Paradigmatic View Research Articles

Reality and Accounting: The Case of Accounting Research with Interpretive Approaches

Economic reality plays an important role in accounting practice and standard setting process. The positivism paradigm view reality as independently existing, and interpretive paradigm view reality as socially constructed. It is argued in this paper that utilizing interpretive view in accounting research is better able to capture the economic reality that is socially constructed and much affected by our account. This is because accounting is a social science and is better understood by gaining the views of different parties involved, which is largely done by utilizing interpretive accounting research.

Природа, социум и Homo sapiens: новая нейросоциология и нейрокоммуникации

Over a new seven-year period, a new personality was formed functioning on three platforms: the first — artificial intelligence and information overload, the second — chronic stress and depression, the third — the self-actualization of individual religiosity. Religiosity plays a major role in the dynamics of self-realization. Individual religiosity is defined by a mature person as a complex, integrative socio psychological property of a person, due to her having a special paradigm view of the world as created by God, and including cognitive, emotional, behavioral, identification and value components. An information new personality is the ability to manage information flows. Chronic stress and depression cause prolonged activation of the body’s adaptation reactions, lead to the development of mental, neurotic disorders and somatic diseases, reduce performance targets, and most importantly, reduce the cognitive brain and increase cognitive deficits, while all aspects of cognitive activity and the intelligence paradigm suffer. New neurosociology and modern neurocommunications are “security tools” and are able to manage and shape a new healthy personality.

Pathogenesis of overactive bladder and surgical treatment according to the Integral Theory Paradigm

Overactive bladder (OAB is a definition by the International Continence Society (ICS). It comprises three symptoms, urge, frequency and nocturia. OAB is a major problem for up to 30% of women, more so for elderly women. OAB is generally assumed to be a paradigm, but it cannot meet the criteria of a paradigm, as its causation is said to be “idiopathic” (unknown) and is said to have no known treatment. In 1993, it was demonstrated that the sequence of events in urodynamically diagnosed detrusor overactivity (now “DO”) was identical with what occurred in normal micturition, which led to the conclusion that frequency, urgency, nocturia were in effect, an uncontrolled but otherwise normal micturition. Data from a 1997 experiment indicated the control mechanism of the bladder was binary, either closed or open, regulated by a peripheral musculoligamentous system under cortical control. The Integral Theory paradigm's view of OAB is based on and is compatible with, ICS definitions and descriptions. The Integral Theory paradigm (ITP) views OAB pathogenesis as anatomical, caused by defects anywhere along the control mechanism pathway, but mainly damage in its weakest link, collagen defects in the peripheral musculoligamentous system. Specific tests to prove causation consist of mechanically supporting suspensory ligaments, pubourethral ligament (PUL) or uterosacral ligament (USL), “simulated operations”; PUL support prevents urine loss on coughing; USL support by inserting the lower blade of a bivalve speculum into the vagina diminishes urge and pain. The ITP specifies treatment of correctible causes: squatting-based exercises to strengthen the reflex pelvic muscles, ligament repair by plication for premenopausal women, slings for postmenopausal women.

How to Think about the Debate over the Reality of Beliefs

The aim of this paper is to propose a new conceptualization of the distinction between realism and anti-realism about beliefs that is based on the division between natural and non-natural properties, as defined by Lewis. It will be argued that although the traditional form of anti-realism about beliefs, namely eliminative materialism, has failed (as it led to unacceptable consequences), there is a possibility to reformulate the division in question. The background assumption of the proposal is the framework of deflationism about truth and existence: it will be assumed that beliefs can be said to exist and their attributions can said to be true. The aim is to show that even when we buy into such assumptions we can meaningfully distinguish between the realist and anti-realist approach to belief. According to the proposal, the paradigmatic anti-realist view on beliefs should be seen as a conjunction of three claims: that belief attributions do not track objective similarities, that beliefs are not causally active, and that there is no viable way of naturalizing content. It will be shown that seeing the debate in the proposed way has important advantages as it allows the issue of belief realism to be made non-trivial and tractable, and it introduces theoretical unity into contemporary metaphysics of beliefs.

