Parallel Capacitor Research Articles

Study and simulation of MEMS electrostatic actuators

The desire for cutting-edge technologies is at an all-time high as the world becomes more digital. To suit the unique requirements, numerous systems and their associated devices are on the market. One such developing technology for producing devices is Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS). The simplest description of MEMS technology is the combination of tiny mechanical and electromechanical components on a single chip using micromanufacturing techniques. Its benefits include low cost, lightweight, accurate measurement in small places, and low power usage. The main objective of this proposed work is to design, analyze and compare various electrostatic actuators. Analyses of the device's electrostatic actuation, capacitive sensing, displacement, Eigen frequency, resonant frequency, time domain response of parallel plate actuation electrodes with variable gap actuator, differential capacitive sensing, parallel plate capacitance, and balanced actuation are all done in-depth.

Research on Surge Suppression of Timing Fuze Timing Starting Point Based on NMOSFET Device

When the timing fuze verification equipment simulates the timing fuze starting signal, the transient surge will interfere with the starting signal, resulting in inaccurate timing starting signal detection and time error. Through the Multisim process simulation of the timing starting point signal simulation module in the device, combined with the 'Miller platform' effect of the NMOSFET device, the value of the parallel capacitor CGD’ of the designed transient surge suppression circuit is studied. When CGD’ is 0.2uf, it can effectively suppress the surge, thus ensuring the accuracy of the timing starting point of the timing fuze.

Artificial visual neuron based on threshold switching memristors

The human visual system encodes optical information perceived by photoreceptors in the retina into neural spikes and then processes them by the visual cortex, with high efficiency and low energy consumption. Inspired by this information processing mode, an universal artificial neuron constructed with a resistor (R s) and a threshold switching memristor can realize rate coding by modulating pulse parameters and the resistance of R s. Owing to the absence of an external parallel capacitor, the artificial neuron has minimized chip area. In addition, an artificial visual neuron is proposed by replacing R s in the artificial neuron with a photo-resistor. The oscillation frequency of the artificial visual neuron depends on the distance between the photo-resistor and light, which is fundamental to acquiring depth perception for precise recognition and learning. A visual perception system with the artificial visual neuron can accurately and conceptually emulate the self-regulation process of the speed control system in a driverless automobile. Therefore, the artificial visual neuron can process efficiently sensory data, reduce or eliminate data transfer and conversion at sensor/processor interfaces, and expand its application in the field of artificial intelligence.

Mott memristors based on field-induced carrier avalanche multiplication

We present a theory of Mott memristors whose working principle is the nonlinear carrier avalanche multiplication in Mott insulators subject to strong electric fields. The internal state of the memristor, which determines its resistance, is encoded in the density of doublon and hole excitations in the Mott insulator. In the current-voltage characteristic, insulating and conducting states are separated by a negative-differential-resistance region, leading to hysteretic behavior. Under oscillating voltage, the response of a voltage-controlled, nonpolar memristive system is obtained, with retarded current and pinched hysteresis loop. As a first step towards neuromorphic applications, we demonstrate self-sustained spiking oscillations in a circuit with a parallel capacitor. Being based on electronic excitations only, this memristor is up to several orders of magnitude faster than previous proposals relying on Joule heating or ionic drift.

Penempatan Kapasitor Paralel pada Penyulang Pajajaran GI Jakabaring

In order to compensate for reactive power on electrical power distribution lines, parallel capacitors have been utilized extensively. Capacitor placement does not constantly improve the total voltage and power factor. Therefore, it is crucial to establish the ideal capacitance (size) and position of the capacitors to reduce power losses in the distribution line. Palembang City's New Jakabaring Substation is a substation situated in a region with a rapid load increase. Pajajaran Feeder, one of the several feeders at this substation, carries the weight of numerous significant loads as well as expanding residential areas. Reactive power computation and optimal capacitor placement (OCP) were the two simulation techniques used in the study, which were carried out using ETAP 19.0. The study's findings demonstrate that using reactive power calculations, the original Padjajaran feeder voltage drop is improved from 93.26% to 98.98% while utilizing OCP, the voltage drop is improved from 93.26% to 100.1%. However, OCP provides a more consistent capacitance value of the capacitors in the range of 930 kVAR compared to reactive power calculations, whose results are more inconsistent. Calculations using OCP gives more capacitors, namely as many as 20 more than those produced by calculating the reactive power of 14 capacitors. The location of parallel capacitors in the Padjajaran feeder can function optimally and support a load of up to 80% of the transformer capacity rating.

