Parental Attitude Scale Research Articles

Parental Attitudes and Socio-demographic Factors as Predictors of Smartphone Addiction in University Students

The aim of the study is to examine predictive effect of parental attitudes and socio-demographic variables (age, gender, time spent on smartphone, number of siblings, students’ feeling social, and parental education level) in university students’ addiction to smartphones. Participants included 670 university students whose age ranged between 18-30 years (M=21.6, SD=6.3). Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and Parental Attitude Scale (PAS) and Socio-Demographic Information Form were used to collect data. The results showed that age, gender, parental education level, time spent on smartphone, number of siblings, and state of feeling social and parental attitudes predicted a significant amount of variance (11%) in smartphone addiction. The students’ perception of feeling social and parental attitudes functioned as a moderator on their smartphone addiction. It was revealed that the perception to be social softened the relation between authoritarian parental attitude and smartphone addiction. Furthermore, students experienced less smartphone addiction when their perception of feeling social and democratic parental attitudes were taken together. A negative and significant relation was found between democratic and authoritarian parental attitudes and smartphone addiction. A positive and significant relation was established between protective parental attitude and smartphone addiction.

Helikopter Anne Tutumları: Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Doyumları ve Psikolojik İyi Oluşları Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Rolü

Bu araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinin annelerinden algıladıkları helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının yaşam doyumları ve psikolojik iyi oluşları üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 166’sı kadın ve 74’ü erkek olmak üzere 240 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Helikopter Ebeveyn Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin standart sapma, ortalama, basıklık ve çarpıklık değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca psikolojik iyi oluş, yaşam doyumu ve algılanan helikopter anne tutumu değişkeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Diğer açıdan algılanan helikopter anne tutumunun üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumları ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü incelemek için basit doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizinin sonucuna göre üniversite öğrencilerinin annelerinden algıladıkları helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının yaşam doyumları ve psikolojik iyi oluşları üzerinde negatif yordayıcı etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Diğer bir ifadeyle bu sonuç üniversite öğrencilerinin annelerinden algıladıkları helikopter ebeveyn tutumları yükseldikçe yaşam doyumları ile psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinde azalmanın meydana geleceğine işaret etmektedir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular alanyazındaki diğer araştırma sonuçları ile tartışılmış ve araştırmacılara öneriler sunulmuştur.

Family climate in children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol.

The family climate has notable impact on cognitive, emotional, behavioural, social and physical development of children and adolescents and can be influenced by parents' health status. The present study aimed at evaluating whether living with a parent with alcohol use disorder negatively influences the perceived emotional family climate, parental attitudes and internal representations of family relationships. Forty-five children living with a parent with alcohol use disorder and 45 controls, matched for sex and age, completed the Level of Expressed Emotion Scale and the Family Attitudes Questionnaire. Their significant parent completed the Parental Attitudes Scale. The results suggested that living with a parent with an alcohol use disorder increased the risk of having perceived higher levels of emotional response, attitude towards illness and expectations from their parents; it also increased the probability of being exposed to lower parental pleasure and of having represented worse family relationships. Emotion regulation interventions might be useful to protect children living with a parent with alcohol use disorder from a potential chaotic and unpredictable family environment.

Fathers’ Coping Strategies and Children’s Temperament as Predictors of Parental Attitudes among Polish Fathers

Over the last few decades, perceptions of fatherhood have changed significantly and expectations regarding fathers’ involvement in childcare have risen. Parenting is undoubtedly the source of many positive experiences, however, it can also be a stressful challenge. Thus, the way in which fathers deal with everyday life stress can significantly affect their parental attitudes. There is significant evidence that a child’s predisposition can modify parental attitudes and therefore relate to stress coping strategies. In the current study we tested a model of the reciprocal relationships between a father’s coping strategies, his parental attitudes, and his child’s individual traits (temperament and gender). The first model assumes that the father’s stress coping strategies and the child’s individual traits determine parental attitudes independently; the second model, assumes that parental attitudes will be influenced by coping strategies and that individual traits of the child will modify this relationship. A total of 176 Polish fathers ( Mfather’s age = 35.07, SD = 5.71) of only children of preschool age ( Mchildren’s age = 5.6, SD = .21; 88 girls, 88 boys) participated in the study. The following research tools were used: the Parental Attitudes Scale, to measure fathers’ attitudes towards their children; the Brief COPE, to evaluate fathers’ coping strategies; the EAS Temperament Questionnaire – Parental Ratings, to assess children’s temperaments. The results indicate that fathers had the highest scores for Inconsequent and Demanding parental attitudes and the lowest for Overprotective and Autonomy attitudes. Moreover, their attitudes towards daughters and sons were consistent, except for Autonomy. Furthermore, mediation analyses show that the child’s temperamental traits do not significantly modify the relation between a father’s coping strategies and parental attitudes. However, the results indicate that a father’s coping strategies and his child’s temperament affect the father’s parental attitudes independently. Differences depending on the child’s gender were also found.

