Parental Participation In Care Research Articles

Parents' participation in taking care of hospitalized children: a

AbstractBackground and objectiveAlthough “parents' participation in taking care of hospitalized children” is considered as anindispensible principle today, it is still among the concepts with no consensus about it. The mainobjective of this study is to define “parents' participation in taking care of hospitalized children”using hybrid model.Materials and methodsIn this research analysis of “parental participation in parents' participation in taking care ofhospitalized children” was performed using a hybrid model in three steps: literature review(theoretical step), field work, and combination of literature review and field work.FindingsBased on the step of literature review, the best definition for the concept of “parental participation intaking care of hospitalized children” was selected. In the field work step, dimensions of mentionedconcept were extracted; and finally definition of this concept by mixing theoretical and field workstep was proposed as: mutual relationship and gaining parents’ trust, giving required informationand educations to the parents about care and treatment process, asking parents for doing neededhome care jobs, involving the parents in care processes, and finally defining participation/decisionmaking authorities (clarifying the parents role).ConclusionThe findings of this study elucidated dimensions of parental participation in NICU where givingattention to them can lead to their putting to practice.Key Words: Parental participation, Hospital, Nursing, Hybrid model*Corresponding Author:Mahvash Salsali, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, IranE-mail : m_salsali@hotmail.comREFERENCES-Aein F Alhani F Mohammadi E et al (2009). Parental participation and mismanagement: A qualitative study of childcare in Iran. Nursing Health Science. 11(3) 221-227.-Aein F Alhani F Mohammadi E et al (2011). Struggling to create new boundaries: A grounded theory study ofcollaboration between nurses and parents in the care process in Iran. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 67 (4) 841–853.-Balling K Mccubbin M (2001). Hospitalized children with chronic illness: Parental care giving needs and valuingparental expertise. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 16 (2) 110-119.-Chapados C Pineault R Tourigny J et al. (2002). Perceptions of parents’ participation in the care of their childundergoing day surgery: Pilot-study. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 25(1) 59–70.-Corlett J Twycross A (2006). Negotiation of parental roles within family – centered care: A review of the research.Journal of Clinical Nursing. 15 (10) 1308-1316.-Coyne I (1996). Parent participation: A concept analysis. Journal of Advance Nursing. 23 (4) 733–740.-Coyne I Cowley S (2007). Challenging the philosophy of partnership with parents: A grounded theory study.International Journal of Nursing Studies. 44(6) 893–904.-Diaz-Caneja A Gledhill J Weaver T et al (2005). A child’s admission to hospital: A qualitative study examining theexperiences of parents. Intensive Care Medicine. 31(9) 1248–1254.-Doss S DePascal P Hadley K (2011). Patient nurse partnership. Nephrology Nursing Journal. 38(2) 115-125.-Elo S Kyngas H (2008). The qualitative content analysis process.The Journal of Advanced Nursing. 62(1) 107-115.-Espezel H Canam CJ (2003) Parent–Nurse Interactions: Care of Hospitalized Children. Journal of Advanced Nursing.44(1) 34–41.-Gamell A Corniero P Palazon P et al (2011). Parental presence during invasive procedures in Spanish pediatricemergency department: Incidence, perspective, and related anxiety. European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 18 (4)202-207.-Homer C Marino B Cleary P et al (1999). Quality of care at a children`s hospital. Archive Pediatrics and AdolescentMedicine. 153 (11) 1123-1129.-Hopia H Tomlinson P Paavilainen E et al (2005). Child in hospital: Family experiences and expectations of how nursescan promote family health. Journal of Clinical Nursing 14 (2) 212-222.-Huchfield K (1999). Family-centered care: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing.29 (5) 1178-1187.-Hupcey J Penrod J (2005). Concept analysis: Examining the state of science. Research for Theory and Nursing Practice19 (2) 197-208.-Jolley J Shields L (2009). The evolution of family-centered care. Journal of pediatric nursing. 24 (2) 164-170.-Korfmacher J Green B Staerkel F et al. (2008) Parent Involvement in Early Childhood Home Visiting. Child Youth Care Forum. 37 (4) 171-196.-Kristensson-Hallstrom I (1999). Strategies for feeling secure influence parents' participation in care. Journal of ClinicalNursing. 8(5) 586-592.-Kristensson-Hallstrom I (2000). Parental participation in pediatric surgical care. American Operating Room NurseJournal. 71 (5) 1021–10241, 1026-1029.-McEwan M Wills E (2010). Theoretical Basis for nursing [3rd edition]. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &WilkinsCo.-Meleis A (2011). Theoretical Nursing, Development and Progress [5th edition]. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins co.-O`Haire S Blackford J (2005). Nurse’s moral agency in negotiation parental participation in care. International Journalof Nursing Practice. 11(6) 250-256.-Power N Frank L (2008). Parent participation in the care of hospitalized children: A systematic review. Journal ofAdvanced Nursing. 62 (6) 622-641.-Shields L Nixon J (2004). Hospital care of children in four countries. Journals of Advanced Nursing. 45(5) 475–486.-Tourigny J Chapados C Pineault R (2005). Determinants of parental behavior when children undergo day-care surgery.Journal of Advanced Nursing. 52(5)490–497.-Ygge B Arnetz J (2004). A study of parental involvement in pediatric hospital care: Implications for clinical practice.Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 19 (3) 217-223.-Ygge B (2007).Nurses' perceptions of parental involvement in hospital care. Pediatric Nursing. 19(5) 38-40