An improved simplified composite right‐/left‐handed zeroth‐order resonator and its application to design a compact microstrip bandpass filter with enhanced upper stopband

AbstractAn improved simplified composite right‐/left‐handed (SCRLH) zeroth‐order resonator (ISZOR) is introduced, comprising two lateral parallel capacitors and a centred T‐type inductor circuit. Starting from the lumped circuit of the ISZOR, its miniature microstrip layout can be generated with on more than three times full‐wave simulations by virtue of the implicit space mapping technique. Multi‐solutions of the microstrip ISZOR with identical fundamental mode are obtained by sweeping key physical and electrical parameters, uncovering the relationship among physical sizes, resonant modes, unloaded quality factors and circuit elements. A three‐pole microstrip Chebyshev bandpass filter (BPF) with ultra‐wide upper stopband is further designed. By choosing the constituent ISZORs with identical base frequency but different higher resonant frequencies and applying the over‐coupled I/O terminals, wideband spurious response suppression in the upper stopband is achieved. The target BPF centers at 3.1 GHz with a relatively bandwidth of 5%, which is optimised through a customised aggressive space mapping iterative process. The optimal BPF layout dimensions are automatically obtained with just a few time‐consuming full‐wave simulations. A prototype measurement shows the BPF features good bandpass selectivity in a simple and easy‐to‐fabricate structure, with a transversal size reduction of more than 65% compared to a former counterpart and a rejection level better than 15 dB over 40.0 GHz.

Design of a Hybrid Frequency Selective Rasorber With Wideband Reflection Suppression

A hybrid frequency selective rasorber is presented in this letter based on hybrid lossy layers. The hybrid lossy layers is composed of an absorption-transmission (A-T) layer and a transmission-absorption (T-A) layer, which are responsible for the absorption performance in the low and high frequency respectively. The A-T layer is composed of a lumped-resistors loaded cross-frame structure (CFS), which connects four parallel inductor and capacitor resonators. The T-A layer is constructed by a parallel plate capacitor loaded square loop resonator connecting four lumped-resistor loaded T-shaped metal branches. The frequency selective surface layer is composed of metal square slot. The hybrid frequency selective rasorber provides a transmission window around 10 GHz and two-sided absorption bands in 3.19—9 GHz and 11.85–21.18 GHz, meanwhile the wideband reflection suppression (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> <−10 dB) is achieved from 3.2 to 21.18 GHz (147%). An assembled prototype is measured to verify the simulated results.

General Decoupling and Sampling Technique for Reduced-Sensor Battery Management Systems in Modular Reconfigurable Batteries

The capacity and voltage rating of battery packs for electric vehicles or stationary energy storages are increasing, which challenge battery management and monitoring. Breaking the larger pack into smaller modules and using power electronics to achieve dynamic reconfiguration can be a solution. Reconfigurable batteries come with their own set of problems, including many sensors and complex monitoring systems, high-bandwidth communication interfaces, and additional costs. Online parameter estimation methods can simplify or omit many of these problems and reduce the cost and footprint of the system. However, most methods require many sensors or can only estimate a subset of the elements in the module’s equivalent circuit model (ECM). This paper proposes a simple decoupling technique to derive individual modules’ voltage and current profiles from the output measurements without direct measurement at the modules. The determined profiles can achieve a high sampling rate with minimum communication between the battery management system (BMS) and the modules. With accurate profiles, an estimation technique can easily determine the parameters of the modules. Provided simulations and experiments confirm this claim by estimating the parameters of a first-order ECM with a parallel capacitor. The proposed technique reduces the number of sensors from 2N + 2 to only two at the pack’s output terminals.

