutrality in the near future. But the planning, construction and operation of offshore wind parks is associated with high costs. In particular, the operation and maintenance (OandM) costs account for a major fraction and in turn are also dependent on appropriate weather windows in which working vessels can operate. A precise knowledge of how wind, sea state and currents affect each other, as well as the most accurate possible prediction of the development, is essential to maximize these periods and reduce the resulting costs. For the German Bight, the high-resolution coastal wave model (CWAM) is often used for this purpose. The CWAM is based on WAM (Hasselmann et al. 1988) and was developed by the German Meteorological Service (DWD) and German Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) in cooperation with the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. Compared to other WAM models it offers the advantages of higher resolution, as well as the consideration of current speeds and tide-dependent water depths. The BSH also operates multiple measuring stations in the German Bight, which enable real-time investigation of sea state parameters. The general objective of this study is to compare historical data sets from in situ measurements in the German Bight with numerical forecast data and to identify which factors influence the accuracy of the CWAM and why deviations occur.

Exploring the Relationship between Urban Park Greenery at Different Levels and Physical Activity: A Study Using the Hierarchical Linear Model

Urban parks play a pivotal role in shaping physical activity (PA), yet our comprehension of the specific influence of park greenery remains limited. In this study, we focused on three Shanghai urban parks, conducting a comprehensive year-long on-site observation to delve into greenery’s impact on PA. By employing the hierarchical linear model analysis, we uncovered a robust correlation between internal and surrounding park greenery and PA density and diversity. Within a 400 m radius, indicators such as normalized difference vegetation index, green view ratio, Shannon’s diversity index, and color-leaf plant ratio demonstrated a negative relationship with PA density. Conversely, the green coverage ratio and green view ratio within the 400 m radius exhibited a positive link with PA density. In terms of PA diversity, factors such as green visibility rate, color-leaf plants, and green coverage ratio displayed negative associations, while the 400 m green view ratio showcased a positive impact. Notably, our study revealed a dual interplay between internal and surrounding greenery, manifesting as both collaborative and competitive dynamics that collectively shape PA. Additionally, we subjected greenery indicators to seasonal assessments, yielding insights that illuminate how urban park greenery shapes PA. These findings offer valuable guidance for future park planning and fostering environments conducive to PA.

Valuing carbon saving potential of urban parks in thermal mitigation: Linking accumulative and accessibility perspectives

The greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are closely linked, as are climate change effects on public health. Urban parks are regarded as sustainable and affordable cooling intervention to climate warming, though carbon saving potential of urban parks in thermal mitigation are hard to value especially from accumulative and accessibility perspectives. This study valued both outdoor and indoor carbon saving potential of 65 urban parks in thermal mitigation using an accumulative outdoor carbon saving model based on park's surface temperature cooling curve and network analysis for spatial accessibility to parks cooling area in Greater Xi'an. We found that the carbon saving potential of urban parks could offset 3.6% of the metropolis' fossil fuel carbon emissions. The outdoor carbon saving was related to background climate, which was 734.3 t CO2/day in hot extremes, higher than normal summer days in 2019. The indoor carbon saving was 814.9 t CO2/day in hot extremes. To maximize the outdoor carbon saving potential, large ecological parks coupled with both blue and green infrastructures should be built in areas with sufficient land resources. And cooling networks are suggested with efficient small parks in densely populated areas. As all urban residents have higher requirements for thermal comfort in hot summers especially in hot extremes, the future park planning should be emphasized on both accumulative cooling effect and equitable accessibility. Though urban parks have substantial carbon saving potential, such potential is limited and only a decrease in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning would make the carbon neutrality goal achievable.

