Parameters Grain Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И ХЛЕБОПЕКАРНЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СОРТОВ ТВЕРДОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СМЕШИВАНИЯ С МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЕЙ

The use of non-traditional types of raw materials is an important direction in the baking industry, which allows expanding the range of bakery products. These types of raw materials include grain - durum wheat. The purpose of the research is to evaluate, based on the results of technological and baking evaluation, the effectiveness of mixing grain flour of various varieties of durum wheat and soft wheat flour. The technological parameters of grain, the rheological and physical parameters of the dough, the general baking assessment were studied, and it was found that the high gas-forming ability of durum wheat allows it to be used up to 30% as an improver for soft wheat during baking. However, a positive effect was not observed in all years of the study. The effect of improvement due to the mutual compensation of the missing components and the complementarity (mutual complementarity) of soft and durum wheat varieties has been established. It was found that in 2015 the largest volume of bread 920-980 cm3 and a high baking grade (smooth surface, oval shape, golden brown color of the crust, as well as fine thin-walled porosity with an elastic light crumb) were obtained by adding durum varieties to soft wheat. , which in the year of the study formed a weak gluten (thinning of the dough 110-130 f.f., valorimetric estimate - 46-54 w.u.). In 2020, the varieties used in composite mixtures of both spring soft and durum wheat had high quality in terms of baking assessment both in control (Tulaikovskaya 108 - bread volume 1300 cm3) and in mixtures of 1140-1255 cm3. The appearance of bread and crumb in almost all variants had a five-point rating. The use of the optimal amount of durum wheat flour (30:70%) when baking bread reduces its staleness by 6.5% relative to the control (soft wheat), the bread remains fresh for a long time with an elastic, quickly restored crumb.

Promising two-row covered cultivars for increasing yield and quality of barley grain in conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Agroclimatic features of the regions of barley cultivation necessitate the creation and cultivation of cultivars characterized by adaptability to local bioand abiofactors. Such cultivars are able to form a stable high-quality crop regardless of the conditions prevailing during the growing season. The developing of potentially high-yielding cultivars is a priority task of barley breeding in the West Siberian region. Two-row barley is characterized by grain equalization, reduced husk content and increased extractive content, compared to sixrow barley. The aim of the study was to characterize the new promising cultivars of barley (two-row covered group) selected in Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center. The research was conducted in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia in 2012-2019. 8 cultivars of coverd two-row barley selected in Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center were studied. There are new promising cultivars among them: Omskiy 100 (included in the Russian State Register in 2019) and Omskiy 101 (sent to the State Registration Service in 2018). The standard cultivar was Omskiy 95 (2007). The biochemical parameters of grain were determined: protein content, crude fat, starch, husk content. Barley selection from 2000 to 2019 focused on the developing of drought-resistant cultivars, which formed increased productivity and quality of grain in dry and arid periods of vegetation in conditions of optimal moistening. New promising cultivars - Omskiy 100 and Omskiy 101 were characterized by the formation of increased indicators of grain quality and productivity in vegetation periods that were contrasting in climatic characteristics. Due to increased yield and grain quality, cv. Omskiy100 had increased protein (+57.91 kg/ha), starch (+0.3 t/ha) and fat (+11.7 kg/ha) harvest compared to the standard. Cv. Omskiy 101 increased protein harvest by 84.9 kg/ha in comparison to the standard.

АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПОСЛЕ РАПСА В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

There is a great number of repeated and permanent spring wheat crops with insufficient areas occupied by forecrops of the first group in the grain-sowing zones of the Omsk region, which leads to a decrease of soil fertility, productivity and grain quality. The aim of the research is to reveal the influence of rapeseed forecrop on fertility, phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological properties of spring wheat grain in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Complex studies were carried out in a stationary crop rotation of Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center (rapeseed-wheat-soybean-wheat) in 2011-2017. The effectiveness of different intensity impact of soil cultivation systems in crop rotation and effectiveness of intensification means were studied in a two-factor experiment on meadow-black soil. The influence patterns of agricultural technologies on soil fertility elements, phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological parameters of grain were established. It was found that in case of intensity decrease of soil cultivation systems in a crop rotation, especially with limited application of intensification means, there is a spring wheat yield decrease after rapeseed forecrop by 0.17 t / ha. Grain yield increases to 2.88 t / ha in case of complex usage of chemicals, with a decrease of variability over years (variation coefficient) from 55 to 37% or by 1.5 times. The application of fungicides reduces the development and prevalence of infections on the upper layer of leaves and increases yield by 0.56 t / ha or by 27.5%. An increase of the mass of 1000 grains, the nature of grain, the content of protein and gluten was observed on the variant of intensive cultivation technology.

