Contract Parameters Research Articles

Spontaneous Human Myometrial Contractility in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Relation to Past Mode of Delivery.

It is well established that women with a previous vaginal delivery have higher success rates in relation to vaginal birth after cesarean than those without. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of past mode of delivery on contractile parameters of human myometrium in vitro. Myometrial strips were excised from 64 women at cesarean delivery (CD) and recordings of spontaneous contractile activity analyzed and compared across three clinical groups: (1) women with no previous delivery (Group 1); (2) women with CD only (Group 2); and (3) women with a history of vaginal delivery and CD (Group 3). Myometrial samples from women in Group 3, women who had a previous vaginal delivery, had a significantly greater maximum amplitude of contractions (p < 0.05), a greater force (mean contractile force) of contractions (p < 0.01), and a faster rate of rise (p < 0.01) and relaxation of contractions (p < 0.05) than those in Groups 1 and 2. Many of the functional parameters of human uterine contractions are altered, or enhanced, in the women who have had a previous vaginal delivery, when compared with those without. This may partly explain the clinical differences observed in labor.

Incentive Mechanism for Cooperative Scalable Video Coding (SVC) Multicast Based on Contract Theory

In scalable video coding (SVC) multicast, videos are encoded into several layers that represent multiple quality levels. Mobile users with different wireless channel conditions can obtain different numbers of layers and have different quality of experience (QoE). To enhance the QoE of the users that suffer from the worse channel quality, it is beneficial to stimulate users' cooperation in relaying enhancement layers. However, potential relays may be unwilling to truthfully cooperate with receivers, which results in the asymmetric information problem in relay selecting. In this paper, we model the video relaying selection as a market with multiple receivers (principals) and relays (agents), and solve the problem according to the contract theory. The proposed solution is divided into following two steps: first, contract design and item preselection, and second, matching between each principal and agent. We propose a contract parameter determination method termed as the Matching-Aware strategy. Different from traditional strategies, the proposed Matching-Aware strategy makes the contract competitive in principal-agent matching without knowing the probability distribution of relays' types. The matching step is undertaken by the base station with the purpose of maximizing the social welfare. Numerical results corroborate that the contract-based video relaying scheme can tackle the asymmetric information problem. Besides, compared with other two baseline strategies, the proposed Matching-Aware strategy achieves higher QoE.

Study of uterine kinetics in nonpregnant women using cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging.

PurposeTo evaluate the uterine kinetics in each phase of the menstrual cycle when observed in detail using cine‐mode magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sagittal and transverse plane images.MethodsSeven volunteers with a history of multiple natural pregnancies and deliveries were enrolled from January 2017 to May 2017. The kinetic parameters (depth, frequency, and direction) of uterine muscle contractions were evaluated in cine‐mode MRI.ResultsStrong contractions from the uterine cornua to cervix were detected during menstruation. In the late follicular phase, the frequency of opposing contractions from the cervix and uterine cornua increased. Immediately before ovulation, contractions from the cervix reached the uterine fundus. After ovulation, opposing contractions returned. These contractions gradually decreased in the mid‐luteal phase, while fine contractions from the cervix to the middle of the uterine body were frequently observed until 7 days after ovulation. Few contractions were observed in the implantation phase.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the uterine kinetics change in each phase of the menstrual cycle in accordance with the purpose of the uterus in each phase. Further, cine‐mode MRI studies of each phase are needed to assess the relationships between uterine kinetics and infertility.

The Behavioral Promise and Pitfalls in Compensating Store Managers

Compensation systems have rapidly been shifting away from a fixed wage contractual payment basis. Many companies today are creating incentive compensation contracts to reward hard-working employees for jobs done well. Profit sharing (“sharing compensation contract”) and target with bonus (“target compensation contract”) are two common performance-based compensation contracts prevalent in business. We theoretically and behaviorally study the sharing and target compensation contracts in an operational context where a firm sets the parameters of the compensation contracts and a store manager, after observing the compensation contract offered to him, chooses his effort level (unobservable by the firm) and makes ordering decisions for the store. Our experimental data suggest systematic deviations from the theoretical benchmark and reveal behavioral promise and pitfalls under the two compensation contracts. In particular, the store manager is more willing to exert high effort under the target contract all else being equal. However, the store manager is also more likely to punish the firm for perceived “unfair” offers by submitting an extremely low order quantity. We find that bounded rationality plays an important role in driving a higher effort rate under the target contract than the sharing contract. We introduce a new formulation of the fairness concerns, which is referred to as by-state fairness, where individuals, rather than considering whether the expected profits received are fair, consider the fairness in the potential realized outcomes. This new formulation explains why managers are more likely to order very little to punish the firm under the target contract. In addition, we conduct validation experiments to verify our behavioral explanation. This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management.