Mediating factors of coping process in parents of children with type 1 diabetes

BackgroundType 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition for children and their parents, the management for which imposes a vast responsibility. This study explores the mediating factors that affect Iranian parents’ coping processes with their children’s type 1 diabetes.MethodsResearch was conducted using the grounded theory method. Participants were selected purposefully, and we continued with theoretical sampling. Constant comparative analysis was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe mediating factors of the parental coping process with their child’s diabetes consist of the child’s cooperation, crises and experiences, economic challenges, and parental participation in care.ConclusionFindings highlight the necessity of well-informed nurses with insightful understanding of the mediating factors in parental coping with juvenile diabetes in order to meet the particular needs of this group.

Mothers and fathers of children with cancer: loss of control during treatment and posttraumatic stress at later follow‐up

A child's cancer can lead to changes in parental role functioning, including loss of control. We studied the extent to which parental perceived loss of control during a child's cancer treatment predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after completion of treatment. The sample of this longitudinal study included 62 parents (36 mothers and 26 fathers) of children currently in treatment for malignant disease (T1) and after completion of treatment (T2). Loss of control was assessed at T1 using a self-report measure, that is the loss of control module of the Parental Psychosocial Distress-Cancer questionnaire. PTSS were assessed at T2 using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Main analyses were carried out for mothers and fathers separately. The majority of the parents, 55% (n = 34), reported loss of control on more than half of the assessed domains. Only 5% (n = 3) reported no loss of control whatsoever. At T2, some degree of PTSS was reported by 89% (n = 55). These outcomes were similar for mothers and fathers. Loss of control at T1 predicted stronger PTSS at T2 primarily among mothers. The experience of loss of control during cancer treatment is a salient risk factor for later PTSS in mothers. The situational threat to the regular parental role is discussed as an explanation to this observation. Interventions should address informational needs, parent participation in care, and professional support to maintain a sense of control and functioning in their parental role.

Adult children and parental care-giving: making sense of participation patterns among siblings

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to analyse 20 Finnish working carers' perceptions of their sibling relations and the sharing of the responsibility for parental care. The main focus is on the interviewees' rationales for the participation or non-participation of their siblings in the parents' care. Almost all the interviewed carers stated that the division of care responsibilities is unequal and that they are the primary carers, but the majority did not convey any clear intention to try to persuade their siblings to increase their participation in parental care. In many cases, the siblings were described either as entirely absent or as providing occasional backup, but some interviewees reported that caring for the parent(s) was shared with their other siblings. Consequently, three participation patterns were identified: ‘absence’, ‘backup’ and ‘togetherness’. All the interviewees offered rationales for the unequal division of care tasks and responsibilities among the siblings. The discussion focuses on these rationales and their variations by participation patterns, and considers the similarity of the findings to those from previous American and British studies. The study concludes that social-care services should take the primary carer's siblings into consideration, although not always as a ‘resource’. It should not be taken for granted or assumed that the primary care-giver receives help from her or his siblings, even if their relationship is otherwise close and unproblematic.