Effect of Processing on Some Quality Parameters of Flour and Bread Made from Wheat Grain Biofortified with Zn and Se

Millions of people have inadequate Se and Zn intakes, but agronomic biofortification could prevent this. This study evaluated the effect of the combined Zn and Se biofortification on the quality parameters of grain, and on the composition of minerals (Zn, Se, Mg, Ca and Fe) and their availability in bread-making wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) products, white flour, wholemeal bread and white bread were evaluated. The studied treatments were soil Zn (no Zn, and 50 kg Zn ha−1) and foliar applications (0, 10 g Se ha−1, 8 kg Zn ha−1, and 10 g Se ha−1 + 8 kg Zn ha−1) and were tested in a two-year field experiment (2017–2018, 2018–2019). The foliar combined biofortification increased the concentration of both minerals in white flour, wholemeal bread and white bread by about 33%, 24% and 51%, respectively for Zn, and 3.3-fold, 3.4-fold and 2.7-fold for Se, showing a synergistic effect on Se concentration with the Se and Zn combination. While the loss of Zn and Se during the milling process was41% and 18%, respectively, baking caused a loss of 15% and 19%, respectively, for wholemeal bread, and up to 61% and 29% for Zn and Se for white bread. Hence, although the consumption of wholemeal bread instead of white bread may enhance Zn and Se intake more than biofortification, until consumption habits change, the biofortification of wheat can help to mitigate inadequate Zn and Se intakes in the general population.

The technological properties of winter wheat grain during long-term storage

In the world, the demand for quality and safe grain products is increasing. The need to preserve wheat in the event of a natural disaster requires the study of optimal storage times of grain without degrading technological indexes. The purpose of the work was to study the dynamics of technological properties of winter wheat grown after peas, clover, corn for silage and the industrial, ecological, biological growing systems during 1, 3, and 5 years of storage in the conditions of the ordinary granary. The absence of significant differences in the technological parameters of the grain of wheat grown at industrial and ecological systems, but significantly lower indicators at a biological growing system was found. The highest hectolitre weight obtained when wheat grain was grown after corn for silage, and vitreousness – after the clover. Significantly higher biochemical parameters of grain and alveographic properties of flour were for the cultivation of wheat after peas, which provided additional accumulation of protein substances. There are no significant changes in the indicator of hectolitre weight during the grain storage. Other indicators increased significantly after 1 year of storage (on average by 10 – 30%). For further storage, vitreousness growth was insignificant. After 5 years of storage, the falling number significantly increased (on 21% compared to the initial values and on 7% – after 3 years of storage). The content of protein, gluten in the grain, and alveographic properties of flour significantly decreased after 5 years of storage. The possibility of obtaining grain of wheat with high technological parameters for a more safe ecological growing system was established. It was also confirmed to need for grain storage up to 1 year to improve quality indicators and it was established that it safely stored for 3 years.

The method of ‘main component’ in the grain sorghum breeding for arid conditions of the lower Volga region

In the breeding process of agricultural crops, including sorghum, the use of multivariate statistics methods makes it possible to determine the correlation between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain in the model population, as well as to identify the load of hypothetical factors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the correlations between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain, which characterize the load of hypothetical factors in the model grain sorghum population. For practical breeding process, there have been analyzed 13 economically valuable traits in 27 grain sorghum varieties, developed by the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo”. There has been established a different variation degree of the traits of grain sorghum; a strong variation degree was established for such traits as ‘flag leaf area’, ‘the largest leaf area’, ‘panicle stem’, ‘productive tilling capacity’, ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (27.3–35.2%); a weak variation degree was established for such traits as ‘protein percentage’ and ‘starch content’ in grain (2.8–8.6%). The group with an average degree of variation includes the traits ‘plant height’ after 30 days of growing and at ripening period, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-grain weight’, and ‘grain yield’ (10.1–15.6%). When analyzing the matrix of correlation coefficients, there were calculated the hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance. There has been built a correlation pleiad, which made it possible to demonstrate mean (r = 0.51–0.68) and strong (r = 0.76–0.94) correlations. There have been considered six hypothetical factors reflecting the total contribution to the accumulated variance, Z-1 – 40.86%, Z-2 – 13.76%, Z-3 – 11.85%, Z-4 – 8.74%, Z- 5 – 6.69%, Z-6 – 5.99%. The first hypothetical factor is determined by such traits as ‘the largest leaf area’ and ‘flag leaf area’ (0.78–0.80), ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (0.84–0.91), ‘grain productivity’ (0.77) and ‘productive tillering capacity’ (- 0.78). The results obtained are used in breeding programs to develop grain sorghum varieties and hybrids adapted to the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region.