An Analysis of the Relationship Between Perceived Parental Attitudes and Close Relationship Experiences of Teacher Candidates

The study aimed to analyze whether there is a significant relationship between perceived parental attitudes and experiences in close relationships of the individuals in the emerging adulthood period. The study group of this research, which is in the relational screening model, consisted of 272 teacher candidates attending the first, second, third and fourth grades of different departments in the Faculty of Education at a foundation university in Istanbul in the 2018-2019 academic year. Of the students in the study group, 144 (53%) are female and 128 (47%) are male. The study group who participated in the study was formed by using the appropriate sampling method out of the non-random sampling methods. In the collection of the data of the study, Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory adapted to Turkish by Sumer (2006) and Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale adapted to Turkish by Dirik, Yorulmaz, and Karanci (2015) were used. The correlations between the variables studied were calculated by the Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation coefficient. As a result of the research, a positive and high-level significant relationship was determined between rejecting maternal attitudes and rejecting paternal attitudes regarding perceived paternal attitudes (r=.736, p<.01). Rejecting maternal attitudes showed a positive and low-level significant relationship with the anxiety subscale of the close relationships scale (r=.181, p<.01). Rejecting father attitudes of the perceived parental attitudes showed a positive and low-level significant relationship with the anxiety subscale of the close relationships scale (r=.174, p<.05). The findings obtained were discussed in line with the literature and recommendations were made.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Parent Attitude and Emotional Regulations of Mothers of Child/Adolescent Diagnosed Generalized Anxiety Disorder

INTRODUCTION: Raising awareness in the emotions and behaviors of child / adolescent mothers diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder balances the relationship between the mother and child. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parental attitude and emotion regulation in children / adolescent mothers diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). METHODS: The study was applied to mothers with children aged 8-18 years who were enrolled in the pediatric psychiatry outpatient clinic of a university hospital and served between July-November 2019. The population of the study consisted of 119 mothers who made appointments via telephone and internet, and the sample consisted of 60 volunteer mothers who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected by using socio-demographic form, Parental Attitude Scale and Emotional Difficulty Scale. RESULTS: According to this, the mean EES and DSSI were 8.91 ± 2.38 and 37.28 ± 8.15, respectively. “Extreme Loose Attitude ından, 3.49 (SD = 0.98),“ Overreacting Attitude ”3.11 (SD = 1.27), and“ Aggressive Attitude were found to be 2.31 (SD = 1.26). A positive correlation was found between “Extreme Loose Attitude” and PAS (p &lt;0.001). There was a significant positive relationship between “Overreactive Attitude” and “Aggressive Attitude ((p &lt;0.01); There was a positive positive correlation (p &lt;0.001) between “overreactive attitude” and mean scores of PES (p &lt;0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was a relationship between mothers' parental attitudes and emotional regulation and this affects children / adolescents. Therefore, mothers should be taught to regulate their emotional state towards children / adolescents, to control this process, and to contribute to the positive development of their democratic attitudes and behaviors. Ensuring that Pediatric Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses play a supportive, caring, consultant and educational role in clinics will have an important place in the services of Pediatric and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases.