An X-Band State Adjustable Low Noise Amplifier Using Current Reuse Technique

This article presents an on-chip state-adjustable 8 GHz~12 GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA). It has two characteristics. First, an improved current reuse topology is proposed. By connecting a small capacitor in parallel with the drain of the first-stage transistor, the bandwidth is expanded and the in-band flatness is improved. Second, an innovative adaptive bias circuit is designed to cope with the influence of temperature and process on the performance of the amplifier, and a design method for on-chip adjustment of the chip state is proposed for the first time. As a result of these technologies, the chip area is 1.1 mm × 0.8 mm, the chip provides 24.4 dB nominal gain with merely 0.75 dB noise at 10 GHz, and yields 14.5 dBm output power at 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) when biased at 30 mA quiescent current, meanwhile, gain, OP1dB, and quiescent current can be adjusted on-chip. This design improves the comprehensive performance of X-band LNA and provides more flexibility for system engineers in application. The chip is fabricated using Win Semiconductors’ 0.15 um InGaAs pHEMT E-mode process.

GPS위성 RF신호수신 이중대역 소형 하이브리드 결합기의 회로모델링과 설계

This paper presents a compact branch-line coupler working for receiving GPS signals at two adjacent frequencies as one geometry. The GPS receiver must have the feed circuit handling a circularly polarized electric field entering the radiating element leading up to division into quadrature branches, which has been used in the conventional works. But, it takes one frequency and a new approach is needed to take two frequencies. A lattice comprising segments loaded with series and parallel capacitors and circumferential inductors is built to make the branch-line coupler handle two frequencies. L1 and L2 bands for GPS are chosen and the circuit modelling is conducted to design the component. The method is verified by running a microwave circuit simulator and measurement of the s-parameters of the fabricated prototype. The power division and reflection coefficient at 1.5 GHz as L1- and 1.2 GHz as L2-band show the result is in good agreement with the required performance.

Enhanced self-sensory measurements for smart carbon-based textile reinforced cement structures

This study explores advanced capabilities of smart carbon-based textile reinforced cement-based elements to monitor its structural health. The goal is to enhance and amplify the electrical measurements and the sensitivity of the electrical readings. To answer these goals, the study develops advanced alternating current (AC) based electrical measurement setups. The study also offers to use a new cementitious matrix with enhanced mechanical, rheological and electrical properties. To amplify the measurement, the study suggests measuring the electrical changes at the resonance frequency of the system, which can be done by connecting external capacitors to the embedded carbon roving. A comparison investigation is performed to explore the monitoring capabilities of four electrical measurement setups at various structural states. Eight textile and fibers reinforced cement-based beam specimens were investigated under flexural loading. It is found that by connecting an external parallel capacitor to the roving, amplified, stable and sensitive electrical measurements are achieved.

Development of Embroidery-Type Sensor Capable of Detecting Respiration Using the Capacitive Method.

This study presents a respiration sensor that is dependent on a parallel capacitor, including connection lines and electrodes embroidered on textiles. First, characterizations of the respiration capacitor using a silver thread, including a combination of porous Eco-flex simulating air in the lungs due to respiration, were evaluated using an LCR meter. Second, the effects of air gaps on the detection of respiration motions according to the change in electrode distance under pressure were presented. The data values were measured from 1 to 300 kHz using an LCR meter and dielectric test fixture. Third, actual breathing was examined in four patterns: normal breathing, deep breathing, hyperventilation, and apnea. The test was performed after fabricating a clothing-type breathing sensor. Finally, the change in capacitance for actual respiration was determined by wearing a clothing-type respiration sensor based on the data collected. The effectiveness of the respiration sensor was demonstrated by measuring it to discern all waveforms, cycles, and ranges associated with the breathing pattern.