Improving the mechanical-mathematical model of grain mass separation in a fluidized bed

This paper has substantiated the prospect of modeling the processes of separating grain mass into fractions as one of the tasks in the production of high-quality seed material. It has been determined that this could optimize the parameters of separation processes and design new working surfaces for its implementation. It is noted that modeling should take into consideration the influence of the structural and kinematic parameters of grain cleaning machines, the physical and mechanical properties of raw materials, the intralayer processes and forces. The reported theoretical study has improved the mechanical-mathematical model of grain mass separation in a pseudo-fluidized bed according to its density. The model establishes a relationship between the effective coefficient of dynamic viscosity and the density of particles in the discrete and continuous phases and the volumetric concentration of discrete phase particles. At the same time, the porosity of a fluidized bed has been accounted for, as well as the longitudinal and transverse angles of inclination of the base surface to the horizontal plane, the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the particles of the continuous phase; the direction angle of oscillations relative to the perpendicular to the base surface. The adequacy of the improved mechanical-mathematical model has been confirmed by comparing the experimental and theoretical results of grain mass fractionation modeling. It was found that the differences in the density values of the separated fractions of GM did not exceed 7...8 %, that is, they were within the margin of error. It has been established that the improved model of grain mass separation in a fluidized bed could be used to determine the rational values for the parameters of a pneumatic sorting table that is used for the fractionation of the corresponding seed material. The initial data, in this case, are the density of the continuous and solid phases of grain mass, the friction coefficient of the seeds, and the equivalent radius of the particle. The result of modeling is the rational values of the amplitude and oscillation frequency of the working surface of the pneumatic sorting table, and the angles of inclination of the working surface

Crop Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Grains as Affected by Tillage Systems

In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of tillage systems (TS) on wheat grain yield, yield components, and physicochemical properties under rain-fed conditions over 2 years (2018–2019) in the Kuhdasht region in southwestern Iran. The tillage treatments were a combination of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no tillage (NT) systems based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Wheat grain yields and yield components, physical properties (geometrical dimensions, sphericity, thousand-grain mass (TGM), water absorption (WA), volume (V), and density), chemical composition (protein content (PC), water content (WC), fiber content (FC), ash content (AC)), surface color parameters (L*, a*, and b*), and correlations among measured parameters were assessed. The results showed that wheat grain yield and yield components were significantly affected by TS (p < 0.01). The wheat grain yield was higher under CT (2.72 t ha−1), with a significant difference between RT (1.76 t ha−1) and NT (1.20 t ha−1). The highest TGM (49.19 g) was achieved under CT, followed by RT (43.41 g), with the lowest (39.17 g) in the NT system. TS had significant effects on certain physical properties of wheat grains (p < 0.01). Wheat grain, size, shape, and mass values were higher under CT than RT and NT systems in all experimental years. CT resulted in the highest WA, while the lowest resulted from NT. TS had no significant influence on the density of the grains. TS had significant effects on PC, AC, and WC values of grains at the 1% probability level and on FC at the 5% level. Higher PC values were obtained under the CT system (13.07%, against 11.90% and 10.67% for RT and NT, respectively) in all growing seasons. Additionally, the AC was significantly lower in the sample grains under RT (2.38%) and NT (2.43%) than in those from CT (2.56). The FC was higher under NT (15.73%) than RT (13.73) and CT (13.71%). The grain WC was significantly higher under NT (7.57%) than RT (6.79%) and CT (7.0%). The TS significantly affected the surface color parameters of grains, while the L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values of grains under CT were higher than in RT and NT.