Energy Justice and Territory: Present and Futures of Wind Energy in Brazil

Transitioning towards renewable energy sources is crucial in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Global energy consumption is expected to increase 50 % by 2050, meaning one of today’s main challenges is complying with those demands without tampering with the uncertainties of global climate change. To address climate change renewable energy sources are essential and wind power plays a great role in the energy matrix. Brazil is one of the front runners in the energy transition, where wind power has expanded since the early 2000’s. The state of Bahia, in Northeastern Brazil, is currently the region where wind energy is expanding the most. However, conflicts related to territoriality and justice aspects are increasing in the state due to the fast-expanding wind energy sector. This study applies document and content analysis to explore the multiple narratives regarding the wind energy expansion in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Framing theory and theories addressing power struggles and conflicts in relation to the energy transition will guide the analysis of the documents included in the material. Based on the analysis of the Bahian case, this study shows that different actors frame the matter of wind energy expansion differently depending on their positionings. Civil society and local perspectives are not present in policies and decision-making processes, including the planning and installation of wind energy parks in the studied case. The results suggest that inclusion and participation of local actors, stakeholders and the civil society is essential to ensure a just and sustainable transition to clean energy sources.

Model-Based Predictive Control and Reinforcement Learning for Planning Vehicle-Parking Trajectories for Vertical Parking Spaces.

This paper proposes a vehicle-parking trajectory planning method that addresses the issues of a long trajectory planning time and difficult training convergence during automatic parking. The process involves two stages: finding a parking space and parking planning. The first stage uses model predictive control (MPC) for trajectory tracking from the initial position of the vehicle to the starting point of the parking operation. The second stage employs the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm to transform the parking behavior into a reinforcement learning process. A four-dimensional reward function is set to evaluate the strategy based on a formal reward, guiding the adjustment of neural network parameters and reducing the exploration of invalid actions. Finally, a simulation environment is built for the parking scene, and a network framework is designed. The proposed method is compared with the deep deterministic policy gradient and double-delay deep deterministic policy gradient algorithms in the same scene. Results confirm that the MPC controller accurately performs trajectory-tracking control with minimal steering wheel angle changes and smooth, continuous movement. The PPO-based reinforcement learning method achieves shorter learning times, totaling only 30% and 37.5% of the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) and twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3), and the number of iterations to reach convergence for the PPO algorithm with the introduction of the four-dimensional evaluation metrics is 75% and 68% shorter compared to the DDPG and TD3 algorithms, respectively. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method in addressing a slow convergence and long training times in parking trajectory planning, improving parking timeliness.

Intervention plan for the protection of APPs: case study of the Espinharas River in the city of Patos - PB

Due to the urbanization processes of recent years, a significant loss of the relationship between water resources and cities has been observed, where Areas of Permanent Preservation (APPs) have been gradually degraded and irregularly occupied. Given these scenarios, laws such as the Forest Code (Federal Law No. 12,651/2012) have been created in an attempt to mitigate and preserve the riparian zones of rivers, mangroves, lakes, ponds, and other water bodies, but due to problems in the applicability of the law itself. Thus, this study proposed to study the PPAs of the Espinharas River in the city of Patos/PB, to highlight interventions that can generate requalification of the river banks. The method of analysis chosen was exploratory research, with the support of techniques such as field visits, photographic surveys, data collection, mapping of PPAs, and finally the diagnosis of land use and watershed. The results of this study consisted of the proposal of a linear park plan applied in the areas of the PPAs of the Espinharas River, urban equipment that has the purpose of providing the requalification, restoration, and renaturalization of the areas degraded by the processes of irregular occupation and urbanization.

Optimal planning of parking infrastructure and fleet size for Shared Autonomous Vehicles

Parking is a crucial element of the driving experience in urban transportation systems. Especially in the coming era of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs), parking operations in urban transportation networks may inevitably change. Parking stations are likely to serve as storage places for unused vehicles and depots that control the level-of-service of SAVs. This study presents an Analytical Parking Planning Model (APPM) for the SAV environment to provide broader insights into parking planning decisions. Two specific planning scenarios are considered for the APPM: (i) Single-zone APPM (S-APPM), which considers the target area as a single homogeneous zone, and (ii) Two-zone APPM (T-APPM), which considers the target area as two different zones, such as city center and suburban area. S-APPM offers a closed-form solution to find the optimal density of parking stations and parking spaces and the optimal number of SAV fleets, which is beneficial for understanding the explicit relationship between planning decisions and the given environments, including demand density and cost factors. In addition, to incorporate different macroscopic characteristics across two zones, T-APPM accounts for inter- and intra-zonal passenger trips and the relocation of vehicles. We conduct a case study to demonstrate the proposed method with the actual data collected in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea. We find that the optimal densities of parking stations and spaces in the target area are much lower than the current situation. Sensitivity analyses with respect to cost factors are performed to provide decision-makers with further insights.