Religious Communication of Sunni-Shi'i in Resolving Internal Religion Conflict in North Sumatra

The purpose of this study was to find and study about model religious communication and Sunni-Syi'i Conflict in Social Media in Making Harmonist Relationships in North Sumatera. This research will start from the interpretive paradigm. In this paradigm view, human beings are "impossible not to communicate". The result shows that Since the beginning of their respective existence, religious communication between Sunni-Shi'is in North Sumatra has always experienced ups and downs in accordance with the existing context in the region. Following the fatwa from the Center, all Islamic organizations in North Sumatra, both NU, Muhammadiyah and Al Washliyah as the oldest Islamic organizations, as well as more recent Islamic organizations such as An Nas, which are Sunnah, agree to state that Shi'ism is a religious understanding who are perverted / deviant. However, based on existing political trends, after the Reformation, slowly the views of Sunni Islamic Organizations began to shift. This shift in view also follows the fatwa of the leadership of the mass organizations at the central level, along with the constellation of religious relations in the Islamic world, even though the shift is taking place gradually. The more moderate NU argues that the non-ghulat Syi groups are not heretical, even though grassroots congregations still view all Shi'i ideas as deviant / deviant, because information does not spread quickly and evenly.

A Genealogy of Digital Platform Regulation

In this Chapter, I connect two parallel genealogies into one larger story. I develop a genealogy of the disagreements that have emerged around the notion of digital platform power and the conflicting regulatory proposals these disagreements have led to. I do so by tracing these debates’ roots in earlier 1990s debates about Internet regulation: contestations around the meaning of freedom, law, power and democracy in digital spaces. In particular, I isolate three paradigmatic views, or moments, in early Internet regulation discourse. First, anarcho-libertarian views portray the Internet as an autonomous and utopian sphere of free social interaction immune from external interferences from the state or the law. Second, liberal views include a number of different perspectives. Most notably, Joel Reidenberg and Lawrence Lessig developed the idea that code is law, that law and behavior-modifying regulation exist in digital environments, but that they manifest in different ways, most effectively through architectural and material means. Finally, a small group of critical thinkers questioned prevalent (anarcho-libertarian and liberal) understandings of cyberspace, showing that many of these views eluded the way power and commercial logics manifested and in practice governed the Internet. I ask how these three views or moments have influenced and led to a symmetric spectrum of views on how to regulate digital platforms, their power and how to promote freedom and emancipation in digital spaces. The move from an Internet of networks to an Internet of platforms represents a significant shift: from a hybrid decentralized environment where freedom seemed the norm, to a centralized and privately controlled space where the default is enclosure and digital life is dependent on a few commercial actors. In spite of this shift, the three paradigmatic views I identify with regard to platform governance remain surprisingly aligned with earlier 1990s visions. In the digital platform context, anarcho-libertarianism has retreated and morphed into a libertarian aversion to regulation as well as a series of market optimist perspectives; liberal views continue to expand, forming a vast liberal and neoliberal terrain of contestation that has absorbed large parts of anarcho-libertarian ideologies and critical tendencies in directions that include proposals for platform self-regulation, fiduciary obligations, data protection, competition and utility regulation. Finally, the terrain of critique remains fertile and is key to advancing the overall discourse on platform governance, with questions of power and surveillance capitalism now viewed as central. In mapping these perspectives, my method is genealogical. The term “genealogy” was first used by Friedrich Nietzsche in the sense I intend it here and was subsequently borrowed and re-adapted by a number of critical scholars and philosophers, importantly Michel Foucault. I adopt a genealogical method to unveil a story about the ways in which conceptions of freedom, law and power have evolved and mutated in response to new infrastructural and material digital conditions. Complacency about freedom and faith in competitive marketplaces and individual preferences has significantly conditioned and allowed the concentrated arbitrary and opaque manifestations of digital power in existence today. To avoid similar trajectories in the future, a genealogical perspective is in order.

Theory and practice of geographical studies of Latin America in scientific works of Victor Volsky

The paper is devoted to the analysis of scientific works of V.V.Volsky in the field of geographical studies of Latin America. During 40 years he was the chair of the department of social and economic geography of foreign countries at Moscow University and for many years served as the director of the Institute of Latin America of the Academy of Sciences. Main research lines Volsky followed are being reviewed: the complex geo-graphical country studies, economic regionalization and regional studies, typology of countries. An assessment of his contribution to development of these topics is provided. Scientific works of Volsky are evaluated from the point of view of different paradigms of geographical country studies. Examples of practical implication of research results are provided, which served as a base for implementation of different development projects in Latin American countries. The importance of Volsky’s ideas for modern development of science and role of his scientific heritage for higher geographical education are pointed out.