СИНТЕЗ ЗАКОНУ КЕРУВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОПРИВОДОМ ВЕНТИЛЯТОРА ЗЕРНОКИДАЧА ДЛЯ ФОКУСУВАННЯ ЗЕРНОВОГО ПОТОКУ

The work considers the solution to the urgent problem of reloading grain into vehicles and reducing its damage. The possibility of throwing grain at a given range by creating an appropriate ballistic flight path by adjusting the speed of the electric drive of the belt when it is powered by a frequency converter is substantiated. The problem of reducing the focus of grain scattering by forming the flow of grain and controlling its movement not only when moving on the belt, but also after the separation of the flow and its movement in the air. Focusing of the lower layer is achieved by giving it an additional initial speed, which is provided by the air flow from the fan installed under the belt. For the frequency converter of the electric drive of the fan, in the form of a regression model, the control law which considers parameters of grain and necessary range of transportation is synthesized. Experiment planning theory was used to synthesize the control law.

СРОКИ УБОРКИ – КАК ФАКТОР ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The issues of influence of terms of harvesting and threshing of wheat on technological properties of grain are considered. Studies were conducted in 2014-2016. in the conditions of vertical zonality of Kabardino-Balkaria, in the foothill and steppe zones. The studied winter wheat variety is Yuzhanka, a joint selection of the Institute of Agriculture of the KBNC RAS and FSBNU "NCZ named after P.P. Lukyanenko." The experiments provided for the study of the variability of the technological parameters of grain (full weight, vitreous, protein content and raw gluten) in wheat at different harvesting times in two soil-climatic zones. Harvesting was carried out in the phase of the beginning, middle and end of wax ripeness, in full ripeness and when flowing to the root for 5 and 10 days from the full. Harvesting into full ripeness and during overflow was carried out by direct harvesting, into other phases of ripening in a separate way. Comparing the results of experiments in two soil-climatic zones, it can be noted that the grain obtained in the foothill zone is worse in its technological indicators than the grain grown in the steppe zone. The best physical properties (vitreous, natural weight) were formed in grain harvested in the phases of the end of wax and complete ripeness in two zones, and in quality (protein and gluten content) in the phase of complete ripeness in the steppe zone. When the wheat goes to the root, the content of protein, gluten and other indicators decreases.

ИМИТАЦИОННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ НАГРЕВА ЗЕРНА ЭНЕРГИЕЙ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО СВЧ ПОЛЯ

High speed and efficiency of microwave heating of dielectrics makes it possible to use theelectromagnetic field to heat and dry almost any material containing moisture. One of the promisingareas for the use of microwave energy is the intensification of the grain drying process.To ensure rapid prototyping and reduce the possibility of losses caused by errors at various stagesof equipment development and implementation, model development is of particular importance.The purpose of this work is to perform simulation of a slotted waveguide grating for grain drying.The main task of the simulation is to ensure an even distribution of power to each slot. A specializedsoftware package FEKO is used as a modeling environment. To describe the model, an exactcalculation method is used - the method of moments. The distribution of the electric field and specificabsorbed power in a layer of grain exposed to microwave radiation is obtained. The modelswere verified by comparing the results obtained with different mesh values of surface elements.Modeling the distribution of the electric field strength showed that moving the waveguides awayfrom the cell with the grain leads to the leveling of the field irregularities, but in this case some ofthe radiated power is dissipated into space. In this case, an increase in the distance between thewaveguides and the cell with grain does not affect the antenna SWR. It should be noted that in areal situation, the wave nature of the field is smoothed out due to heat transfer, and this phenomenoncannot be taken into account in the process of electromagnetic simulation. In addition, theentire variety of possible changes in the dielectric parameters of grain should be investigated inorder to analyze the process of wave propagation in grain with high moisture. It is also advisableto consider other modifications of slotted waveguide antennas, which can provide more uniformheating in the container with grain.

