Saliva Parameters Research Articles

Effect of testosterone replacement therapy and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on biochemical, functional and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats

ObjectiveEvaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and mate tea (MT) [Ilex paraguariensis] on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats (ORX) DesignSixty young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were distributed into 5 groups: SHAM, ORX, TU (castrated rats that received a single intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate 100 mg/kg), MT (castrated rats that received MT 20 mg/kg, via intragastric gavage, daily), and TU + MT. All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate (SFR) and biochemistry composition through determination of total protein (TP), amylase (AMY), electrolyte, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. ResultsORX increased SFR, salivary buffering capacity, calcium, phosphate, chloride, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and carbonyl protein, reduced TP and AMY activity, and did not change pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TU and TU+MT restored all salivary parameters to values of SHAM, while only TBARs and AMY returned to SHAM levels in the MT group. ConclusionsTRT with long-acting TU restored the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. Although MT did not have a TRT-like effect on salivary gland function, the more effective reduction in lipid oxidative damage in the MT and TU + MT groups could be considered as adjuvant to alleviate the salivary oxidative stress induced by orchiectomy.

Біохімічні показники ротової рідини в дітей шкільного віку при поєднаному перебігу карієсу й хронічного генералізованого катарального гінгівіту під впливом лікувально-профілактичного комплексу

Актуальність. При виникненні й розвитку основних стоматологічних захворювань у дітей, а саме карієсу й гінгівіту, спостерігаються певні зміни складу, біологічних і біохімічних властивостей ротової рідини, за параметрами яких можливо оцінити стан органів і тканин ротової порожнини, а також вплив розроблених лікувально-профілактичних методів і підходів. Мета: оцінити зміни біохімічних показників слини в дітей шкільного віку при карієсі й хронічному генералізованому катаральному гінгівіті під впливом розробленого лікувально-профілактичного комплексу (ЛПК). Матеріали та методи. Клінічні дослідження проводили за участю дітей віком від 7 до 15 років, у яких визначали показники вмісту кальцію, фосфору, кислої й лужної фосфатаз, малонового діальдегіду (МДА) і каталази в ротовій рідині до початку проведення лікувально-профілактичного комплексу і через рік після його триразового застосування. Результати. Проведення ЛПК збільшує вміст кальцію в ротовій рідині, але найкращі результати — збільшення у два-три рази — ми отримали в основних лікувальних підгрупах, у яких корекція недостатнього надходження кальцію проводилась шляхом регулювання харчового й питного режиму дитини й додатковим призначенням комбінованого препарату кальцію. Дослідження кислої й лужної фосфатаз свідчать про вірогідне підвищення їх активності в дітей основних лікувальних груп із субкомпенсованою формою карієсу й хронічним генералізованим катаральним гінгівітом на початку дослідження й істотне зменшення даних показників при застосуванні ЛПК. Активність каталази й рівень МДА на початку дослідження в дітей основних лікувальних підгруп були вірогідно гіршими порівняно з контрольною лікувальною підгрупою. Підвищення активності каталази й зниження МДА до рівня здорових дітей свідчить про нормалізацію функціонування антиоксидантно-прооксидантної системи під впливом ЛПК. Висновки. Основні біохімічні показники ротової рідини свідчать про позитивний вплив і ефективність розробленого ЛПК.

Potential Salivary Markers for Differential Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