69 A Qualitative Analysis About Family Centred Care (FCC) Experienced in a Children's Hospital

Background: families have an important role for the health and well being of patients of all ages, particularly in paediatrics. Family centred care is a model adopted world wide to plan, perform and evaluate care in many paediatric hospitals, such as Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital (OPBG). Aims: to evaluate the experience of FCC at OPBG in its different levels of practice: from the absence of involvement in care to involvement, participation, collaboration and partnership. Methods: for this research question was chosen a qualitative approach. Subjects included in the study werehealth professionals of OPBG (nurses, doctors, allied health professionals), parents of children admitted for more 24 hours at OPBG. Data collection: data was collected through n.10 focus groups (FG). Two first pilot FG were performed to refine the interview questions and the facilitator's role. All FG have been conducted with parents and professionals from different care settings (intensive care, chronic care and acute care). Data analysis: was performed with the method of the long table analysis and NVivo 8 software to define the conceptual categories and themes descriptive of the phenomenon. Ethic: the study was approved by the Ethical Committee of OPBG. Participants subscribed the information consent. Results: the main themes that have emerged relate to parent's presence at the child's bedside, parent's desired involvement in care, nursing perceptions of it and desired parent participation in care, partnership and parent's information and educational needs. Conclusions: the study addresses important iussues to implement FCC in the hospital

Parent Participation in Care: Bridging the Gap in the Pediatric ICU

Family-centered care is emerging as a driving philosophy in all aspects of health care. Active participation of parents in the care of their child in the hospital setting is becoming one of the central concepts of this philosophy. Studies demonstrate the benefits for children, parents, and families. Although research supports the need for increased parent participation during a child's hospital stay, integrating research findings and changing practices of health care professionals may not be easy. Pediatric nurses, especially those working in critical care environments, may have difficulty integrating this philosophy into their care. Realizing the numerous benefits that exist, health care providers would be prudent to embrace the concept of parent participation in care. This article reviews the emergence of parent participation, what it encompasses, its benefits, and the challenges of implementation. Several strategies are examined as a basis to find ways in which the concept of parent participation can become a daily reality in the pediatric intensive care unit. Only after gathering a full understanding of the nature of parent participation in care can we begin to develop individualized strategies and approaches for incorporating these interventions into our practices and thus provide children with true family-centered care.

Nurses’ moral agency in negotiating parental participation in care

The purpose of this study was to investigate the issues for nurses in facilitating parental participation in the care of the hospitalized child. A qualitative study informed by grounded theory was undertaken. Nine nurses were recruited from an acute, high-dependency, 23-bed paediatric cardiac/renal unit in Melbourne, Australia. Data collection involved individual semistructured interviews, hospital policies related to family-centred care and a focus group interview. Constant comparative analysis was undertaken to develop an understanding of the data collected in the context of the nurses' experiences and the environment in which they work. Moral agency was identified as the central phenomenon of the study. Causal conditions related to this included the child's best interests, disputes about care and nurses' expectations. These causal conditions were seen to potentially lead to moral distress for the nurses. The coping mechanisms and strategies that affected moral agency have been identified.

Implementing Potentially Better Practices for Improving Family-Centered Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Successes and Challenges

Multidisciplinary teams from 11 medical center neonatal intensive care units collaborated in a quality improvement project with a focus on family-centered care. Through a process of self-analysis, literature review, benchmarking site visits, and expert consultation, 10 potentially better practice (PBP) areas were defined. Improvement activities in 4 of the 10 areas are given as examples of successes and challenges that individual centers encountered. The 4 areas are vision and philosophy, unit culture, family participation in care, and families as advisors. Centers were at different places for all of the PBPs at the beginning and throughout the collaboration. Seven centers developed or revised their vision or philosophy of care statements about family-centered care. Incorporating the vision and philosophy of care into performance appraisals, hiring of new personnel, and changing unit culture to a more family-centered practice were more challenging than developing the statements. Full parent participation in care requires unrestricted access to the neonatal intensive care unit. The shift from considering parents to be "visitors" to being partners in caring for their child was more difficult for centers with restricted visitation policies. All centers developed, expanded, or started plans for establishing family advisory councils. The experience of 2 centers is described. Family-centered care is more of a journey than a destination. Collaborating centers in this project found themselves at different places in that journey. Through perseverance in implementing the PBPs, all have moved further along the path.

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? Part 2

Denise Beach concludes the report of her research into the impact of parental involvement in care on nurses’ learning of practical skills

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? part 2

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? part 2

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? Part 1

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? Part 1

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? Part 1

Is learning basic care skills affected by parental participation in care? Part 1

Great expectations? Parental participation in care.

A structured questionnaire was used to compare the views of 80 parents and nurses examining expectations of parental participation in care. Nurses and parents shared many expectations. However, there were instances when parents expected a different and sometimes greater level of participation. A lack of negotiation between parents and nurses with regard to expected roles resulted in parents often feeling unable to express their desired level of participation. Both parties indicated that if parents received greater guidance and support, it would be possible for their expectations to be met more adequately.