A Comparative Assessment of the Baking Quality of Hybrid and Population Wheat Cultivars

The study assessed the quality parameters of grain and flour, the rheological properties of dough and the quality of bread prepared from flour of hybrid cultivars of wheat in comparison with population cultivars of wheat. As the interest in wheat hybrids cultivars from the agricultural and milling industry is growing, their technological value of grain and flour was evaluated at two levels of nitrogen fertilisation (N1—110 kg/ha, N2—150 kg/ha). Increasing the fertilisation (N2) produced a significant influence on the crude protein and gluten content in the flour, as well as the moisture of the crumb and the yield of the dough without impacting other rheological traits and parameters of bread baking process. The performed principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for identification of the best cultivars among the studied wheat cultivars (Hybery and Hyvento). The hybrid cultivar Hyvento was characterised by favourable qualitative traits of the grain (vitreousness, crude protein content) and rheological parameters of the dough (bread volume), however, it had lower baking quality parameters. Among the hybrid cultivars, the best applicability for baking purposes was Hybery due to the favourable values of the baking process parameters and bread quality (bread yield, bread volume, Dallmann porosity index of crumb). Hybrid cultivars of wheat can therefore be used for the production of bread and be an alternative in agricultural production for population cultivars, which will contribute to filling the knowledge gap for the hybrid wheat cultivars.

Evaluation of technological and cereal qualities of grains of zoned barley varieties grown in Subtaiga-taiga zone of the Irkutsk region

Among the varieties of barley (Hordeum sativum), barley nutans varieties have the best qualities for food processing according to state standards (GOST) 28672-90. The paper presents the results of cultivation and a comprehensive assessment of technological parameters of grain of zoned barley varieties: Acha, Abalak and Biome obtained in the conditions of the subtaiga-taiga zone of the Irkutsk region. Barley was grown according to the steam predecessor on gray forest soil with a high level of fertility according to the methodology of the state network for testing varieties in the Nizhneudinsky state site of variety testing. Grain quality assessment was carried out according to generally accepted methods in accredited laboratories. It is shown that grain quality is subject to dynamics due to changes in meteorological conditions during the cultivation of barley. In terms of nature, all varieties meet the requirements of GOST 28672-90. Grain Biome is characterized by a higher mass of 1000 grains (more than 50 g), which subsequently affects its cereal qualities. The quality of cereals in all varieties is rated as “excellent”. In terms of uniformity, cereal yield and protein content in grain, the best among the studied varieties was Biome. Thus, the cereal quality of the grain obtained in the region meets the requirements of the processing industry and is determined by the variety.

Impact of Microwave Thermal Processing on Major Grain Quality Traits of Linseed (Linum usitatissium L.)

The current study investigated the effects of thermal processing of the microwave technology on nutritive value, crude protein solubility, urease activity and amino acid profile on linseed grains. Samples were treated in a SAMSUNG GE82N-B microwave oven at 450W for 0 (L1), 60 (L2), 180 (L3), 300 (L4), and 420 (L5) seconds, respectively. Microwave treatment for 300 seconds showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in activity urease comparing to raw linseed. The raw and treated linseed protein solubility index (PDI) show statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) between all the treatments compared. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of samples differences in the amino acid composition between controls and experimental treatments showed that amino acids were not significantly affected (p ≥ 0.05), except isoleucine and leucine amino acid (p ≤ 0.05). From the results of the present study, it is possible to identify that the best method for improving linseed quality for animal feed is the application of microwave for 60 second (treatment L2). Our results indicate that microwave thermal processing or micronizing dry thermal processing of grains could be successfully used in large industrial feed production with a short period of time and the improved nutritional parameters of grains, increased shelf-life and the unchanged amino acid profile of treated grains.

Biofortification with Zinc and Iron Improves the Grain Quality and Yield of Wheat Crop

Hidden hunger is emerging as a major challenge for agricultural scientists because world population is increasing and food production is augmenting. Metals deficiencies (micronutrient malnutrition), especially Zn and Fe, are affecting over half of global population because they are depending cereal crops mainly wheat rice and maize for their daily diet. There are various possible techniques to overcome the hidden hunger but agronomic biofortification is one of the major agricultural strategies to enhance the grain concentration of micronutrients. Application of iron sulphate (FeSO4) zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and as alone or in combination either soil and foliar application increased the height of plants, number of tillers, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight, economical yield, biological yield and harvesting index, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and protein contents. Among different Zn and Fe concentrations applied either soil supplement or foliar spray, combine foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 and 1% FeSO4 significantly improved the maximum growth or quality attributes of wheat. Biofortification is one of the major agricultural strategies to enhance the concentration of micronutrients in grains to minimize the malnutrition. Combination of Zn and Fe as foliar spray (0.5% ZnSO4 and 1% FeSO4) increased the yield traits of wheat crop as well as quality parameters of grains. Foliar application method is more appropriate for availability of nutrients to plants for optimum growth as compared to soil application method. Combined application of Zn and Fe (0.5% ZnSO4 and 1% FeSO4) through foliar spray is recommended to enhance the productivity of wheat crop with good quality of grains.