The properties of the saliva of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are poorly recognized. Likewise, the diagnostic potential of saliva for differentiating various forms of IBD is largely unexplored. Therefore, we compared the concentrations of several parameters in unstimulated whole mixed saliva collected in a standardized manner from patients with active IBD unresponsive to conventional therapy. The samples were received from 27 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 24 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 51 healthy individuals. Compared to the controls, the salivary concentrations of S100A8/calprotectin, myeloperoxidase, and IgA were significantly decreased in both CD and UC patients. In addition, patients with UC had decreased levels of TNF-R1 and decreased catalase activity. Interestingly, the concentrations of myeloperoxidase and TNF-R1 showed a high differentiation potential for CD and UC (AUC = 0.690 and 0.672, respectively). All these findings are discussed in the context of host defense in the oral cavity, patients’ prior treatment regimens, and smoking habits.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in the saliva and blood plasma of patients with pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Levofloxacin concentrations do not always reach desired levels when administered at a standard dose; therefore, measuring levofloxacin levels in the blood plasma or other alternative matrices, such as the saliva, can help clinicians make informed decisions concerning the dosage and mode of administration. Saliva, as an object of research, is of particular interest due to the simplicity and non-invasiveness of sampling for analysis.
 AIM: This study aimed to determine the comparative pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in the blood plasma and saliva of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and assess the possibility of using saliva as an alternative sampling matrix in pharmacokinetic studies.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Levofloxacin concentration in the blood plasma and saliva of patients with CAP and volunteers was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography on an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatography (Agilent, USA) with an ultraviolet detector. Sample preparation of bioassays was performed using protein precipitation. Patients and volunteers took 1 tablet (500 mg dose) of levofloxacin per os in the morning, on an empty stomach. Blood and saliva samples were taken at the initial blood sample and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after taking the drug. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined, namely Cmax as the peak concentration of the drug; Тmax as the time-to-peak concentration; AUC0t as the area under the pharmacokinetic curve in the range from 0 to the last experimental point on the curve; AUC0 as the total area under the pharmacokinetic curve from zero to infinity; t1/2 as half-life period; MRT as mean residence time of the drug in the blood (h); Cl/F as clearance; and Vss/F as the total distribution volume.
 RESULTS: The maximum blood plasma and saliva concentration of patients was reached 1 h after taking the drug and amounted to Сmax=5.982.89 g/ml and Сmax=4.413.83 g/ml, respectively. Additionally, the maximum concentrations in blood plasma and saliva were recorded 1 h after taking the drug as 5.523.07 g/ml and 3.250.85 g/ml, respectively, in healthy volunteers. The correlation coefficient (r) between the mean values of the levofloxacin concentrations in the blood plasma and the saliva of patients with CAP was 0.953 and that of healthy volunteers was 0.977.
 DISCUSSION: Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on blood plasma and saliva concentrations. Their comparative analysis revealed almost the same absorption rate from the gastrointestinal tract in patients and healthy volunteers. Correlation-regression analysis revealed a high correlation between the average values of Cmax in saliva and plasma both in the patient (r=0.96) and healthy volunteer group (r=0.98).
 CONCLUSIONS: With statistically significant differences in the areas under pharmacokinetic curves in blood plasma and saliva, the remaining pharmacokinetic parameters of saliva and blood plasma did not significantly differ between patients with CAP and healthy volunteers. A significant direct correlation was revealed between the mean concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters in saliva and blood plasma in both groups. The study demonstrated the possibility of using saliva as a biomaterial in the study of levofloxacin pharmacokinetics.