Polysemy and semantic relations in Aquilan prepositions

The goal of this paper is to offer an analysis of polysemy and related semantic relations emerging in prepositions belonging to Aquilan, a dialect of Italian. The data are based on fieldwork research, in which different polysemy tests where used in an experimental setting. Two key results emerged from the study. First, Aquilan prepositions display a degree of polysemy inversely proportional to their morphological complexity, with some prepositions being monosemous (e.g. a, a destra de, ‘ngima a). Second, prepositions’ senses can stand in relations of colexification, partial synonymy, or hyponymy. Colexification holds when related senses become part of a preposition’s sense range; hyponymy and partial synonymy (overlap) when one preposition denotes all or some of the places denoted by a second preposition. The work thus offers a paradigmatic view of the polysemy of Aquilan prepositions that sheds light on seldom attested polysemy patterns, and contributes novel insights on the ongoing debate on this phenomenon.

A study on the paradigm and world view of Sonimgut

A study on the paradigm and world view of Sonimgut

The Implications of SCAP Students’ Personal Values and New Ecological Paradigm View on Green Behaviour: A Perspective of Ecological Man in Simplified Norm Activation Model

The Economic Man in industrialization process regards the relationship between human-being and nature as economic relations of takes and gives, invest and produce. Thus, the economic man’s behaviours could cause the crisis of ecology. In 1950s, environment pollution broke out, environment hazard overflowed, resources exhausted, those phenomenon aroused widespread concern on environmental problems[1,2]. The conception of sustainable development was proposed in the report of the World Commission on environment and development in 1987[3]. Its definition consists of three parts: environment factor, social factor and economic factor. In the 1970s, environmentalists proposed that the industrialization process seriously damaged the environment, however, there are still no effective means to solve this problem from then to now. Owing to the increasing environment concern extend of public, the research on green behaviour in academia is expanding and deepening. With an enhancing awareness of environment protection, meanwhile, in order to detach with the ecological crisis stimulated by “economic man” awareness. In this study, hierarchical multiple regression method was used to analysis cross-sectional data collected with judgment sampling method from Chinese international students study in Study Abroad through Chinese Program (SACP), to verify that to cultivate “NEP world view” had postive mediation effect on relationship between different personal values and students’ behaviours of “sustainable development of low-carbon and energy-saving”. Students’ self-efficacy could accelerate the formation of NEP world view, while social influence able to promote students to behave green behaviours had been found in this research. These conclusions give policy makers a lot of useful enlightenment, and provide useful guidance for schools to improve students’ public environmental awareness, and for Chinese international students to carry out green behaviour in their daily life.

Teacher Beliefs About Sustainable Agriculture: A Self-made Measurement Scale

The study’s purpose was to analyze the validity of the construct of a self-made Alternative-Conventional Agricultural Paradigm scale using the teacher population teaching high school agriculture in the North Central Region of the USA. A random sample of 844 teachers was drawn. Teachers were self-administered questionnaires with 5-point Likert-type scales. Instrument inter-item consistency and item coherence were determined. The relatively high coefficient alpha (.82), mean item total correlation (.40), and unrotated first factors with modest number of items loading on the factor means that the scale has mainly one underlying construct. The teacher population holds consistent views and attitudes about SA constituting an agricultural paradigm. The instrument items are coherent as components of a whole and are related. However, the teacher population did not hold stronger paradigmatic views on the scale as can be expected because of their relatively low mean score item-total correlation and coefficient alpha for the instrument compared to what was found for the scale in the Beus and Dunlap (1991) study. This should be expected because agriculture teachers are not strong adherents of the two agricultural paradigms who can be expected to make extreme and polar scores on the scale. The instrument can therefore be used to preliminarily gauge the paradigmatic orientation of agriculture teachers in the region. Further research with the instrument with known groups supporting the two paradigms is necessary to establish its validity.

Lived experiences of social support in Paralympic swimmers: A protocol for a qualitative study.

IntroductionOver the past decade, there has been an increase in awareness of and investment into disability sport as a result of the ‘Paralympic Movement’. The provision of personal and professional support to elite athletes is important for the well-being and success of the athlete, with various studies advocating a holistic approach to performance enhancement. However, little is known about social support experiences in elite para-swimming. Swimming is a popular Paralympic sport and the British para swimmers have been very successful in recent years, most recently winning 47 medals at Rio 2016. This study will be the first to explore the lived experiences of British Paralympic swimmers with respect to the personal and professional support available, perceived use of the support network and the influence it has on well-being and performance.Methods and analysisA hermeneutic phenomenological study will be undertaken using a subtle-realist paradigmatic view. A purposive sample of British Paralympic swimmers will be recruited to enable exploration of social support experiences. In-depth semistructured interviews will explore participants’ experiences of being an elite para-athlete, their support network, the social support available and how they perceive it relates to their well-being and performance. Strategies including reflexivity and member checking will be used to ensure trustworthiness. Data will be analysed following the Framework Method; a seven-stage process used for qualitative data analysis.Ethics and disseminationThis study has ethical approval (ERN_20–0344) granted by the University of Birmingham in April 2020. The findings of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to key stakeholders in elite para-sport to inform support services and improve athlete well-being and performance.