Direct and indirect losses determining the harmfulness of mushrooms p. <i>Fusarium</i> – fusariosis causes wheat speak and grain

Fungi p.Fusariumis one of the most harmful pathogens of wheat diseases. Their harmfulness is caused both by direct losses due to decrease in yield, and indirect as a result of infection of the obtained products with mycotoxins and decrease in process, baking and sowing parameters of grain. Due to high potential losses, analysis of quantitative parameters of harmfulness of fusarium pathogens of spike and grain is relevant. The paper presents data showing the harmfulness of Fusarium of spike and wheat grain. The causes of direct and indirect losses in case of damage to wheat spike by fungi of p.Fusarium. Direct losses of crop yield are shown in the natural conditions of Minsk region and with the epiphytotic development of the disease in case of artificial infection, which can reach over 50 %. The effect of Fusaria on baking properties of wheat is analyzed. It was determined that grain damage causes decrease in weight of 1000 grains and the flour yield when it is used in the milling industry, as well as deterioration in its quality due to decrease in protein and crude gluten level. The effect of pathogens on sowing parameters of grain is determined. It is concluded that for use as seeds in terms of laboratory germination capacity, batches of grain infected with Fusarium only up to 15 % can be accepted. The data obtained will allow us to adapt protective measures against Fusarium of spike and grain and reduce its negative impact on crop yield and quality of the products obtained.

Fungicide chemicals for the integrated management of rust disease in chickpea

Chickpea is one of the major pulse crop affected by various diseases, the rust caused by (Uromyces ciceris-arietini) (Grogon) Jacz. & Boyer is considered as one of the most distructive disease of chickpea. Rust pathogen affects in all growth stages results in substantial losses in terms of both quality and quantity parameters of grain and this reinforces the need to exploit several management strategies including chemical control. Therefore, present investigation was carried out to examine the efficacy of total of twelve chemicals fungicides alone and/or in combination against rust disease of chickpea in two independent locations viz., Arabhavi and Dharwad during 2017-18. The field experiment consisting of three replication and thirteen treatments. The results of the experiment revealed that all the twelve fungicides tested were found effective for the management of chickpea rust disease as compare to control (water spray). However spray combination of Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% w/w 75 WG @ 1.0 g/l twice at onset of disease significantly reduced rust incidence with record of 14.28 PDI with high total yield of 12.36 qtl/ha followed by Tebuconazole 25 EC @1 ml/l recorded 15.72 PDI with yield of 12.22qtl/ha, Propioconazole 25EC @1.0 ml/lit (Tilt) recorded 16.41 PDI with higher yield of 11.17 qtl/ha) found effective in reducing the disease. While, Difenoconazole 25 EC@1 ml/l showed 17.45 PDI and yield of 10.56qtl/ha, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% w/w 75WG @ 0.5 g/l recorded 18.25 PDI and 10.36qtl/ha of yield and Pyraclostrobin 25 EC @1 ml/l observed with 20.02 rust PDI with yield of 10.32qtl/ha showing equally effective in reducing rust percent disease incidence and increased yield when compared to control that recorded highest rust disease incidence (53.71 PDI) and lower yield (6.16 qtl/ha).

Responsiveness of buckwheat varieties to foliar applications by microfertilizer under forest steppe of the volga region

The yields of modern intensive varieties of buckwheat in arid regions are highly susceptible to adverse hydrothermal growing conditions. The selection of optimal compositions and technologies for using modern agrochemicals that provide an adaptogenic effect and a favourable vegetation regime of plants can be an effective way to stabilize the grain production of this warm-loving but the drought-resistant crop. Scientists have poorly studied these issues and the issues of efficient use of mineral nutrition resources in buckwheat. They studied the responsiveness of buckwheat varieties, that differ in the morphological and biological characteristics of plants, to the foliar application by Yara concentrated complex water-soluble fertilizers containing macroand microelements.The data obtained indicate the presence of varietal specificity, which manifests itself to varying degrees of plant responsiveness to foliar application in the formation of leaf area, grain yield and quality indicators of the crop. The authors made conclusions about the preferred dates for foliar application with the studied Yara complex micronutrient fertilizers. When the foliar application of microelements in the phase of the beginning of grain formation, the K-850 cultivar had the highest yield and the best quality parameters of grains. For the K-899 cultivar, the application in the russeting phase was most effective for grains and affected the best plumpness of the grains. The more powerful morphological potential of Batyr plants was not realized by an adequate increase in yield for the performed feeding. The authors observed a slight tendency to decrease the crude protein content in grains during the foliar application which is probably due to the inverse correlation of this trait with the formation rate of the organic mass of plants.