Condition of hard tissues of teeth and oral fluid in athletes-swimmers

Objective: to determine the state of dental hard tissues and saliva parameters changing in competitive swimmers, before and after a 2­hour training session in the chlorinated water swimming pool.Materials and methods: saliva parameters of competitive swimmers trained in the sport club “Grifon”, city of St. Petersburg, Russia (n = 21), age of participants 18.1 ± 3.5 years, qualifications (1 category­Master of Sports) and track and field athletes of the sports schools “Nevsky district” and “Orlyonok”, city of St. Petersburg, Russia (n = 18), age of participants 18.80 ± 4.54 years, qualifications (1 category — Master of Sports), have been analyzed by various tests include a study of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), fluorine (F) levels, and pH before and after training sessions. All athletes in the experimental and control groups have passed an examination by dentist, including: examination of the oral cavity with the determination of the KPU index (the sum of carious, filled and removed permanent teeth in the subject), examination of the most common places of occurrence of dental enamel erosion (medical binoculars) and filling out specially designed questionnaires.Results: there was a tendency to decrease of the average saliva pH in competitive swimmers’ group after a training session, varying from 6.9 ± 0.1 (before training) to 6.5 ± 0.1 (after training) (p > 0.05). In track and field athletes, saliva pH did not change significantly (7.1 ± 0.2 before training and 7.0 ± 0.1 after training) (p < 0.05). The competitive swimmers showed a statistically significant increase in Calcium (Ca) levels (1.25 ± 0.15 mmol/L before exercise and 1.56 ± 0.11 mmol/L after exercise) and Fluorine (F) (0.0010 ± 0.0003 mmol / L before exercise and 0.0090 ± 0.0004 mmol / L after training session) in saliva. The Phosphorus (P) level in saliva was significantly reduced after the training session (from 6.09 ± 0.39 to 3.89 ± 0.46 mmol / L) (p > 0.05). In track and field athletes, there were no significant changes in Ca, F and P levels before and after a training session. As a result of the dentist’s examination, competitive swimmers were found to have 3 athletes (14.3 %) with lesions of the teeth enamel, corresponding to dental erosion and caused by localized demineralization. In the control group of athletes, no such pathologies were revealed.Conclusion: discovered saliva parameters changing in competitive swimmers (decrease in free salivation, pH level, and increase in the level of Ca and F in saliva) can contribute to the demineralization of tooth enamel. Timely and controlled use of fluorides (as part of mouth rinses, application gels, fluoride varnishes), regular preventive dental examinations, in order to prevent the loss of mineral composition of the teeth when swimming in chlorinated pools, will minimize the risk of staining and dental enamel erosions.

Hardware implementation for estimation of fasting blood glucose from saliva

Worldwide, people are facing diabetes which is characterized by high Fast Blood Glucose Level (FBGL) over a prolonged period of time. The main drawbacks of existing methods for estimation of FBGL are their high cost and invasive nature requiring frequent blood with-drawls. Hence, there is an unmet need to find an alternate method that can estimate blood glucose level conventionally, non-invasively and affordably. In the proposed work, an alternative method for estimating blood glucose based on variation in the electrochemical parameters of saliva is discussed. The role of saliva as a diagnostic tool is assessed by correlating fasting blood serum glucose and salivary glucose in the patient. The proposed system consists of sensor module, processor module, and IOT module. A proof of concept prototype is developed with integrated sensor for all the relevant parameters. PIC Microcontroller is the controlling unit of the whole system. The various sensors for measuring heart rate, temperature, pH and humidity are used in the work. This non-invasive blood glucose monitoring method is efficient and painless for FBGL estimation from saliva.

Analysis of the level of non-specific and specific immunity parameters in saliva of children with osteogenesis imperfecta and study of relationships between selected proteins, disease symptoms and sociodemographic factors

Introduction. Osteogenesis imperfecta is characterized by dental symptoms, including dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI). Carious process can be modified by factors such as patient’s hygiene habits, diet, saliva and its components. Saliva’s elements of non-specific immunity with antibacterial and immunomodulatory action are hBD1, hBD2 defensins, cathelicidin LL-37, lysozyme and specific immunity – secretory immunoglobulin A. Aim. Analysis of levels of hBD1 and hBD2 defensins, cathelicidin LL-37, lysozyme and sIgA in saliva of children with osteogenesis imperfecta and in a comparative group of healthy children. Material and methods. In the years 2015-2018, 62 individuals with brittle bone disease were examined, samples of non-stimulated saliva were collected from 30 patients and from 30 subjects of the comparative group. Levels of the examined parameters were measured using ELISA immunoassays tests. Statistical analysis of laboratory test results was carried out. Statistically significant differences/relationships were established at the significance level of p < 0.05. Results. The concentration of the studied proteins in saliva did not differ significantly between the groups. There were statistically significant positive correlations between: age and sIgA concentration in saliva of the examined patients; age and concentration of hBD1 and hBD2 in saliva of children from the comparative group; age and sIgA concentration in saliva of patients from the study and comparative groups. For the comparative group, statistically significant differences in sIgA concentrations in saliva between girls and boys were observed. Conclusions. Laboratory test results of hBD1 and hBD2 defensins, cathelicidin LL-37, lysozyme and sIgA levels in saliva indicate that there is a need for further laboratory tests, which could explain the low levels of caries index in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. The increased levels of sIgA in saliva with growing age of the patients (with OI and healthy children) may indicate that specific immunity system matures with age or may reflect the impact of external environment on this parameter.