Deep Learning-Based Trajectory Planning and Control for Autonomous Ground Vehicle Parking Maneuver

In this paper, a novel integrated real-time trajectory planning and tracking control framework capable of dealing with autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) parking maneuver problems is presented. In the motion planning component, a newly-proposed idea of utilizing deep neural networks (DNNs) for approximating optimal parking trajectories is further extended by taking advantages of a recurrent network structure. The main aim is to fully exploit the inherent relationships between different vehicle states in the training process. Furthermore, two transfer learning strategies are applied such that the developed motion planner can be adapted to suit various AGVs. In order to follow the planned maneuver trajectory, an adaptive learning tracking control algorithm is designed and served as the motion controller. By adapting the network parameters, the stability of the proposed control scheme, along with the convergence of tracking errors, can be theoretically guaranteed. In order to validate the effectiveness and emphasize key features of our proposal, a number of experimental studies and comparative analysis were executed. The obtained results reveal that the proposed strategy can enable the AGV to fulfill the parking mission with enhanced motion planning and control performance. <i>Note to Practitioners</i>&#x2014;This article was motivated by the problem of optimal automatic parking planning and tracking control for autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs) maneuvering in a restricted environment (e.g., constrained parking regions). A number of challenges may arise when dealing with this problem (e.g., the model uncertainties involved in the vehicle dynamics, system variable limits, and the presence of external disturbances). Existing approaches to address such a problem usually exploit the merit of optimization-based planning/control techniques such as model predictive control and dynamic programming in order for an optimal solution. However, two practical issues may require further considerations: 1). The nonlinear (re)optimization process tends to consume a large amount of computing power and it might not be affordable in real-time; 2). Existing motion planning and control algorithms might not be easily adapted to suit various types of AGVs. To overcome the aforementioned issues, we present an idea of utilizing the recurrent deep neural network (RDNN) for planning optimal parking maneuver trajectories and an adaptive learning NN-based (ALNN) control scheme for robust trajectory tracking. In addition, by introducing two transfer learning strategies, the proposed RDNN motion planner can be adapted to suit different AGVs. In our follow-up research, we will explore the possibility of extending the developed methodology for large-scale AGV parking systems collaboratively operating in a more complex cluttered environment.

A Curbside Parking Planning and Searching Navigation System for Autonomous Vehicles

A Curbside Parking Planning and Searching Navigation System for Autonomous Vehicles

Industrial Park Renovation Strategy in a Poverty-Alleviated County Based on Inefficient Land Evaluation

China has entered a new era of high-quality urban development. As an important stock resource in the city, old industrial parks face new situations of transformation and regeneration due to various problems such as chaotic land layout, low industrial efficiency, and lack of supporting facilities. However, existing research primarily focuses on case studies in large cities and rural areas, lacking fine-tuned adjustment plans for county-level cities in China. Therefore, this article aims to establish a decision-making and evaluation framework applicable to economically underdeveloped areas, providing a reference for the transformation of inefficient industrial land in county-level cities nationwide. Based on expert consultation, case studies, and other methods, a low-efficiency land evaluation model is constructed from three dimensions: spatial efficiency, operational efficiency, and industry screening, to tap the potential value of stock land. The research data are primarily provided by government departments and processed and quantified using GIS software. Based on the quantitative evaluation results of the Shengfang Industrial Park in Lianhua County, Jiangxi Province, three major strategic directions for land parcels with different renewal potentials are proposed: retention and improvement, rectification and renewal, and redevelopment and utilization. Targeted renewal strategies for the case industrial park are proposed from the aspects of spatial renewal and implementation mode guidance. The results of this study could provide suggestions for local government decision-making, which could contribute to the improvement of resource utilization efficiency and economic benefits. The findings could also provide references for the planning and development of industrial parks in other impoverished counties. Future research could focus on long-term monitoring, stakeholder engagement, and the application of evaluation results.