Acculturation Strategies and Parenting Attitudes Among Belgian Turkish Immigrants

The aim of this study is to investigate the acculturation strategies and parenting attitudes of Turkish immigrants living in Belgium. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants such as gender, age, and socio-economic status were also examined in this study. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire consisting of demographic information form, Parent Attitude Scale and Acculturation Scale was administered to a total of 81 Turkish parents consisting of 56 women and 25 men living in Belgium. The data obtained from the questionnaire were used in validity and reliability analyses and correlational analyses. According to the findings, both scales were found to be valid and reliable measurement tools for Belgian Turkish immigrants. It was found that the integration acculturation strategy had a positive relationship with democratic parenting attitude and a negative relationship with authoritarian attitude, and assimilation acculturation strategy had a negative relationship with authoritarian and protective parenting attitudes. Additionally, it was seen that parenting attitudes showed differences across generations. The findings obtained in the study show that the acculturation strategies of Turks living in Europe show differences and these strategies are related to their parenting attitudes. The observation of intergenerational differences in parenting attitudes also confirms that immigrants' educational, economic and social-cultural characteristics are related to their child-rearing behavior.

Relationships between Smartphone Addiction and Smartphone Usage Types, Depression, ADHD, Stress, Interpersonal Problems, and Parenting Attitude with Middle School Students.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between smartphone addiction of middle school students and smartphone usage types, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitude. In particular, we wanted to find out how smartphone usage types predict smartphone addiction when controlling depression, ADHD, perceived stress, interpersonal problems, and parenting attitudes, which are the main predictors of existing smartphone addiction in this study.MethodsThe subjects of this study included 487 local middle school students (253 girls and 234 boys). The measurement instruments used were the smartphone addiction scale, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Korean ADHD rating scales (K-ARS), perceived stress scale (PSS), Short form of the Korean-inventory of interpersonal problems circumplex scales (KIIP-SC), and the parenting attitude scale. We identified the relationships between the variables with correlation analysis and examined the predictors of smartphone addiction with hierarchical multiple regression analysis.ResultThe factors that influence smartphone addiction were sex (β = 3.14, P < 0.01), stress (β = 2.99, P < 0.01), and interpersonal problems (β = 3.81, P < 0.001). In addition, when the confounding variables of smartphone addiction were controlled to examine the effects of smartphone usage types on smartphone addiction, social network service (SNS) (β = 2.66, P < 0.01) and music/videos (β = 2.73, P < 0.01) were found to significantly positively affect smartphone addiction, whereas study (β = −2.54, P < 0.05) had a significantly negatively effect. And these factors explained 29.5% of the variance in smartphone addiction.ConclusionThe order of the usage types with the highest influence on smartphone addiction was: enjoying music/videos, SNS, and study. This suggests that selective intervention depending on the main smartphone usage type can be effective.

Behavioral characteristics of children with type-1 diabetes and the effect of family attitudes on dietary adherence problems

Objective: Assessing the behavioral characteristics and family attitudes of children and adolescents in diabetes is linked to determining the reasons for difficulties in dietary adherence. Our aim was to assess the relationship between behavioral characteristics, family attitudes in children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and the dietary adherence and glycemic control. Method: Fifty-four patients T1DM patients and 47 controls aged 7-18 years were included in the study together with their parents. Among the patients diagnosed with T1DM followed in the Pediatric Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic, those with high HbA1c levels (with poor dietary compliance) and those with a HbA1c level below 7.5 (with good dietary compliance) were included in the study as the patient and control group, respectively. A psychiatric assessment interview was conducted with both groups. Sociodemographic data and information on diabetes-related variables, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and Parental Attitude Scale scores were recorded. Results: We have found higher standard diet application rates in patients compared to regular carbohydrate count. The patient group had higher odds of neglecting blood glucose measurement, insulin doses, and a history of stress before decompensation. The rate of psychiatric diagnosis was 26.2%, similar to the general literature, and combined diagnoses were less frequent. Hospital admissions and hypoglycemic episodes were observed at a higher rate in the group that had problems in dietary adherence. Compared to those with good dietary compliance, patients in the dietary non-adherence group had a higher level of parental control and poorer parental perception of their children’s peer relationships. Conclusion: To reduce the risk of acute complications of the disease and to prevent long-term chronic sequelae, it is important to identify positive and some negative behavioral characteristics of child and parental attitudes. Parental role is among the key factors in supporting the autonomy of the child in ensuring dietary compliance.