КЛИНИКО-ЛАБОРАТОРНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ НОВОЙ ЗУБНОЙ ПАСТЫ С КОМПЛЕКСОМ HYALURON-TI FORTE

Subject. Physical-chemical characteristics of the toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra Whitening and structural and optical parameters of mixed saliva before and after volunteer brushing. 
 Objectives. To evaluate physical-chemical characteristics of the new therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra Whitening together with changes in structural and optical parameters of the effected mixed saliva.
 Methodology. The composition and properties of the new therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra Whitening are studied based on the results of physical and chemical analysis of three aqueous solutions (prepared with different concentrations) by measuring pH value, calcium ion concentration, electrical conductivity and surface tension. The study involved 32 student volunteers of both sexes (men — 11, women — 21) from the Ural State Medical University Faculty of Dentistry between the ages of 21 to 23 who were comprehensively examined including structural and optical parameters of mixed saliva before and after brushing.
 Results. The average pH value is 7.91±0.01, the increased calcium ion (Са2+) level is found up to 2.25 mmol/l in all three aqueous suspensions (р≤0.05). Electrical conductivity of suspensions is found to be increased and surface tension is found to be reduced uniformly with the increase in mass fraction (р≤0.05). 
 Conclusion. The study of physical-chemical characteristics of the toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra showed positive changes in pH values, electrical conductivity and surface tension promoting the increased remineralizing properties of mixed saliva (р≤0.05).

ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF SERUM AND SALIVARY PARAMETERS IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS

INTRODUCTION: Various metabolic changes were elaborated in patients with chronic kidney disease which often require biochemical analysis of blood regularly. Saliva analysis has many advantages as an alternative to blood analysis. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate levels of some parameters in saliva and serum including: urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus in children undergoing hemodialysis and to determine the correlation between saliva and serum regarding these parameters in order to evaluate salivary diagnostic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional analytical study was conducted on children undergoing hemodialysis in Alexandria University Children’s Hospital (AUCH). A total of 20 patients were included in the present study of whom, 10 were boys (50%) and 10 were girls (50%) with a mean age 8.85 ± 2.74. Serum and salivary samples were collected from the participants for analysis. Serum tests including Urea, creatinine (Cr), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and salivary tests including Urea, Cr, Ca and P were recorded in all subjects. RESULTS: There was significant a positive correlation (P <0.0001) between serum and salivary urea (r = 0.79), as well as between serum and salivary creatinine (r = 0.68). Besides, levels of phosphorus were significantly higher in saliva than in serum. However, levels of creatinine and calcium showed significantly lower levels in saliva compared to serum. CONCLUSION: Outcomes of this study found that analysis of salivary creatinine and urea in patients with chronic kidney disease mirrored their levels in serum. Consequently, salivary creatinine and urea levels could be used non-invasively to measure serum urea and creatinine levels respectively in patients with chronic kidney disease which may be helpful in monitoring of these patients.

Comparative Evaluation of Chair-Side Saliva Tests According to Current Dental Status in Adult Patient.