The design of [formula omitted]-ADC in MEMS gyro interface ASIC

This article aims at MEMS gyroscope fully differential (FD) sensing, small signal output characteristics, designs a FD third-order cascade of integrators with feedforward (CIFF) delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ΔΣ-ADC). Abandoning the local negative feedback in the general third-order CIFF to reduce the difficulty of layout design. And under the premise of ensuring accuracy and stability, discarding the path directly from the input to the quantizer to reduce the circuit area and the influence of harmonics on the signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) caused by the input sampling. In order to reduce the mismatch of capacitors, the gain factor and feedforward factor are optimized, so that each factor only retains one decimal place, and all capacitors on the layout are composed of 0.2pF unit capacitors in parallel. The tape-out measurement results show that the SNDR of the ΔΣ-ADC chip is 50.13 dB in the bandwidth (BW) range of 1kHz to 11kHz, and the input signal amplitude range is 1 mV to 800 mV.

Aluminum Nitride-Based Adjustable Effective Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator.

The arrival of the 5G era has promoted the need for filters of different bandwidths. Thin-film bulk acoustic resonators have become the mainstream product for applications due to their excellent performance. The Keff2 of the FBAR greatly influences the bandwidth of the filter. In this paper, we designed an AlN-based adjustable Keff2 FBAR by designing parallel capacitors around the active area of the resonator. The parallel capacitance is introduced through the support column structure, which is compatible with conventional FBAR processes. The effects of different support column widths on Keff2 were verified by finite element simulation and experimental fabrication. The measured results show that the designed FBAR with support columns can achieve a Keff2 value that is 25.9% adjustable.

Modelling of a piezoelectric beam with a full-bridge rectifier under arbitrary excitation: experimental validation

Abstract This paper presents a set of nonlinear differential equations to model a piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) system with a full-bridge waveform rectifier (FWR) under arbitrary base excitations. The PEH comprises a piezoelectric element modeled as a current source with a capacitor in parallel, which are connected with an inductor and a resistor. The inductor is proposed to smooth the current generated by the piezoelectric element under rapid mechanical variations and improve the convergence of the set of differential equations. The equations are obtained using piecewise linear modelling for the diodes. The main advantage of this piecewise linear modelling is considering different bias points to represent the nonlinear characteristics of real diodes. Numerical simulations are employed to obtain the optimum inductor value through a comparison with an analytical result, validated with experimental tests. A real case of random acceleration in a bike is applied to the PEH-FWR to evaluate the performance of the proposed equations. They are validated with experiments, a LTspice formulation and a numerical previous one. The proposed formulation can estimate the output DC voltage and energy for a large range of excitation frequencies, including resonant and nonresonant conditions and arbitrary or harmonically externally excited PEHs with FWR.

A compact lumped‐element two‐way differential to single‐ended Wilkinson power combiner with embedded impedance transformation

AbstractThis letter presents a compact lumped‐element two‐way differential to single‐ended Wilkinson power combiner with embedded impedance transformation. It consists of two transformer baluns and two parallel resistance and capacitor (RC) branches. The two transformers generate high‐order impedance transformation networks at even‐mode operation and form resonators together with the two parallel RC branches at odd‐mode operation, thus achieving broadband impedance matching and power combining with a compact area. A proof‐of‐concept prototype working at 1.7 GHz is designed and fabricated. Measurement results show that the peak isolation is 24.5 dB, insertion loss is from 0.34 to 1.15 dB and magnitude and phase imbalance are within 0.1 dB and , respectively, over the frequency range from 1.37 to 1.97 GHz. The area is only 6.54 mm 6 mm.

Proteus/Simulink Analysis of Rectifier based E-Vehicle Charger Circuit

In this paper, an AC to DC rectifier circuit has been discussed and the simulation results are provided. This converter is very useful for the upcoming development of the electric vehicles charging technology. For producing steady DC from a rectified AC supply requires a smoothing circuit or filter. The main purpose of the filter circuit is to remove the ripple or ac components from the output of the diode circuit. So, to make the output DC pure, the filter circuit is used. The filter circuit may be inductive (built with only inductors in series) or capacitive (built with only capacitors in parallel) or Inductive-Capacitive (built with both inductors and capacitors). A voltage regulator which is used to maintain the constant output DC voltage. Design of the controller is detailed for reference. The converter will operate in continuous conduction mode (CCM). Finally, some selected experimental results are presented to verify the proposed theory.