The Behavioral Promise and Pitfalls in Compensating Store Managers

Compensation systems have been shifting away rapidly from a fixed wage contractual payment basis. Many companies today are creating incentive compensation contracts to reward hardworking employees for jobs well done. Profit-sharing (“sharing compensation contract” thereafter) and target-with-bonus (“target compensation contract” thereafter) are two common performance based compensation contracts, prevalent in business. We theoretically and behaviorally studied the sharing and the target compensation contracts in an operational context where a firm sets the parameters of the compensation contracts, and a store manager, after observing the compensation contract offered to him, chooses his effort level (unobservable by the firm) and makes ordering decisions for the store. Our experimental data suggests systematic deviations from the theoretical benchmark, and reveals behavioral promise and pitfalls under the two compensation contracts. In particular, the store manager is more willing to exert high effort under the target contract, all else equal. On the other hand, the store manager is also more likely to punish the firm for perceived “unfair” offers, by submitting an extremely low order quantity. We find that bounded rationality plays an important role in driving a higher effort rate under the target contract than the sharing contract. We introduce a new formulation of the fairness concerns, referred to as by-state fairness where individuals, instead of considering whether or not the expected profits received are fair, consider the fairness in potential realized outcomes. This new formulation explains why managers are more likely to order very little as to punish the firm in the target contract. In addition, we conduct validation experiments to verify our behavioral explanation.

Design of balanced energy savings performance contracts

Energy savings performance contracts between the energy users and the energy service companies (ESCO) are used to finance energy efficiency investments by using the future energy savings that will result from these investments. We present an analytical model to characterise the energy savings performance contracts and discuss how the risks of estimating the energy savings affect the energy user and the service provider. This characterisation allows determination of the contract parameters for a balanced contract with the information about the energy savings that are expected from the planned energy-efficiency investments. Since it is difficult to get the statistical information about the energy savings before investing in an energy-efficiency project, we develop a distribution-free contract that sets the guaranteed energy savings level based on the mean and the standard deviation of the energy savings and the profit-sharing ratio between the ESCO and the energy user. We show that a simple distribution-free balanced contract performs satisfactorily when the distribution of the energy savings is not known and its mean and the standard deviation are estimated with error. Our analytical results show that the energy savings contracts with the right parameters can mitigate the risks related to realisation of the anticipated energy savings.

Uterine Contraction Parameters Before and During the Pre-Epidural Fluid Bolus: A Pilot Study.

The first stage of labor is significantly longer with epidural analgesia use, implying an alteration in uterine contractility. Although the pre-epidural fluid bolus is used with every epidural and affects as many as 80% of laboring women, its effects on uterine contraction parameters are unknown. Using a retrospective descriptive repeated measures design, we compared uterine contraction parameters including frequency, duration, peak intensity, resting tone, and Montevideo units at baseline and during the intravascular pre-epidural fluid bolus (Bolus) epochs for healthy laboring women at term gestation undergoing augmentation or induction. Contraction parameters were compared using data from fetal monitor strips with intrauterine pressure catheter instrumentation. No significant differences were found between epochs for women receiving constant Pitocin dosages (n = 10) using Wilcoxon signed rank tests at .05 α level, but all parameters trended in the direction of improved contractility except frequency, which was unchanged. These pilot study findings do not support the proposal that the pre-epidural fluid bolus is a contributor to decreased uterine contractility in any parameter. It is possible that the bolus improved myometrial perfusion and metabolic function in the contracting and resting states in less hydrated women.