Background: this cross-sectional study evaluated the correlation of commercial chair-side saliva tests with caries status in adults. Methods: teeth in 87 adults (20–40 years old) were clinically examined for carious lesions according to International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria. The Decayed-Missing-Filling-Tooth (DMFT) and Decayed-Missing-Filling-Surface (DMFS) indexes at D1 (lesions 1–6 according to ICDAS criteria) and D3 (lesions 4–6 according to ICDAS criteria threshold and the number of active lesions, according to the Lesion Activity Assessment (LAA)) criteria were measured. The saliva parameters measured by chair-side tests were stimulated and non-stimulated saliva flow rate, saliva consistency, saliva pH, saliva buffer capacity, and lactic acid production. The statistical analyses performed were Student t-test and Mann–Whitney U test at a = 0.05 significant level. Results: the low resting saliva pH was related to a high value of DMFT (D1) index (p = 0.007). Conclusions: among the saliva parameters measured, the values of low resting pH are associated with increased DMFT at threshold D1. None of the chair-side available saliva tests evaluated can accurately underline the tooth carious status.

An Impact of Psychological Stress on the Interplay between Salivary Oxidative Stress and the Classic Psychological Stress-Related Parameters.

Both oxidative and psychological (mental) stress are the likely culprits for several acute and chronic health disturbances, and adequate tests mimicking that are needed. Herein, in controlled laboratory surroundings, a PEBL (Psychology Experiment Building Language) test battery was used to evoke stress-related biological responses followed by tracking changes in saliva parameters. The study objectives were to determine the impact of psychological stress on selected salivatory parameters and to assess the correlation between the determined oxidative and stress parameters. The study was conducted on 36 healthy young subjects, mainly females (n = 24). Before and following the completion of a battery of four PEBL tests, subjects' saliva samples were collected. Stress-evoking changes in total antioxidant capacity and nitrite/nitrate levels, as oxidative stress parameters, and cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA), as parameters of psychological stress, were established and mutually correlated by comparing the values of the evaluated parameters pre- and post-PEBL test. The results showed that there is no change in the total salivary antioxidant capacity (p > 0.05); however, there was a significant increase in nitrites/nitrates levels after the PEBL test (p = 0.007). On the other hand, the determined cortisol levels after the test battery were found to be statistically significantly increased (p = 0.025) when compared to the values obtained before the test, while the levels of IgA were found to be statistically significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The only statistically significant correlation between the changes in the studied parameters was found to be the one between cortisol and IgA levels (Spearman's Rö = -0.4). These results suggest that the short-term stress induced by the PEBL test does evoke changes in the salivary mental stress-related parameters (an increase in cortisol and nitrite/nitrate levels, and a decrease in IgA), but not in the total antioxidant capacity. They also indicate that the constructed PEBL four-test battery might represent an adequate laboratory stress-inducing paradigm.

Role of sialic acid, protein, and sugar parameters of saliva and serum as a diagnostic biomarker tool among oral squamous cell carcinoma patients at rural Kanpur: An evaluative case—control assessment

Context: It is essential to identify cancer at an early stage to reduce the disease's morbidity and mortality. Noninvasive methods such as serum and saliva analysis, in comparison to existing biopsy, can provide a cost-effective approach for screening a large population. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate sialic acid (SA), protein, and sugar in serum and saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients with controls to assess their role as a diagnostic marker. Settings and Design: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. Subjects and Methods: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. From sixty controls and 78 squamous cell carcinoma patients. Serum and salivary total sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar estimation were carried out. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were tabulated and analyzed statistically using the t-square test, Pearson correlation with SPSS 21 version statistical software. Results: A significant rise in the salivary and serum SA as well serum protein was observed in OSCC study patients as compared to controls. Salivary protein, serum, and salivary sugar also show significant results. Furthermore, serum and salivary SA levels were found to be significantly increased with histopathological grading. Conclusions: The present study showed a significant and gradual increase in serum and salivary SA, protein, and sugar from control to oral cancer. From this study, we can suggest that SA can be used as a reliable biomarker in saliva for screening and early detection of oral cancer.