A Low Switch Count 13-Level Switched-Capacitor Inverter With Hexad Voltage-Boosting for Renewable Energy Integration

Switched-Capacitor multilevel inverters (SCMLI) are being explored for renewable power applications like solar-PV integration because of their benefits of low component count and low-cost factors. This work presents and explores a new multilevel inverter with a hexad voltage-boosting capability. It employs a single source and produces a 13-level waveform by utilizing only fourteen switches, two diodes, and four capacitors. The voltage across the capacitors is maintained at the desired magnitudes during the switching of the inverter by connecting the DC source and capacitors in parallel at several time locations in one operating cycle. The topology proposed in this work is compared with the recent 13-level topologies in terms of switches, diodes, capacitors, and cost factors (CF). A level-shifted PWM-based algorithm generates the circuit switches’ PWM pulses. The CF of the proposed SCMLI is found to be 2.461, which is the lowest among the compared hexad-boosted MLIs. Experimental validation is performed on a hardware prototype to validate various operational conditions of load change, modulation index change, and reference frequency change.

Analysis and Design of the Suboptimum Class-EM/F3 Resonant Inverter

In this paper, the analysis and design method for the suboptimum Class- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{E}_{\mathrm {M}}/\text{F}_{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inverter (i.e., only the zero-voltage switching (ZVS), the zero-voltage-derivative switching (ZVDS), the zero-current switching (ZCS) conditions are satisfied) with a duty ratio D =0.5 are presented. In the proposed design method, a new design parameter K called the slope of switch current (when the switch turns off) is introduced for defining the suboptimum degree and the distance from the optimum condition. By using the design method of the soft switching resonant inverter, the third harmonic filter circuit is innovatively introduced to reduce the current flowing through the parallel capacitor of the main circuit, and greatly reduce the peak switching voltage of the main circuit and auxiliary circuit. And the circuit waveforms and design equations can be derived in detail. Compared with the conventional Class- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{E}_{\mathrm {M}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inverter, the proposed inverter can offer the much lower peak switching voltage and higher efficiency. To verify the validity of the proposed method, a Class- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{E}_{\mathrm {M}}/\text{F}_{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inverter operating at 1MHz is designed using the IRFZ24N transistor. The experimental results show that the output power of the new inverter is 15.138W, the efficiency reaches 96.4%, and the peak switching voltage of the main circuit and auxiliary circuit is reduced by 29.3% and 15.6%, respectively. The PSpice-simulation results and the experimental measurement results of the designed inverter are agreed with the analytical results, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed design method.

Turbo Expander Generator(TEG)를 이용한 자체기동 발전기 대체 관한 연구

In supplying natural gas to the city, Korea Gas Corporation manufactures a TEG generator using the energy that lowers the gas pressure, and conducts research to demonstrate the application. Since TEG is a facility that generates electricity using only natural gas pressure, it is characterized by being able to generate electricity without any other special energy source. This is similar to a hydroelectric generator and can be used as a self-starting generator that is first started to recover when a power outage occurs throughout the power system. In this paper, since the location where TEG generators are currently being demonstrated corresponds to southern Gyeongin in terms of the procedure for restoring the system in the event of a power outage, we propose a plan to replace self-starting generators in southern Gyeongin with TEGs and restore the power system. Replacing the self-starting generator with TEG, confirming through simulation whether the priority starting generator can operate through the transmission line, and reflecting the characteristics of the TEG generator consisting of an induction generator, the amount of reactive power required to pressurize the transmission line and the power required to supply the priority start generator was analyzed. It was confirmed that the TEG generator can produce the same output as the self-starting generator by using the charging current charged from the trial transmission line and the additional parallel capacitor. In the future, TEG will be used not only as a self-starting generator, but also as a generator that can provide inertia to contribute to the stabilization of the power system.