Modelling decision making in digital supply chains: insights from the petroleum industry

PurposeThis paper aims to overcome some of the limitations of previous works regarding automated supply chain formation (SCF). Hence, it proposes an algorithm for automated SCF using multiple contract parameters. Moreover, it proposes a decision-making mechanism that provides means for incorporating risk in the decision-making process. To better emphasize the features of the proposed decision-making mechanism, the paper provides some insights from the petroleum industry. This industry has a strategic position, as it is the base for other essential activities of the economy of any country. The petroleum industry is faced with volatile feed-stock costs, cyclical product prices and seasonal final products demand.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have modeled the supply chain in terms of a cluster graph where the nodes are represented by clusters over the contract parameters that suppliers/consumers are interested in. The suppliers/consumers own utility functions and agree on multiple contract parameters by message exchange, directly with other participant agents, representing their potential buyer or seller. The agreed values of the negotiated issues are reflected in a contract which has a certain utility value for every agent. They consider uncertainties in crude oil prices and demand in petrochemical products and model the decision mechanism for a refinery by using an influence diagram.FindingsBy integrating the automated SCF algorithm and a mechanism for decision support under uncertainty, the authors propose a reliable and practical decision-making model with a practical application not only in the petroleum industry but also in any other complex industry involving a multi-tier supply chain.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this approach reveals in situations where the parameters can take values over continuous domains. In these cases, storing the preferences for every agent might need a considerable amount of memory depending on the size of the continuous domain; hence, the proposed approach might encounter efficiency issues.Practical implicationsThe current paper makes a step forward to the implementation of digital supply chains in the context of Industry 4.0. The proposed algorithm and decision-making mechanism become powerful tools that will enable machines to make autonomous decisions in the digital supply chain of the future.Originality/valueThe current work proposes a decentralized mechanism for automated SCF. As opposed to the previous decentralized approaches, this approach translates the SCF optimization problem not as a profit maximization problem but as a utility maximization. Hence, it incorporates multiple parameters and uses utility functions to find the optimal supply chain. The current approach is closer to real life scenarios than the previous approaches that were using only cost as a mean for pairwise agents because it uses utility functions for entities in the supply chain to make decision. Moreover, this approach overcomes the limitations of previous approaches by providing means to incorporate risk in the decision-making mechanism.

Coordination of Time-Varying Price Supply Chain with Inequity-Averse Retailers

In order to coordinate time-varying price supply chain with inequity-averse retailers, this paper proposes a cooperative system decision model based on buy-back contract. The model concentratedly takes the market demand, manufacturers’ order response time, retailers’ inequity aversion, and time-varying price into consideration. Through sensitivity analysis of model parameters, the influence of inequity aversion characteristics of retailers on contract parameters is analyzed by a numerical example. The result reveals that the cooperative system based on buy-back contract can coordinate such supply chains. And it shows that when the retailer has disadvantageous inequity aversion, the buy-back contract is beneficial to the manufacturer; when the retailer has advantageous inequity aversion, the buy-back contract is beneficial to the retailer.

Solanum incanum extract enhances wound healing and tissue regeneration in burn mice model

This study was conducted to evaluate the topical efficacy of Solanum incanum for the treatment of partial-thickness burn in mice model. Mice were treated with topical ointment of S. incanum three times daily for 14 days. The wound healing was observed through wound contraction and histological parameters. The group treated with S. incanum ointment showed 81% reduction in wound area as compared to negative control where wound area reduced to 22%. The histological analysis further confirmed that ointment favors the tissue regeneration and reepithelization thus heal wound rapidly as com-pared to other groups. In conclusion, S. incanum extract enhances wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Emergency supply contracts for a service provider with limited local resources

We study a problem faced by a service provider, who is responsible for the repair of a group of assets subject to random failures. In case of a failure, both an engineer and a spare part of the right kind need to be available to carry out the repair. A limited number of engineers are employed while also stocks of the various spare parts are limited. In case any resource (engineer or spare part) is not immediately available, the service provider may follow a full backlogging policy. Alternatively, in case of spare parts stock out, he has the option to revert to an emergency supplier with ample capacity of resources. We present an original model to analyze the problem dynamics between this service provider and the emergency supplier. Especially, we determine the optimal emergency shipment cost and the optimal multi-resource level of the service provider. To this end, we propose a computationally efficient algorithm to find the Stackelberg equilibrium. Furthermore, we design a revenue-sharing cooperative contract between these players which always results in coordination. Finally, we examine the risk of uncertainties in such a contract and find the optimal contract parameters by considering the utility functions of the players.