Examining the parental views concerning the extracurricular sports activities of students attending the courses in public training centers

This study aims to examine the parental views concerning extracurricular sports activities of students attending the public training center courses. The sample of the study, which was conducted as a survey model, was comprised of the parents (n = 459) of students attending the courses in public training centers located in Konya province in the 2017-2018 academic year. In this study, demographic information form prepared by researcher and “Parental Attitude Scale Concerning the Extracurricular Sport Activities” developed by Yılmaz and Güven (2015) were used as data collection tools. The collected data were analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 package program with 0.05 significance level. As a result of the statistical analyses, it was determined that, concerning parental educational levels and gender, there were statistically significant differences in Personal Development and Social Support sub-dimensions (p &lt; 0.05). However, it was determined that there was statistically no significant difference among parents in Social Support sub-dimension concerning their educational levels; similarly, there was statistically no significant difference among parents in Academic Perception sub-dimension concerning gender (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, it was determined that there were statistically no significant differences among parents in Personal Development, Social Support and Academic Perception sub-dimensions in terms of having a sports license (p &gt; 0.05). As a result, it was concluded that male parents had higher personal development levels and provide more social support for their children to participate in extracurricular activities. Another conclusion was that parents with higher educational status had higher personal development levels and academic perceptions compared to parents with lower educational status.

The Investigation of Children's Persistent and Reactive Behavior With Respect to Parenting Attitudes

The aim of the current study is to investigate the contributions of maternal attitudes to children’s persistent and reactive behaviors. The study sample is made up of 202 preschoolers aged 48-72 months and their mothers. A demographic form was used to collect data on children’s age, gender and mothers’ working status. Persistence and Reactivity Subdimensions of the The Short Temperament Scale for Children and Parenting Attitude Scale for maternal attitudes were used for the data collection. Both forms were completed by the mothers. An independent sample t-test, a Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple regression were used to test the data collected from the mothers. The results showed that girls, 6-year-olds (60-72 months) and children with working mothers were more persistent compared to boys, 5-year-olds and children with unemployed mothers, respectively. The findings indicated a negative and significant relationship between persistence and overprotective parenting attitudes and a positive and significant relationship between reactivity and permissive and overprotective parenting attitudes. Parenting attitudes explained %5 and %7 of the variation in children’s persistent and reactive behavior, respectively. Overprotective and permissive parenting attitudes significantly predicted persistence and reactivity, respectively.

An examination of smartphone addiction and loneliness among high school students according to various variables: A sample from Turkey.

It was aimed to examine smartphone addiction and loneliness among high school students. This descriptive and cross-sectional research was implemented with 1185 high school students. Data collection tools were "Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version," "UCLA Loneliness Scale," and "Parental Attitude Scale." As the level of addiction to smartphones rose, the percentage of students feeling lonely dropped (p < .001). Although the students' smartphone addiction was low, the rate of using the smartphone to be relieved of loneliness and for the purpose of the communication was high. Education programs for improving the communication skills of adolescents that may be instrumental in reducing loneliness would in fact be effective in terms of smartphone usage and feelings of loneliness.

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEXUAL MYTHS AND PARENT ATTITUDES OF TURKISH WOMEN

The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between sexual myths and parent attitudes in women between the ages of 20-35. Whose have overprotective, inconsistent, repressive and authoritarian parents can not ask questions freely in sex related matters. The false information they learn from peers or digital media will facilitate the formation of sexual myths and it is important to determine that relationship with the suggestions. The sample of this study consisted of 83 randomly selected women aged 20-35 years. Sociodemographic Data Form, Parent Attitude Scale and Sexual Myths Evaluation Form were applied in the study. We found that, according to the economic level, SMF scores differ significantly and SMF scores differ significantly according to educational level. It has been determined that the level of protective-willing parental attitudes also differs in terms of education level.When the authoritarian attitude subscale scores of women were analysed according to age, economic level and education level variable no significant difference was observed. A low level of positive correlation was found between sexual myth levels and protective-willing attitudes. As a result of the research, various suggestions were made. Keywords Attitude, parental attitude, myth, sexual myth

An Examination of Digital Parenting Behavior in Parents with Preschool Children in the Context of Lifelong Learning