Rationale for the use of enriching additives from vegetable raw materials in the production of pasta

Pasta in comparison with other flour products has a number of advantages: high digestibility of essential nutrients, long shelf life, low cost and availability for all segments of the population. The most rational way to create functional pasta is to introduce into the recipe natural ingredients of plant origin, non-traditional for this industry, which can increase nutritional value, improve organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators, create a group of new varieties, intensify production processes, improve quality in the processing of raw materials with low pasta properties, to ensure the saving of primary and secondary raw materials. For the experiments, wheat flour of the highest grade, obtained by grinding soft wheat of the Ertys 97 variety, and pasta flour (grain), obtained from durum wheat of the Kargala 69 variety, were used. According to the results of the analysis of organoleptic, physicochemical, biochemical parameters of grain and flour, it can be stated that the quality of grain and flour meets the requirements of the standards. Corn, chickpea, amaranth flour and carrot powder obtained by grinding whole grains of Budan 237 maize, Kamila chickpea, A. cruentus amaranth (obtained and grown locally in the Almaty region) and Abako carrots in a mechanical activator mill were used as additives. The results of studies of the chemical composition of polydisperse corn, chickpea, amaranth flour and carrot powder indicate high nutritional value, the possibility of using as biologically active additives for enriching pasta with proteins, minerals, organic acids, vitamins and natural dyes.

Optimization of Grain Flows in the “Field-Elevator” Chain During the Harvesting of Grain Seeds in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Grain transportation from a combine harvester to a post-harvest grain processing center (hereinafter referred to as “elevator”) in Kazakhstan has its own specific features: significant grain transportation distances of more than 5 kilometers, country roads without a special paving, uneven and rough terrains, large field sizes, uncertain grain transportation routes from the field to the elevator. This reduces the speed of grain transportation, increases the time spent on transportation, requires a lot of vehicles, and makes difficulties in ensuring the coherent interaction of transport vehicles and combine harvesters. It is especially important to take this into account when transporting seeds on seed farms that use the pre-sowing seed irradiation technology to increase the productivity of seeds. ( Research purpose ) To classify the regions of Kazakhstan by the scale of grain production, determine the parameters of typical seed farms and to calculate their optimal parameters of grain transporting with simultaneous grain irradiation during transportation, minimizing mutual downtime of combine harvesters and transport vehicles during grain crop harvesting in the Republic of Kazakhstan. ( Materials and methods ) The study was carried out using the most typical for Kazakhstan SK-5M Niva combine harvesters and a GАZ-53 vehicles. The vehicle body was equipped with lowfrequency electromagnetic radiators and a special leveling device for grain input from a combine harvester through the grain auger. The authors developed a methodology for choosing the parameters of zonal typical farms based on the following parameters of the transport grain flow: the trip duration along a “field – elevator – field” route, the number of round trips per day, loading capacity of a vehicle; duration, volume, range and speed of transportation, and the coefficient of capacity utilization. It has been revealed that the round trip duration is the most variable parameter. ( Results and discussion ) The authors have proposed an algorithm for calculating the parameters of typical (model) seed farms in Kazakhstan based on statistics obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic. Three categories of grain-producing regions were distinguished, for each of which the number of seed-growing farms was determined: 171 – for category I, 128 – for category II, 282 – for category III, with a total of 581 farms. The average area of each farm amounts to 2760; 656, and 276 hectares, respectively; round trip periods last for 68.4; 49.5, and 35.5 minutes. ( Conclusions ) It has been determined that the total demand for grain seeds in Kazakhstan is about 2 million tons. The authors have calculated the required number of seed farms, which equals 581. The total demand for vehicles equipped with low-frequency electromagnetic irradiators has been estimated as equaling 5700 units.