Analysis of fuzzy supply chain performance based on different buyback contract configurations

In this study, a two-echelon supply chain is analyzed where the supplier sells the products to retailer, who in turn sells the product to end customers. In such an arrangement, the supplier and the retailer aim to increase their profits individually which causes double marginalization. Several studies have been proposed by researches to solve the problem of “double marginalization” and its consequences to supply chain performance. Therefore, contractual agreements as coordination mechanisms were developed to improve the supply chain performance. In the literature, many studies have been conducted on these coordination mechanisms under probabilistic demand. However, in the absence of the historical data it is not possible to establish the probability distribution. In such cases, the fuzzy set theory which is another illustration of uncertainty can be used to model the supply chain. In this study, different configurations of buyback contracts on supply chain performance under fuzzy environment are analyzed. Initially, closed-form solution to buyback contract model with fuzzy demand is proposed by using credibility theory. After that, the closed form of this model with fuzzy buyback rate parameter is obtained. And then the effects of the different configurations of the buyback contract model are analyzed by changing the buyback rate and buyback price. Finally, numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the solving processes of the models and the different effects of buyback rate and buyback price on parameters of buyback contract and the fuzzy expected profit value of all members in supply chain.

Supply chain coordination of biomass moulding fuel under random supply and cyclical demand

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design a contract to coordinate the biomass molding fuel supply chain consisting of a supplier with uncertain supply and a producer with cyclical demand as well as improve the profit of this supply chain. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the supply chain model was build and all the variables and assumptions are set. Stackelberg game model was used to analyze and solve the problem. Furthermore, the authors give numerical examples and result analysis on the basis of data coming from field study and online information about a real biomass fuel supply chain. Findings The wholesale price with shortage penalty contract the authors proposed can coordinate the supply chain. And as the dominator of the supply chain, the producer can realize the redistribution of profits within the supply chain by determine the contract parameters. Research limitations/implications This one-to-one supply chain is a basic of complex supply chain system. Multi-to-one, one-to-multi and multi-to-multi supply chain can be studied in the future. Originality/value The results obtained in this paper can be used as a reference for enterprises in biomass energy supply chain to make contracts and realize the long-term co-operations among supply chain members.

A Green Supply-Chain Decision Model for Energy-Saving Products That Accounts for Government Subsidies

Government subsidies are a common policy adopted to promote energy conservation and emission reduction. The decision-making that occurs within the green supply chain for energy-saving products under government subsidies is an area of great academic interest and game theory is becoming a popular tool in such research. In this paper, we examined centralized and decentralized decision-making models for the green supply chain and a coordinated decision-making model for revenue-sharing contracts based on game theory. We studied the effects of government subsidies on retail prices, energy conservation levels, market demand, supply chain profits, and social welfare for energy-saving products. We then compared the effectiveness of the three models using a numerical example. Our results revealed the range of contract parameters for which manufacturer and retailer profits increase. Our results show that government subsidies can significantly improve social welfare and promote the improvement of energy-saving products. Centralized decision-making generates higher profits than decentralized decisions and government subsidies were positively correlated with the level of energy conservation, product prices, and market demand. Revenue sharing contract coordination decisions can coordinate the supply chain and achieve the same effect as centralized decisions.

SarcTrack.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing provide unparalleled opportunities to study cardiac biology and disease. However, sarcomeres, the fundamental units of myocyte contraction, are immature and nonlinear in hiPSC-CMs, which technically challenge accurate functional interrogation of contractile parameters in beating cells. Furthermore, existing analysis methods are relatively low-throughput, indirectly assess contractility, or only assess well-aligned sarcomeres found in mature cardiac tissues. We aimed to develop an analysis platform that directly, rapidly, and automatically tracks sarcomeres in beating cardiomyocytes. The platform should assess sarcomere content, contraction and relaxation parameters, and beat rate. We developed SarcTrack, a MatLab software that monitors fluorescently tagged sarcomeres in hiPSC-CMs. The algorithm determines sarcomere content, sarcomere length, and returns rates of sarcomere contraction and relaxation. By rapid measurement of hundreds of sarcomeres in each hiPSC-CM, SarcTrack provides large data sets for robust statistical analyses of multiple contractile parameters. We validated SarcTrack by analyzing drug-treated hiPSC-CMs, confirming the contractility effects of compounds that directly activate (CK-1827452) or inhibit (MYK-461) myosin molecules or indirectly alter contractility (verapamil and propranolol). SarcTrack analysis of hiPSC-CMs carrying a heterozygous truncation variant in the myosin-binding protein C ( MYBPC3) gene, which causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, recapitulated seminal disease phenotypes including cardiac hypercontractility and diminished relaxation, abnormalities that normalized with MYK-461 treatment. SarcTrack provides a direct and efficient method to quantitatively assess sarcomere function. By improving existing contractility analysis methods and overcoming technical challenges associated with functional evaluation of hiPSC-CMs, SarcTrack enhances translational prospects for sarcomere-regulating therapeutics and accelerates interrogation of human cardiac genetic variants.