This study, which has been carried out as a needs analysis project, reflects results from preliminary work for designing from scratch a digital parenting educational program for parents with preschool children in the Turkish province of Edirne. Convenience sampling method was used and a group of 231 parents participated in the study. Qualitative and quantitative methods were both used in this sequential mixed method research of descriptive nature. The Digital Parenting Attitude Scale has been used for data collection purposes, alongside a questionnaire form developed by the authors. In conclusion, it was understood that; (a) the digital parenting attitude scores of participants were found to be relatively low, with an average score of 21.74; (b) half of the participants were not willing to participate in a digital parenting educational program and that those unwilling to participate were also those who displayed poor digital parenting attitude; (c) not only gender and employment status, but also other variables such as awareness in concepts of digital footprints or cyberbullying result in significant differences in terms of digital parenting attitudes; (d) descriptive accounts of Turkish parents show that they are prone to conceptualizing digital parenting as screen time policies only; and (e) digital parenting educational programs should focus not only on the digital but also on (conventional) parenting skills and the notion of sustainability. Results emphasize the importance of increasing public awareness towards concepts related to digital parenting, as well as the economic exploitation of children in the cyber world and the establishment of dialogue with the child on this critical matter. Further research in the subject, especially with (a) greater emphasis on sustainability, (b) greater contribution from male participants, and (c) on the subject of specific deterrents against participation in digital parenting education may be needed.

THE STUDY OF VARIATIONS OF PARENTING STYLES

The current study investigated parenting styles with respect to various demographics. The study sample was made up of 235 preschoolers aged 48-72 months attending to 2 state-funded preschools in Istanbul. Demographics Form and Parenting Attitude Scale were used for the data collection. The scale was completed by the parents. Independent sample t-test was used for the data with a normal distribution. The results showed that parenting styles did not differ by child gender, the number of siblings, maternal age, education and working status, and paternal age and working status. The results also indicated that parents tend to be more protective and permissive towards their first-born children and that the fathers younger than 35-years-old had a more democratic style compared to the fathers who were 36 and older. Longer preschool attendance was associated with less overprotective and less democratic parenting attitudes. Article visualizations:

THE ROLE OF PARENTAL ATTITUDES AND SCHOOL BURNOUT IN PREDICTING THE LONELINESS LEVEL

Bu araştırma; anne baba tutumları ile okul tükenmişliğinin öğrencilerin yalnızlık düzeyini ne düzeyde yordadığını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın evreni, 2015-2016 eğitim-öğretim yılında İstanbul ili Küçükçekmece ilçesinde eğitimlerine devam eden ortaokul öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise Küçükçekmece’de çeşitli ortaokullarda okuyan ilköğretim II. Kademe öğrencilerinden random örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 328 öğrenci oluşmaktadır(oluşturmaktadır şeklinde yazılmalı). Verilerin toplanmasında UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği, Anne Baba Tutum Ölçeği, İlköğretim II. Kademe Öğrencileri İçin Okul Tükenmişliği Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu’ndan faydalanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Çoklu Regresyon Analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Okul tükenmişlik alt ölçeklerinden yalnızlığı en yüksek düzeyde yordayan, okulda tükenmişlik ve okula ilgi kaybı alt ölçek puanlarıdır. Okul etkinliklerinden ve aileden kaynaklı tükenmişlik puanları ile öğrencilerin yalnızlık düzeyleri arasında bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Anne baba tutumlarından yalnızlığı en yüksek düzeyde yordayan otoriter anne-baba tutum alt ölçek puanlarıdır. Koruyucu ve demokratik anne baba tutumları ile öğrencilerin yalnızlık düzeyleri arasında bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Sosyal bir varlık olan insanın yalnızlık düzeylerini etkileyen değişkenlerin ortaya konulması ve gerekli önlemlerin alınması önemli görülmektedir.

Possible result of extreme parenting: Power of helicopter parenting attitude to predict ego inflation

The concept of helicopter parenting is used to describe a parental disposition that is excessively child-oriented, intrusive and limiting to child’s autonomy. It is characterized by parents being overly concerned about child's future, making great efforts to avoid possible negative outcomes, preferring to plan and handle child’s life and even executing child’s tasks in his/her place. The objective of this study is to establish the relation between helicopter parental attitudes and ego inflation. The Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitude Scale and Ego Inflation Scale were applied to 432 people with an age group of 24-34 years. Hypotheses of the study were tested using structural equation modelling after results related to the fit values and factor loads of the scales were determined to be appropriate and adequate. The study found that 42.80 percent of the change in the inflated ego reported in young adults can be explained by a helicopter maternal attitude (R2 = .43). Helicopter paternal attitude accounted for 22.10 percent of the change in the inflated ego observed in young adults (R2 = .22). It has, thus, been demonstrated that ego inflation is triggered by helicopter parental attitudes and helicopter attitudes of mothers are more successful in creating ego inflation than those of fathers. We hope that the findings of the present study can be used in parent education and family counselling practices.