Relationships between immune parameters of saliva and blood

Background. The study of the relationships between the immune parameters of saliva and blood is of both theoretical and practical importance. The first is to study the relationships between systemic and local immunity, while the second is interesting as a non-invasive method of assessing the immune status and the influence of immunotropic drugs, including balneological, ecological etc. Material and Methods. The object of observation were 34 men and 10 women 24-70 y, who came to the Truskavets’ spa for the treatment of chronic pyelonephritis combined with cholecystitis in remission. The testing was conducted twice, before and after balneotherapy for 7-10 days. Immune parameters of blood evaluated on a set of I and II levels recommended by the WHO. For phenotyping subpopulations of lymphocytes used the methods of rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes on which adsorbed monoclonal antibodies against receptors CD3, CD4, CD8, CD22 and CD56. Subpopulation of T cells with receptors high affinity determined by test of “active” rosette formation. The state of humoral immunity judged by the concentration in serum of Circulating Immune Complexes and Immunoglobulins classes M, G, A. Parameters of phagocytic function of neutrophils estimated in tests with cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The set of immune parameters of saliva was IgG, IgA, secretory IgA and Lysozyme. Results. The correlations of the registered immune parameters of saliva as effective traits with the immune parameters of blood as factor traits were screened. The level of IgA in saliva, which is 88% (R=0,943) determined by immune parameters of blood, was found to be most closely related to them. Dependence on blood parameters of the level of secretory IgA was weaker, but still strong enough (R=0,801). Salivary IgG is associated with blood parameters to a similar extent (R=0,795), but the factor structure of the connection is significantly different from that of secretory IgA. The weakest were the connections of immune parameters of blood with the level of lysozyme in saliva (R=0,717). Conclusion. Saliva levels of IgG, both forms of IgA, and lysozyme are closely related to the immune parameters of the blood, so they can be markers of systemic immunity and its reactions to immunotropic effects.

Estimation of Proinflammatory Factors in the Saliva of Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Dental Caries.

Introduction: The available literature lacks data regarding the levels of resistin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, α-amylase activity, pH, and saliva buffer capacity, as well as oral health and hygiene in the group of adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the research was to assess the selected saliva parameters in patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods: Examined group was composed of 40 patients diagnosed with CF, while the control group of 40 healthy individuals. Both groups underwent the same scheme of the assessment (DMT index, salivary pH, buffer capacity, analysis of total sialic acid, total protein estimation, lysozyme levels estimation, lactofferin levels measurement, α-amylase activity, estimation of the levels of resistin and TNF-α). Results: In the examined group, there were higher values of decayed teeth as well as values of sialic acid, total protein, lactoferrin, α-amylase, and TNF-α. However, mean lysozyme, and resistin levels, as well as pH and buffer capacity of the saliva, were lower. Conclusions: New diagnostic methods, including the evaluation of selected salivary biochemical parameters, may indicate the existence of factors predisposing to severe tooth decay in the study group. Appropriate preventive treatment to combat dental caries in adult patients with CF will significantly improve their comfort and life expectancy.

The Oral Mucosa Status and the Correlation between the Functional Parameters and the Level of Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Saliva among Patients with GERD.

The study involved 91 patients (48 women and 43 men), aged from 18 to 70 years with GERD. All patients underwent the clinical dental examination according to a single scheme including general clinical manifestations (nausea, single vomiting, belching, heartburn, pain in the epigastrium and around the navel, and poor appetite) and dental manifestations of GERD. The objective assessment of the dental status of the examined patients included the measurement of the functional parameters of the mixed saliva, buffer capacity (BC) of saliva, and the detection of the nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) content in saliva from the right parotid salivary gland (“SRPSG”) and in blood serum using the indirect method based on the determination of the stable metabolites: nitrates and nitrites using the Griess reaction. It was established that salivation rate among patients with GERD with the prevailing of ACR and SACR was at the lower limit of normal values (0.32 + 0.19 ml/min), and the salivation rate among patients with the prevailing of SALCR was low (0.10 + 0.04 ml/min). The BC of saliva among patients with the prevailing of ACR and SACR was high (9.07 + 1.23 mmol eq/l and 9.40 + 1.71 mmol eq/l, respectively) and was reduced among patients with the prevailing of SALCR (7.63 + 0.18 mmol eq/l). The NOx level in SRPSG among patients with GERD was increased (especially in Group 3 (20.93 + 11.23 umol/l)). The direct correlation between the indicators of sialometry, the level of the BC of saliva, and the NOx level in SRPSG were established during the study.