Method to Reduce the Bias on Digital Terrain Model and Canopy Height Model from LiDAR Data

Underestimation of LiDAR heights is widely known but has never been evaluated for several sensors and for diverse types of ecological conditions. This underestimation is mainly linked to the probability of the pulse to reach the ground and the top of vegetation. Main causes of this underestimation are pulse density, pattern of scan (sensors), scan angles, specific contract parameters (flying altitude, pulse repetition frequency) and characteristics of the territory (slopes, stand density and species composition). This study, carried out at a resolution of 1 × 1 m, first assessed the possibility of making an adjustment model to correct the bias of the digital terrain model (DTM), and then proposed a global adjustment model to correct the bias on the canopy height model (CHM). For this study, the bias of both DTM and CHM were calculated by subtracting two LiDAR datasets: high-density pixels with 21 pulses/m² (first return) and more (DTM or CHM reference value pixels) and low-density pixels (DTM or CHM value to correct). After preliminary analyses, it was concluded that the DTM did not need specific adjustment. In contrast, the CHM needed adjustments. Among the variables studied, three were selected for the final CHM adjustment model: the maximum height of the pixel (H2Corr); the density of first returns by m2 (D_first); and the standard deviation of nine maximum heights of the neighborhood cells (H_STD9). The modeling occurred in three steps. The first two steps enabled the determination of significant variables and the shape of the equation to be defined (linear mixed model and non-linear model). The third step made it possible to propose an empirical equation using a non-linear mixed model that can be applied to a 1 × 1 m CHM. The CHM underestimation correction could be used for a preliminary step to several uses of the CHM such as volume calculation, forest growth models or multi-temporal analysis.

Allocating Overseas: Risk Assessment of Currency Hedging in Taiwan Life Insurance Industry

Abstract A persistent low-interest-rate environment has had a notable impact on the life insurance industry. For reducing the negative interest-rate spread problems, Taiwan life insurer’s asset allocation shift to international diversifies. In this paper, overseas investment is incorporated into the asset portfolio to reflect the growing practice of life insurers taking offshore risks for yield enhancement. We calibrate contract parameters and surplus distribution is investigated through feasible hedge strategies. Foreign-exchange volatility reserves, forward hedge, and basket hedge are compared based on the shortfall measures under risk-neutral valuation. The shareholder’s claim and default put options are compared. The numerical results show that FX volatility reserves are the most effective instrument for controlling currency risk, followed by basket hedge. By contrast, fully forward hedge is cost enhanced and might not generate the advantage of carry trade.

Compound‐dependent Effects of TRPM4 Channel Modulators on Guinea Pig Detrusor Smooth Muscle Excitability and Contractility