Strategic Planning for Taiwanese Industrial Tourism Parks Themed on Local Characteristic Industries

This study examined Puli Industrial Micro-Park for a case study. In line with Nantou County’s efforts to promote itself as a tourism capital, the park was designed as an industrial cluster that is themed on industrial tourism. This study explored the planning and operation of Puli Industrial Micro-Park and conducted in-depth interviews to understand its development history and implementation performance. Finally, it summarized the key factors that contributed to the successful development of industrial tourism parks with local characteristics, namely self-liquidating capability, land price, park development characteristics, comprehensive park planning, and park cooperation with nearby industries.&#x0D;

The effect of supply chain learning on corporate sustainability performance: the perspective of ambidextrous innovation capability

ABSTRACT This study aims to empirically investigate the internal mechanism of the impact of supply chain learning on corporate sustainability performance from the perspective of ambidextrous innovation capability. After conducting a Bootstrap analysis on questionnaire data collected from 262 Chinese firms, this study found that supply chain learning positively affects corporate sustainability performance. In addition, exploration and exploitation innovation capabilities mediate the effects of supply chain learning on corporate sustainability performance. These findings expand the body of knowledge on supply chain learning and provide new insights into the mechanisms for improving corporate sustainability performance. This study proposes that firms should increase channels for knowledge acquisition and strive to enhance and balance their ambidextrous innovation capability. Meanwhile, the government should strengthen industrial park planning and green innovation platform construction to create favourable conditions for supply chain learning among firm clusters.

Assessing the cold island effect of urban parks in metropolitan cores: a case study of Hangzhou, China.

As the oasis area in the city, urban park plays an extremely prominent role in the regulation and improvement of the urban ecological environment, especially the local thermal environment, and has become one of the significant ways to reduce the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Our study comprehensively considers the maximum cooling distance and spatial continuity of urban parks, takes 30 parks in Hangzhou, and analyzed their influencing factors to comprehensively explore the park cooling effect. The results showed that the land cover shifted drastically during 2000-2020, and the built-up land area increased greatly, which aggravated the UHI effect. The high UHI value of Hangzhou was concentrated in the city center and presented a spreading trend from north to south. Different types of urban parks presented different cold island effects, with comprehensive parks and ecological parks having the largest cooling area, and community parks exhibit better accumulative cooling effect. In addition, the park's own characteristics (perimeter, area, shape index) and inner and surrounding landscapes were significantly correlated with the park's cooling effect (park cooling area and park cooling efficiency). Our study comprehensively considered the cooling effect of parks from the maximum and accumulative perspectives and provides theoretical and practical guidance for the construction and planning of urban parks, thereby enhancing the well-being of urban residents.

Measuring the Perceived Heterogeneity of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Cultural Parks: Evidence from China

National cultural parks are a new form of tourism in China. These parks focus on cultural heritage. Many studies have examined the cultural ecosystem services (CESs) that parks provide from visitors’ perspectives. However, there needs to be more research on the perceived heterogeneity of CESs among different social groups, especially residents, and the relationship between the supply and demand of CESs. This study uses visitor-employed photographs to reveal the landscape features offered by national cultural parks. This study also analyses the relationship between landscape elements in national cultural parks and CESs, as well as the heterogeneity of users’ perceptions of CESs. The results show that the resident group and visitor group agree on the importance of a sense of place in national cultural parks. However, there are differences between the two groups regarding their perceptions of inspiration, recreation, cultural heritage, and social relations in the parks. Residents are most concerned with the parks’ sense of place and social relations. In contrast, visitors are more interested in inspiration, recreation, heritage, and a sense of place. This study highlights the different needs of residents and visitors from the CESs provided by national cultural parks. It also provides insights for the landscape planning and ecotourism management of cultural heritage-type parks.