Effect of Alcohol Consumption Severity on Oral Health Status in Relation to Salivary Parameters, Smoking and Tooth Wear in Baghdad, Iraq

Background: Alcohol consumption not only affects the general health yet in addition the dental and gingivalhealth of a person. Heavy drinkers are at high danger of creating dental caries, gingival health alterationand tooth disintegration. This condition brings about change in the salivary gland function. Alcohol abusewith smoking have diverse effects on oral health. This study presented to evaluate the effect of alcoholconsumption severity on oral health in relation to salivary parameters, smoking and tooth wear in Baghdad,Iraq.Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty 35-40 years old men with alcohol consumption selectedrandomly. Alcohol consumption individuals classified into three groups according to frequency of alcoholconsumption: regular drinker (GA), frequent drinker (GB) and occasion drinker (GC). Each group consistsof 40 individuals. Gingival (GI), calculus (CI) and dental caries (DMFT) indices were utilized to assessdental and gingival health for all individuals. Parameters of saliva including flow rate and pH assessedimmediately. Tooth wear (TW) was estimated according to the presence or absence of dentine. Smokingwas recorded directly from individual. The results of present study was dissected utilizing SPSS version 23.Results: The median is higher in GA than GB and GC with highly significant difference between groups.For PII, median is higher in GC than other groups, but the mean rank is higher in GA than other groups(no significant difference). For both GI and CI, median and mean rank are higher in GA than others withsignificant difference between them. Salivary flow rate and pH means are higher in GC than other groups withhighly significant differences regarding pH. The high percentage of drinker with tooth wear was recorded inGA compared to other groups with significant difference. The median and mean rank are higher in smokingdrinker than non-smoking drinkers with highly significant difference.Conclusion: Dental caries, periodontal diseases, tooth wear and lower salivary pH were more presented inindividuals with more frequent alcohol consumption. Alcohol drinking with smoking increase the occurrenceof dental caries.

Salivary free light chains as a new biomarker to measure psychological stress: the impact of a university exam period on salivary immunoglobulins, cortisol, DHEA and symptoms of infection

IntroductionMeasurement of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) in saliva can serve as a non-invasive biomarker in health and behavioural research. FLCs have been explored in relation to physiological stress but FLC responses to psychological stress and their relationship with infections remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of exam period stress on salivary FLCs alongside other established biomarkers of stress and whether FLCs relate to symptoms of infection. Methods58 healthy adults studying at university completed saliva samples and questionnaires in a period without exams (baseline), and again prior to the start of an exam period. Saliva samples were assessed for FLCs, IgA, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Measures of life events stress, perceived stress, anxiety and depression were completed. Students also reported incidence and severity of symptoms of infection and rated general well-being at baseline, prior to, during and after the exam period. Exercise, sleep and alcohol consumption were also assessed at both timepoints. ResultsFLCs secretion rates were significantly lower at the exam period compared to baseline (p < .01), with reductions of 26% and 25% for κ FLC and λ FLC, respectively. In agreement, salivary IgA secretion rate was lower at exams (non-significant trend, p = .07). Cortisol concentration significantly increased at exams (p < .05) while DHEA did not change, leading to an increase in the cortisol:DHEA ratio (p = .06). Depression (p < .05) and anxiety increased from baseline to exams and life stress reported in the build up to the exam period was higher compared with baseline (p < .001). Well-being significantly decreased from baseline to exams (p < .01). The proportion of participants reporting infection symptoms (70%) was unchanged between baseline and prior to exams. No significant relationships were found between FLCs or other saliva parameters and infection symptoms, well-being or stress/psychological measures. Changes in saliva parameters between timepoints were independent of health behaviours. ConclusionsSalivary FLCs are responsive to life events stress and corroborate with IgA. This preliminary study highlights the potential utility of FLCs as a new salivary biomarker in stress research.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Salivary Biochemical Markers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The purpose of the work is a comprehensive assessment of biochemical saliva markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer. The group of patients included 68 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, 50 with non-cancerous diseases of the oral cavity, and 114 healthy volunteers. Before the start of treatment, 23 biochemical parameters of saliva were determined. Participants were monitored for six years to assess survival rates. The statistical analysis was performed by means of Statistica 10.0 and R package. A complex of metabolic changes occurring in saliva in oral cancer is described. It was shown that none of the studied parameters could be used to diagnose oral cancer in an independent variant; the use of combinations of parameters is more informative. The high prognostic value of the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the Na/K-ratio in saliva before treatment was established. Thus, the content of MDA ˂ 7.34 nmol/mL and the Na/K-ratio > 1.09 c.u. is a prognostically unfavorable factor (HR = 7.88, 95% CI 1.10–54.62, p = 0.01876), which may be useful for optimizing the treatment of patients with oral cancer. It has been shown that saliva has great potential for the development of diagnostic and prognostic tests for oral cancer.