Guinea pig detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) cells express transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channels, proposed to regulate DSM excitability and contractility1. Supporting evidence with the TRPM4 channel inhibitor 9‐phenanthrol showed reduced guinea pig DSM phasic contractions, and induced DSM cell hyperpolarization and decreased voltage‐step evoked cation currents1. Recently, a concern has been raised about selectivity of 9‐phenanthrol2–4. Here, we used whole‐cell amphotericin‐B perforated and inside‐out single‐channel patch‐clamp techniques, and isometric DSM tension recordings to address the hypothesis that TRPM4 channels regulate DSM excitation‐contraction coupling by examining the novel selective TRPM4 channel inhibitor 4‐chloro‐2‐[2‐(2‐chloro‐phenoxy)‐acetylamino]‐benzoic acid (CBA, compound 5 in reference5), along with non‐selective TRPM4 channel modulators: flufenamic acid (FFA)5 and BTP2 (or YM‐58483)6, a blocker and an activator, respectively. DSM cell voltage‐step induced cation currents were not increased when held at +26 or +6 mV in‐between voltage steps in comparison to the standard −74 mV (n=7), inconsistent with presence of TRPM4 currents6. Separate applications of CBA (30 μM) or BTP2 (10 μM) in DSM cells did not change the voltage‐step evoked currents (n=5–6). In contrast, FFA (100 μM) caused an increase at positive voltages, 1.4‐fold at +106 mV (p&lt;0.05, n=7). In the same DSM cells, 9‐phenanthrol (100 μM) added following washout of FFA or in the presence of either CBA or BTP2 reduced the currents, 42–57% at +106 mV (p&lt;0.05, n=4–7). 9‐Phenanthrol but not CBA, FFA, or BTP2 altered cell capacitance, 1.1‐fold increase (p&lt;0.05). Excised single‐channel recordings revealed a non‐TRPM4 channel cation conductance of ~15 pS that was blocked by 9‐phenanthrol (30 μM). CBA, added cumulatively up to 100 μM, showed either no or very weak effects (maximum inhibitions: 8–38%) on spontaneous and 20 mM KCl‐induced phasic contraction parameters (n=10–13). For 300 μM CBA, inhibitions were higher (up to 68%) on all contraction parameters except for the duration of KCl‐induced contractions, which increased 2‐fold (n=7–9). 9‐Phenanthrol examined in parallel showed robust reductions in DSM phasic contraction parameters (IC50 values: 1.1–21 μM and maximum inhibitions: 35–86%, n=11–20). In summary, 9‐phenanthrol ‐ in contrast to other tested TRPM4 channel modulators: CBA, FFA, or BTP2 ‐effectively reduced DSM cell voltage‐step induced cation currents and DSM strip contractions. Our results reveal differential effects of TRPM4 channel modulators on guinea pig DSM excitability and contractility. Future studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and to elucidate the function of TRPM4 in the urinary bladder. Interpretation of the results with 9‐phenanthrol requires caution especially related to its perceived TRPM4 channel selectivity.Support or Funding InformationNIH DK106964 to Georgi V. PetkovThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Improving decision-making in maintenance policies and contract specifications for infrastructure projects

In large infrastructure projects, the government frequently delegates the execution and management to a private through Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) type contract. However, both parties often have conflicting interests; i.e. while the private wants to maximise the profit, the government aims at maintaining a high-performance level. This paper presents a model to define a set of contract parameters that maximise the utility of both entities in the long term, and at the same time optimise the system performance. Moreover, it proposes a strategy for the private to decide the optimal maintenance frequencies and achieve its target revenue. It also describes the complex interactions between the public, the private and nature (i.e. all environmental aspects that influence the system’s performance). The model combines the advantages game theory, simulation, optimisation and agent-based modeling. A set of 72 types of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts are simulated, with a sensitivity analysis on the main contract variables (i.e. minimum level of performance required, mean frequency of government inspections, and penalty fee in case of noncompliance). The results show the importance of flexibility in decisions when facing different sources of uncertainty, and in reducing information asymmetry between the parties to improve maintenance decisions.

Supply Contract Design with Asymmetric Corporate Social Responsibility Cost Information in Service Supply Chain

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become the focus of the company’s daily operations and strategic choices. At present, the supply risk events caused by the CSR violations of service providers in the service supply chain are frequent, which highlight the importance of formulating appropriate contracts to constrain the CSR level of providers. In the context of asymmetric CSR cost information, this paper analyzes the optimal contract parameters of integrators when providing screening contracts or pooling contracts and compares their impact on profits and the CSR level. The information asymmetry belongs to classic principal-agent problem, and we will use the revelation principle to design the contracts and solve this problem. The results that different contracts have different effects on the CSR level of different types of providers. A low-cost provider’s CSR level is the highest when a screening contract is provided, while a high-cost provider’s CSR level reaches the peak under a pooling contract. If pursuing profit maximization, the integrator should choose to provide a screening contract. When the integrator needs to ensure a higher average level of social responsibility, a pooling contract should be chosen. The findings also show that service cost is an important factor affecting the CSR level of the provider, and only when the providers’ service cost is low, will providers actively fulfill their social responsibility.