Paternal care declines with increased opportunity for extra–pair matings in fairy martins

Following the discovery that extra-pair fertilizations are common in many birds, it has been predicted that male participation in parental care may be influenced by their opportunity for extra-pair copulations. However, such a trade-off between male contribution to parental care and the availability of fertile females has not been confirmed. Here we use a novel remote monitoring technique to show that participation in incubation by male fairy martins, Hirundo ariel, declines with the increasing availability of fertile females in the breeding colonies. Furthermore, male contribution to incubation is most responsive to change in the availability of fertile females in the early morning, when most copulations occur, and also if their clutches are smaller than average. Both of these patterns support the presence of a trade-off between parental and extra-pair copulation effort. We suggest that this trade-off may be widespread among the 90% of bird species where males contribute to parental care.

Parental participation in care: a critical review of the literature.

The literature reviewed demonstrates that parental participation is a complex issue which has been viewed mainly in a fragmented manner which does not recognize the integrated holistic nature of parent-nurse partnership. There is a dearth of research which focuses upon parents' perspectives and expectations of participation. Furthermore, there is an assumption that parental participation is unproblematic which precludes the identification of social and environmental constraints. The current level of knowledge about nurses' attitudes regarding parental participation is limited. There is an absence of clear indicators of how parental participation may be facilitated and supported in the institutional setting. It is proposed that further research is required which determines the extent of parental participation and which considers the lived experiences of both the parents and nurses of parental participation. Improved care for children and families could result from efforts directed to those endeavours.

Care of the paediatric day-surgery patient.

Paediatric day surgery minimizes the length of the hospital stay and therefore is less traumatic for both child and parents. This is only true if the day-surgery process encompasses parental participation in care, good communication and a planned discharge process.

Biparental care in incipient colonies of the dampwood termiteZootermopsis angusticollis Hagen (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

Parental care and division of labor in male and female primary reproductives in incipient colonies of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticolliswere studied by recording repertory sizes, behavior frequencies, time budgets, and transition probabilities of acts. Repertory sizes for males and females were identical, and behaviors were performed at similar frequencies. Time budget data also suggested equal participation in parental care by both sexes. Transition probability analysis suggested that males and females did not organize their behavior in roles. We therefore found no indication of sex-based division of labor during colony foundation and the incipient stages of colony growth. The lack of behavioral specialization may be due to the fact that acts might be related and/or have more than one function, and different tasks are not spatially associated. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that monogamous mating systems in termites involve mate assistance.

Relating to the medical staff: how parents of children with cancer see the issues.

Interviews with seventy-five parents of surviving children with cancer provide information on their relations with medical staff. The major issues that concern parents in regard to staff members include the staff's empathy with the child and their acceptance of parental participation in care. Discussion centers on how these and other issues affect parent-staff relations.

Song-rates and parental care by individual male stonechats ( saxicola torquata)

During their pre-breeding song period, male stonechats ( Saxicola torquata) varied widely in rates of song production. Unpaired males sang more than males associated with females. Song-rates were significantly correlated with later participation in parental care, measured as the share taken, relative to their mate's share, in feeding nestlings, and defending them from predators by warning and distraction displays. Males that sang most did not consistently have the best breeding performance. The implications of these results for the use of male song in mate selection by females are discussed.

Notes on the Breeding Biology of the White-winged Triller,Lalage sueurii tricolorSwainson, in North-western Australia

The habitat of Lalage sueurii tricolor in north-western Australia is described and, after some notes about locomotion and comfort movements, details on food and feeding habits are given. The food consists mainly of large insects (especially grasshoppers and caterpillars) which are captured on the ground. The male song primarily serves to advertise the territory and is given usually while on the wing. The species breeds during the summer rains. Its breeding season is considerably longer than in other insect eaters, which may be connected with the wide variety of food taken. Within the prolonged breeding season of the species individual breeding and moulting cycles may vary considerably and males in nuptial and eclipse plumage may be found at the same time. In coastal areas Trillers vigorously defend a fairly large territory. In the interior of the continent, there is a trend towards colony breeding, the biological significance of which is discussed. Nesting site and nest are described. Both sexes participate in nest construction, the male doing 60-70 per cent of the work. Incubation starts the day the second egg is laid. Male and female incubate alternately, with the average period on being 10-15 minutes. All clutches found consisted of 2 eggs. Incubation takes 14 days. The young are fed and covered by both parents until the eighth day after hatching, when the male suddenly ceases to participate in the care of the young. The fledging period is 12 days. Near permanent water the breeding pairs tend to keep their territories an the year round. In drier regions they may be forced to leave their breeding grounds owing to lack of food and water. Some obvious discrepancies between sexual dimorphism and participation in parental care are discussed.