Clinical and biochemical parameters of the effectiveness a periodontal probiotic complex

Relevance. The article describes the use of probiotics in dentistry. This is a possible alternative to antibiotic therapy for major periodontal diseases. The efficacy of the probiotic complex «ASEPTA PARODONTAL®» containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, vitamin D was studied in the gingivitis treatment. Purpose. To prove use of the probiotic complex in patients with gingivitis. Materials and methods . An open comparative study of the use the probiotic complex «ASEPTA PARODONTAL®» for a month was conducted, in which 37 volunteers took part, with an average age of 21.3 ± 1.0 years. Results. After a month of using the medicine, a decrease in the hygiene index by 38,19 % and the inflammation index PMA by 46,65% were revealed. The decrease of index SBI was 63,47 %, the decrease the level of halitosis on the VAS scale was 66,23%. The biochemical indicators of saliva revealed a decrease in GOT from 22,25 ± 4,06 U/l to 7,36 ± 1,24 U/l, GPT from 14,26 ± 2,61 to 4,67 ± 1,08 U/l, saliva protein level by 70,28% to 0,63 ± 0.10 g/l, a decrease in the integral index of total antioxidant activity from 1,15 ± 0,04 to 0,81 ± 0,05 mmol/l. Conclusion. The probiotic complex «ASEPTA PARODONTAL®» has anti-inflammatory effect and reduces the level of halitosis. The studied complex normalizes the biochemical parameters of saliva, characterizing the change in the microbiota of the oral cavity.

Salivary Cytokines in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome versus Healthy Children: A Comparative Study.

Background: The aims of this study were to compare salivary cytokines and total protein between children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and healthy children, and to examine whether saliva parameters can differentiate between steroid sensitivity and resistance and between disease remission and relapse. Methods: Twenty-seven children with nephrotic syndrome were classified according to steroid sensitivity and resistance, and disease remission and relapse. Twenty healthy children served as controls. Whole saliva samples were collected from all the participants. Urine and blood tests done on the same day as the saliva collection were recorded. Salivary total protein was quantified using bicinchoninic acid and IFNγ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, and IL1β levels using ELISA. Results: The mean ages of the nephrotic syndrome and control groups were 11.3 ± 2.4 and 9 ± 4.2, respectively. Compared to the control group, for the nephrotic syndrome group, total salivary protein was significantly lower, as were the levels of all the cytokines examined except IFNγ. Statistically significant differences were not found in any of the salivary markers examined between the children with nephrotic syndrome who were treatment sensitive (n = 19) and resistant (n = 8). Protein and IL-8 salivary levels were lower in the active (n = 7) than in the remission (n = 20) group. Conclusions: Salivary parameters distinguished children with nephrotic syndrome in relapse from healthy children. This may be due to decreased salivary protein excretion, which reflects decreased plasma levels, consequent to proteinuria. Accordingly, salivary markers may be developed as a diagnostic or screening tool for NS activity.