Compositional Semantics and Normative \u2018Ought\u2019

According to the paradigm view in linguistics and philosophical semantics, it is lexical semantics (LS) plus the principle of compositionality (PC) that allows us to compute the meaning of an arbitrary sentence. The job of LS is to assign meaning to individual expressions, whereas PC says how to combine these individual meanings into larger ones. In this paper I argue that the pair LS + PC fails to account for the discourse-relevant meaning of normative ‘ought’. If my hypothesis is tenable, then the failure of LS + CS extends to normative language in general. The reason I offer that this is so is that semantics for normative language is, in an important respect, a substantive semantics (SS). The ‘substantive’ in question means that the meaning of normative vocabulary in use is driven by metanormative views associated with a particular normative concept. SS rejects the model LS + CS and replaces it with a discourse-relevant semantics built around an interactional principle that ascribes to a particular surface syntactical form of ‘ought’ sentences a logical form that represents its discourse-salient normative content. In the paper I shall sketch how SS works and why it is worth serious consideration.

The Politicization of Corporate Governance - A Viable Alternative?

It is now well-established that different markets may develop different growth-supporting institutions that can give rise to public firms and set capital markets in motion. Yet, the paradigm view still holds local alternatives as merely stepping-stones, a transitional passage toward achieving a deeper and more advanced market, at which point conventional legal and market institutions — modeled on Anglo-American corporate capitalism — are still held necessary. Four decades of economic development in China challenge these conventions. With modern firms with global prominence and a capital market that is the second largest in the world, corporate governance in China seems to have passed the point of an “adjust or perish” prognostic. The system that governs these Chinese firms, and the ways in which capital markets function, sustain strong governance attributes that go against many fundamentals in economics and legal thought. Political involvement and state ownership, both assumed to stand in the way of capital market growth, remain prevalent while the market continues to advance. Most strikingly, harmonization with conventional corporate governance has been pushed aside as the Chinese Communist Party decided to exercise an ever more expansive and direct role in market activity. Public firms in present-day China are increasingly being governed by a “politicized corporate governance.” Political institutions with corporate governance capacities have been deployed both inside and outside firms. These institutions now buttress or even replace weaker traditional corporate governance mechanisms in the Chinese market. The implications are striking. First, despite justified reasons for alarm, a politicized corporate governance system in China can perform the main functions of corporate governance elsewhere, thereby offering relative benefits for public firms and their stockholders. Second, these developments show how path-dependent institutional substitutes, here political institutions, reject convergence predictions yet have enough plasticity to evolve and to support modern firms and prosperous markets beyond assumed thresholds and developmental milestones. In so doing, China’s politicized corporate governance casts doubts on law and development conventions as well as on both sides of a long-standing convergence debate. Finally, the politicization of corporate governance offers a new direction in comparative corporate governance scholarship, providing evidence of an instituted reversal from outwardly conventional corporate governance toward a new form of a planned economy.

Vitrification decoupling from α-relaxation in a metallic glass.

Understanding how glasses form, the so-called vitrification, remains a major challenge in materials science. Here, we study vitrification kinetics, in terms of the limiting fictive temperature, and atomic mobility related to the α-relaxation of an Au-based bulk metallic glass former by fast scanning calorimetry. We show that the time scale of the α-relaxation exhibits super-Arrhenius temperature dependence typical of fragile liquids. In contrast, vitrification kinetics displays milder temperature dependence at moderate undercooling, and thereby, vitrification takes place at temperatures lower than those associated to the α-relaxation. This finding challenges the paradigmatic view based on a one-to-one correlation between vitrification, leading to the glass transition, and the α-relaxation. We provide arguments that at moderate to deep undercooling, other atomic motions, which are not involved in the α-relaxation and that originate from the heterogeneous dynamics in metallic glasses, contribute to vitrification. Implications from the viewpoint of glasses fundamental properties are discussed.

Frequency of Occurrence and Population-Dynamic Consequences of Different Forms of Density-Dependent Emigration.