Parent attitudes and other comorbid behavioral problems in masturbating children

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship of the pre-school childhood masturbation with the parental attitude as well as the relation of the same with the comorbidity and related stammering, tic disorders, nail biting, nocturnal enuresis (NE) and encopresis. Materials and Methods: In this study, parents of 105 preschool children (between the ages of 3 - 6) were interviewed. 50 out the 105 interviewed parents’ children had have been with childhood masturbation (CM) and they are receiving professional consultancy or support services and these parents constitute the case group of this study. The control group was formed with the parents of 55 children. Research data were obtained by of the Personal Information Form filled by the parents, Parental Attitude Scale (PAS) and Comorbid Problems Determination Form prepared by the researcher. Results: Authoritarion parental attitude is discovered to be statistically higher than the case group with CM compared to the control group without such disorder. It has been detected that nail biting, NE and encopresis comorbidity is significantly higher in the case group with CM compared to the control group. Conclusion: There was a direct relationship between authoritarian parental attitudes and the CM that emerged in pre-school childhood. Along with CM the rate of frequency of nail biting, NE and encopresis are higher than the control group.

Associations between parenting styles and excessive screen usage in preschool children.

Young children and preschoolers are now growing up in settings filled with a variety of technological devices. Despite the recommendation that parents should limit screen time, many preschoolers are exposed to screens at very early ages and for a long time. This study aimed to investigate the associations between parenting styles and the excessive screen time of preschool-aged children. This cross-sectional descriptive study included preschool children with low screen exposure (<1 hour; n=176) and excessive screen exposure (>4 hours; n=74). A self-completion-structured survey form and Parent Attitude Scale were filled by the mothers. More than half (52.0%) of them were male children. Increased number of children, increased household sizes, mothers being unemployed, birth order ≥2, and home-based care were found to be statistically significantly higher in the excessive screen exposure group than in the low screen exposure group. Mothers and fathers in the excessive screen exposure group had lower educational levels compared with their counterparts in the low screen exposure group (p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that mothers' high authoritative (democratic) scores were associated with low screen exposure(adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.9). High overprotective and permissive parenting subscale scores were related to excessive screen exposure after adjusting potential confounders (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-6.7; AOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.8-11.6). Excessive screening time may indicate a problematic parent-child relationship. Establishing a positive parent-child relationship can be an effective way of managing screen time in preschool children.

The Mediating Role of Inflated Sense of Self and Impulsivity in the Relationship Between Helicopter Parenting and Psychological Symptoms.

Helicopter parenting is characterised as a parenting style that take too much care and intervention to their children, take decisions instead of them, solve the problems they face and try to be overprotective. There is a growing interest in the negative aspects of helicopter parenting. This type of parenting attitude is thought to affect psychological problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of impulsivity and inflated self-sense of self in the relationship between helicopter parenting and psychological symptoms. The sample of the study consists of 337 university students. Perceived helicopter parenting was evaluated by Perceived Helicopter Parenting Attitude Scale, psychological symptoms by Brief Symptom Inventory, impulsivity levels by Barratt Impulsivity Scale, and inflated sense of self levels by using the Inflated Sense of Self Scale. As the helicopter parenting level perceived from the mother increased, psychological symptoms, impulsivity and inflated sense of self increased. There was no relationship between helicopter parenting perceived from the father and other variables. In the relationship between mother-perceived helicopter parenting and psychological symptoms, the inflated self-sense of self and impulsivity have a mediating effect; it was also found that impulsivity has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between inflated sense of self and psychological symptoms. In addition, inflated self-sense of self has a full mediating effect in the relationship between impulsivity and mother-perceived helicopter parenting. The results of the study show that there is a difference between perceived helicopter parenting from mother and father. Perceived helicopter parenting is associated with an increase in psychological symptoms. In addition, in this relationship, helicopter parenting can affect psychological symptoms by causing an increase in impulsivity and inflated sense of self.