Emigration is a fundamental process affecting species' local, regional, and large-scale dynamics. The paradigmatic view in ecology is that emigration is density independent (DIE) or positive density dependent (+DDE). However, alternative forms are biologically plausible, including negative (-DDE), U-shaped (uDDE), and hump-shaped (hDDE) forms. We reviewed the empirical literature to assess the frequency of different forms of density-dependent emigration and whether the form depended on methodology. We also developed a reaction-diffusion model to illustrate how different forms of DDE can affect patch-level population persistence. We found 145 studies, the majority representing DIE (30%) and +DDE (36%). However, we also regularly found -DDE (25%) and evidence for nonlinear DDE (9%), including one case of uDDE and two cases of hDDE. Nonlinear DDE detection is likely hindered by the use of few density levels and small density ranges. Based on our models, DIE and +DDE promoted stable and persistent populations. uDDE and -DDE generated an Allee effect that decreases minimum patch size. Last, -DDE and hDDE models yielded bistability that allows the establishment of populations at lower densities. We conclude that the emigration process can be a diverse function of density in nature and that alternative DDE forms can have important consequences for population dynamics.

Why the Neolithic is (r)evolutionary

In this article, the authors use the question of whether the Neolithic should be maintained as an analytic category to argue that such a paradigmatic view of history is possible and useful only when we drastically redefine the role that technics play in archaeological narratives of the past. Using Simondon’s and Leroi-Gourhan’s theories of technology, they argue that analysis should move away from categorizations based on concrete objects and instead frame itself through the exploration of technical ensembles. They suggest that the operational solidarity of pottery-, bread- and mudbrick-making constructs the Neolithic as a technical interface in which a complex network of synergies and radial properties is played out, allowing the mapping of the Neolithic, not by object appearances and/or densities, but by points of convergence between technical regimes that redefine the modes of being in the world by providing the conditions under which new ‘objects’ become possible.

Cultural and creative entrepreneurship: towards a paradigmatic proposal

Cultural and creative entrepreneurship (CCE) research has significantly developed but is still in search of a homogenous theoretical framework. We question here the structuration of CCE research and the emergence of paradigmatic views. Drawing on the analysis of CCE literature development and on the concepts of paradigm and field of research applied to entrepreneurship (Dana et al., 2008; Verstraete and Fayolle, 2005), we argue that CCE is developing as a field of research per se. We observe a broadening of ontological postures, both anchored in entrepreneurship research (re-phenomenology, theoretical grounds, and topics) and contextualised. We also observe a double topical shift: centring on CCE per se (implications for the traditional economy becoming secondary), and on the sustainability tension. This calls in our view for a renewed research agenda that should address cultural value creation, sustainability, the creation/sustainability tension, and the fundamental individual-collective-societal triptych.

Two Paradigmatic Views on Right-Wing Populism in East Germany

In German public perceptions, right-wing populism is cast as a specifically east German problem. This article critically examines how this assumption is located within the debate on German unity. In order to clarify the sometimes-confusing arguments on German unification, two paradigmatic perspectives can be identified: German unity can be approached from a perspective of modernization, or through the lens of postcolonial critique. When it comes to right-wing populism in eastern Germany, the modernization paradigm suffers from a lack of understanding. Hence, the arguments of the postcolonial perspective must be taken seriously, particularly as the postcolonial reading can grasp the complex phenomenon of right-wing populism in east Germany, and prevent the discursive and geographic space of the region from being conquered by right-wing political actors.

Dilemas de la inclusión educativa en el Chile actual

El objetivo de la presente nota es examinar los principales dilemas de la educación inclusiva en Chile. Esta revisión y discusión se realiza considerando los acuerdos mundiales referidos a esta temática en el contexto de un programa internacional de magíster en educación. Se presenta una revisión general de la evolución del proceso de inclusión y una aproximación conceptual al tema. Luego, se presentan la situación actual de la educación inclusiva en Chile, en relación a las nuevas políticas y los hallazgos de la investigación educativa. Finalmente, se discuten desde el punto de vista de la autora las principales problemáticas de la inclusión en Chile, reconociendo tres focos dilemáticos: las visiones paradigmáticas, las políticas que regulan el sistema y la práctica educacional. Para cerrar el ensayo se proponen formas de avanzar, reconociendo una necesidad de transformación profunda en todo el sistema, que impacte positivamente el movimiento de la inclusión educativa, para poder materializar los ideales ampliamente consensuados.